Search Results (151)

Oxidative stress is a key contributing and convergent pathogenic mechanism linked to retinal and optic nerve diseases including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. The retina is highly susceptible to redox imbalance due to intense mitochondrial activity, oxygen consumption, and light exposure. While endogenous drivers are well recognized, the contribution of environmental exposure to retinal oxidative injury remains incompletely defined. This review uniquely integrates emerging environmental contaminants with canonical oxidative stress pathways. We examine how cigarette smoke, ultraviolet radiation, heavy metals, microplastics, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) promote oxidative injury through mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory signaling, impaired antioxidant responses, and ferroptotic pathways. We also highlight therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative pathways and emphasize the importance of exposure-informed retinal and optic nerve disease research. Full article

The Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response (DPSIR) framework was applied to assess microplastic pollution and the risk of secondary contamination from microplastic-laden spent adsorbents. Key driving forces include increasing plastic production, widespread polymer consumption, and growing reliance on adsorption technologies for microplastic remediation. These drivers impose pressures through the continuous release of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) into aquatic systems and the accumulation of spent adsorbents after treatment. The resulting state is characterized by microplastic-contaminated water and spent adsorbents that pose secondary pollution risks if unmanaged. Circular carbon material (CCM), produced via pyrolysis of spent adsorbents at 600 °C for 2 h, achieved approximately 60% PS-MP removal and exhibited a surface area of 108–137 m²/g and showed a Type II isotherm. The associated impacts include limited recovery efficiency and potential microplastic remobilization. As a response, CCM was upcycled into magnetic circular carbon (MCC) via co-precipitation of iron oxide nanoparticles, improving removal efficiency to ~89%, enhancing mesoporosity and producing a Type IV–H3 isotherm (enhanced mesoporosity), and enabling easy magnetic separation. Overall, DPSIR analysis demonstrates that spent-adsorbent upcycling offers a stabilization and risk-mitigation pathway for microplastic-laden residues, reducing their environmental mobility and supporting circular-economy-based microplastic remediation, while highlighting the need for future emissions characterization to fully quantify net environmental benefits. Full article

Maternal consumption of a high-fructose (HF) diet or exposure to microplastics (MPs) can each independently affect kidney development and increase the risk of hypertension in adult offspring, yet their combined impact remains poorly understood. Dysregulation of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) signaling and alterations in gut microbiota are potential mediators of this programming. Pregnant rats received either standard chow or a 60% HF diet, with half of each group additionally exposed to sulfate-modified MPs (1 mg/L) with a 5 μm diameter throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were divided into four groups (n = 7–8 per group): control, HF, MP, and HF+MP. Maternal HF or MP exposure raised offspring blood pressure (BP), with additive effects when combined, and MP exposure caused renal injury. MP treatment also suppressed renal H₂S-generating enzymes and reduced H₂S production. Both HF and MP exposures altered gut microbial composition linked to BP regulation and induced metabolic changes in taurine/hypotaurine and sulfur pathways, suggesting impaired H₂S production. These results indicate that maternal HF and MP exposures interfere with H₂S signaling, gut microbiota, and metabolic programming, highlighting the H₂S signaling as a potential target to reduce long-term kidney and cardiometabolic risks. Full article

This paper presents a multichannel electronics measurement system that uses microwave sensors to perform real-time microplastics assessment in aqueous environments. The system is capable of simultaneously reading up to four microwave sensors, enabling the use of multiple sensors that target microplastic particles with different sizes and properties. The multichannel capability allows the measurement of multiple MW sensors integrated with different microfluidic channel designs while targeting different MPs’ dimension ranges, although experimental validation in this work was limited to a single sensor. Each readout channel is implemented combining radio-technology-integrated circuits with a microprocessor that has advanced analog peripherals used for signal conditioning and acquisition. An ADF4351 wideband frequency synthesizer is used for excitation signal generation while an ADL5902 power detector converts the sensor output to a DC voltage. Baseline removal and amplification of the power detector output is realized with a MSP430FR2355 microprocessor which is also responsible for its acquisition at 40 kHz and digital decimation. Characterization results show the system’s capability to generate excitation signals between 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz with power levels around 0 dBm. Sensor output can be detected with a power between −50 dBm and −5 dBm and a 230 Hz bandwidth. A compact form factor of 15 cm × 10 cm × 3 cm was realized together with a low power consumption of 6.6 W. Validation was realized with a previously developed microwave sensor, demonstrating the detection of polyethylene spheres with 400 μm diameters animated in 10 mL/min flux within the microfluidics device. Full article

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as persistent environmental pollutants with adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Conventional removal methods, such as filtration and sedimentation, primarily rely on physical separation without addressing the degradation of MPs, leading to their accumulation and the risk of secondary pollution. This review explores the potential of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including photocatalysis, electrochemical oxidation, Fenton processes, sulfate radical-based oxidation, sonochemical treatment, ozonation, and plasma technologies, which generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species capable of promoting polymer chain scission, microbial biodegradation, and the oxidative fragmentation and mineralization of MPs into non-toxic byproducts. Hybrid AOP systems combined with biological treatments or membrane-based filtration are also examined for their effectiveness in degrading MPs, as well as for scalability and the environmental impacts of their byproducts when integrated into existing wastewater treatment systems. The review further discusses challenges related to operational parameters, energy consumption, and the formation of secondary pollutants. By identifying current knowledge gaps and future research directions, this review provides insights into optimizing AOPs and integrations of AOPs with biological treatments or membrane-based processes for sustainable MP remediation and water treatment applications. Full article

Introduction: Microplastics (MPs) are widespread environmental pollutants with possible neurotoxic effects. Exploring links between plastic use, MP awareness, and cognition is key for assessing public health risks. Objective: To examine correlations between plastic consumption, MP awareness and attitudes, and neurocognitive function among Greater Jakarta residents. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 562 adults used a validated e-questionnaire covering plastic usage, MP knowledge, attitudes, risk perception, and cognition via the Ascertain Dementia 8 (AD-8). Analyses included chi-square, t-tests, and logistic regression. Results: Suspected cognitive impairment (AD-8 ≥ 2) was observed in 44.5% of respondents. High single-use plastic consumption correlated with worse cognition (p = 0.032), while reusable plastic use showed no association (p = 0.605). Awareness of MPs was relatively low, with 19.4% of respondents having never heard of them. Awareness and knowledge also varied significantly by age (p = 0.007), gender (p = 0.004), and education level (p = 0.027). Positive attitudes and higher risk perception aligned with greater awareness (p < 0.001) but not cognitive scores. Risk perception influenced bottled water use (p = 0.009), with low-risk groups consuming more. Conclusions: Frequent single-use plastic consumption is linked to poorer cognition, while MP awareness and risk perception do not directly affect cognitive outcomes. Educational strategies may enhance awareness and reduce exposure. Full article

The global production of electronic waste (e-waste) has increased due to the quick turnover of electronic devices, creating urgent problems for resource management and environmental sustainability. As a result, e-waste-derived materials (EWDMs) are being explored in pavement engineering research as sustainable substitutes in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action). Therefore, to assess global research production and the effectiveness of EWDMs in asphalt applications, this review combines scientometric mapping and systematic evidence synthesis. A total of 276 relevant publications were identified via a thorough search of Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect (2010–2025). These were examined via coauthorship structures, keyword networks, and contributions at the national level. The review revealed that China, India, and the United States are prominent research hubs. Additionally, experimental studies have shown that EWDMs, such as printed circuit board powder, fluorescent lamp waste glass, high-impact polystyrene, and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene, improve the fatigue life, Marshall stability, rutting resistance (up to 35%), and stiffness (up to 28%). However, issues with long-term field durability, microplastic release, heavy metal leaching, and chemical compatibility still exist. These restrictions highlight the necessity for standardised toxicity testing, harmonised mixed-design frameworks, and performance standards unique to EWDMs. Overall, the review shows that e-waste valorisation can lower carbon emissions, landfill build-up, and virgin material extraction, highlighting its potential in the circular pavement industry and promoting sustainable paving practices in accordance with SDGs 9, 11, 12, and 13. This review suggests that further studies on large-scale field trials, life cycles, and technoeconomic assessments are needed to guarantee the safe, long-lasting integration of EWDMs in pavements. It also advocates for coordinated research, supportive policies, and standardised methods. Full article

Microplastic contamination in milk and dairy products is an emerging public health concern due to the potential transfer of polymer particles into the human diet. This study aims to assess the health risks associated with the presence of five major polymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethane, polyester, polyethylene, and polyamide, found in a variety of conventional, organic, and raw milk and dairy products. The risk assessment was performed by calculating several indices, including the polymer risk index, concentration factor, daily plastic intake, the chronic daily exposure dose by ingestion, and the plastic risk index. Statistical analyses, including t-test, Pearson correlations, Multilayer Perceptron Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Scatterplot Matrix, pairwise comparisons, and Multidimensional Scaling, were performed to establish the emerging risks associated with the consumption of contaminated dairy products. The results indicated significant differences in risk parameters between certain product categories, with yogurts, both conventional and organic, showing consistently higher associations with poly(methyl methacrylate), polyurethane, polyester, and polyamide contamination. Strong positive correlations between microplastic concentration and intake-related parameters have confirmed a robust exposure-risk relationship. The exploratory and predictive analyses have revealed product-specific contamination patterns, but no significant association has been observed between product and polymer types. These findings validate the link between microplastic exposure and human health risk and suggest that targeted monitoring of dairy products with high sensitivity is needed to mitigate potential impacts. Full article

Microplastic contamination in seafood has emerged as a significant concern for public health and food safety. Bivalve molluscs are especially vulnerable because of their filter-feeding behaviour, leading to the accumulation of different substances in seawater, including contaminants like microplastics. This study examines microplastic contamination by comparing commercially available ready-to-cook frozen and deep-frozen clams, assessing particle morphologies, dimensions, colours, and chemical identities. The Polymer Hazard Index (PHI) derived from the proportions of polymers in the samples and their hazard scores, whereas the Estimated Average Daily Intake (EADI) was determined based on per capita consumption and microplastic counts. The results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of microplastics in deep-frozen clams compared to frozen clams, with 2.58 ± 0.87 and 0.43 ± 0.13, respectively. EADI was estimated at 0.47 and 0.76 MP/kg(bw)/day for deep-frozen clams and frozen clams, respectively (before cooking). Our findings highlight the influence of industrial processing on microplastic contamination, other than the environmental contribution, with considerable implications for human exposure, underscoring the necessity for monitoring initiatives and regulatory policies to reduce microplastic exposure in seafood, thereby safeguarding food safety and public health. Full article

This study investigates additive-free cold calendering of ELT-derived rubber powders across three particle size fractions (<0.5 mm, 0.5–0.71 mm, and 0.71–0.90 mm) using a two-roll mill without external heating or virgin polymers, aiming to obtain a cohesive material. Results demonstrate particle size effects on material properties. The finest fraction exhibited the highest crosslink density (5.30 × 10⁻⁴ mol·cm⁻³), approximately 18% greater than coarser fractions, correlating with superior hardness (≈65 ShA) and elastic modulus (≈7.5 MPa). Tensile properties ranged from 1.6–1.8 MPa stress and 60–75% elongation at break, positioning calendered sheets between low-temperature compression-molded GTR and high-pressure sintered materials reported in the literature. The cold calendering process achieves competitive mechanical performance with reduced energy consumption, simplified processing, and complete retention of recycled content. These findings support the development of regulation-compliant ELT recycling technologies, with potential applications in nonstructural construction panels, vibration-damping components, and protective barriers, advancing circular economy objectives while addressing emerging microplastic concerns. Full article

Microplastics (MPs) are a ubiquitous marine pollutant, and their presence in bivalves is receiving increasing attention due to the associated risks to human health. The steps of pretreatment, detection, and quantification in the analysis of MPs depend on the type of polymer. Research on MPs is challenging because of the varying characteristics of these materials, such as the size, shape, and polymer type. Consequently, there are no standardized methods for their collection, separation, identification, or quantification. This review specifically examines the available bivalve digestion steps, focusing on efficient and time-reducing methods, such as the microwave-assisted (MAW) procedure and its advantages. Recent achievements in the application of pyrolysis gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS) are presented for the profiling of polymer mass-related microplastics data in marine bivalves. Here, we provide an overview of the abundance, properties, and polymer types of MPs in bivalve species, highlighting the polymer mass fractions. To date, the available mass-based concentrations have revealed nine types of MPs—polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyamide 66 (PA66), polycarbonate (PC), and polyamide 6 (PA6)—with PE, PP, and PVC being the most common. The total MP levels in bivalves were at ppm levels, ranging from 0.26 µg/g to 36.4 µg/g wet weight. The risk of human ingestion of MPs was assessed through the consumption of bivalves as seafood. The overall potential human health risk value (H) for marine bivalves was classified within the moderate to high hazard category. Full article

Fossil fuels are currently the primary source for plastic production, with global production exceeding 400 million tons annually. The food sector remains the dominant application, particularly in the production of single-use packaging. Commonly used packaging is primarily made from PE, PP, PS, and PET. The versatility of these materials stems from their lightweight, functionality, and ability to extend the shelf life of food products. Unfortunately, constantly growing consumption generates vast amounts of difficult-to-degrade waste, which in the natural environment constantly fragments, generating hazardous microplastics (MPs). MPs readily spread throughout the biosphere and are now commonly detected in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. Current scientific reports indicate their potential contribution to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, obesity, allergic reactions, and cancer. This link is believed to result from mechanisms involving physical toxicity, exposure to chemical substances, and microbiological interactions. The MP problem is global in nature and encompasses the entire life cycle of plastics, from production to accumulation in living organisms. This review aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of the toxicological and environmental issues related to MPs, addressing the current research gaps and emphasizing their increasing relevance to human health. Full article

This study aimed to determine the presence and characteristics of microplastics (MPs) in six commercially important fish species in Samsun city of, the Middle Black Sea Region: rainbow trout–Turkish salmon (Oncorhynchus mykiss), European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), red mullet (Mullus barbatus), horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). The digestive systems of each species were examined, and MPs were classified according to their morphology, size, color, and polymer type. The analysis revealed that the number of MPs per individual ranged from 4.73 ± 1.13 to 9.26 ± 2.18, with the highest value found in rainbow trout and the lowest in whiting. MPs smaller than 100 µm were dominant (48.9%), and fiber (45.7%) and fragment (36.5%) types were the most common morphologies observed. Black and white/transparent colors were prominent in terms of color distribution, and ATR-FTIR analysis showed a dominance of widely used consumer plastics, such as polypropylene (PP, 31.3%) and polyethylene (PE, 23.9%). Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) results confirmed the presence of irregular, fibrous, and fragmented structures at microscopic scale, consistent with microplastic morphology. These findings indicate a potential risk of microplastic pollution in the region for both marine biota and human consumption. The study fills a significant data gap regarding the Middle Black Sea ecosystem and provides a foundation for future monitoring and risk assessment research. Full article

Microplastic pollution is an escalating environmental and public health issue. Defined as plastic particles less than 5 mm in size, microplastics have been found in oceans, rivers, food, drinking water, air, and even human tissues. While scientific research on microplastics has expanded significantly, public understanding and behavioral change remain limited. This literature scan synthesizes global findings on public awareness, perceptions, and responses to microplastics, drawing from surveys, focus groups, and online behavioral data collected by existing studies. It explores the following: (1) general knowledge and perceived environmental and health risks; (2) trust in scientific and governmental sources; (3) willingness to adopt behavioral changes; (4) attitudes toward policy and corporate responsibility. Public concern is high, especially regarding marine life and food safety, but varies across populations based on education, socioeconomic status, and media exposure. Despite growing concern, psychological distance and persistent knowledge gaps hinder meaningful action. Communication strategies such as school programs, media campaigns, and eco-labels show mixed success, while regulatory interventions like plastic bags or microbead bans are more effective when supported by clear public messaging. This literature scan highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to close the knowledge–behavior–policy gap and strengthen public engagement, particularly in urban settings where consumption and waste generation are concentrated. Full article

In arid areas, the combined use of plastic sheeting under gravel-sand mulch on ridge-furrow planting systems is an emerging practice to minimize soil water evaporation and micro-plastic pollution. In this study, we conducted a two-year field experiment near Gobi-Tengger Desert in Ningxia, China, to evaluate the effects of a plastic film underneath a layer of pure sand (MS1), pure gravel (MS2) and mixed gravel-and-sand (MS3) mulch on the soil hydrothermal properties, water use efficiency, yield, and fruit quality of wolfberry, compared to bare soil (CK). The results showed that mulching significantly increased soil temperature and water content in the 0–20 cm surface layer, though the effects varied with soil depth and water availability between a supplemental irrigated year (2022) and a rain-fed year (2023). Mulching markedly altered soil water dynamics, enhancing the capture and retention of light-to-heavy rainfall events. Consequently, all mulches significantly increased seasonal water consumption (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) compared to CK. The MS1 treatment consistently achieved the highest yield and WUE, and the highest accumulation of beneficial fruit compounds like polysaccharides and flavonoids. However, this treatment also resulted in elevated soil salinity. Our findings demonstrate that combined mulching, especially MS1, is a highly effective strategy for optimizing soil conditions, water productivity, and fruit quality in wolfberry cultivation, although long-term salinity management requires attention. Full article