Search Results (156)

The extensive use of plastics in everyday life has exerted a significant influence on the environment, with the release of micro- and nanoplastics posing even greater ecological threats. Plastic contamination, particularly in these smaller forms, has emerged as a pressing environmental concern due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential hazards. Traditional treatment systems are generally ineffective at removing such micro- and nano-scale complex pollutants. Recently, micro- and nanofiber-based materials have emerged as promising candidates due to their large surface area, porous structure, and adjustable functionality, enabling efficient adsorption, filtration, and photocatalytic degradation. The term micro/nanofibers in this study encompasses both electrospun nanofibrous membranes and nanofiber-based functional layers or additives incorporated into pre-existing membrane structures for performance enhancement. The incorporation of photocatalysts enables these materials to promote photocatalytic oxidation, degrading plastics into smaller, less toxic compounds. This paper outlines recent progress in developing micro- and nanofiber systems for environmental remediation, highlighting their design approaches, removal mechanisms, and multifunctional capabilities. Ultimately, the discussion explores emerging directions, existing limitations, and future opportunities, highlighting how these advanced materials can contribute to sustainable and efficient pollution control strategies. Full article

Background: Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants that accumulate in various tissues, including the placenta. Experimental and clinical studies suggest potential cytotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory effects that may lead to placental dysfunction and adverse obstetric outcomes. However, high-quality evidence on the clinical relevance of MNPs exposure during pregnancy remains scarce, underscoring the need for systematic evaluation of their impact on maternal and fetal health. Methods: The databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, CENTRAL, Embase, MDPI and Google Scholar were searched for studies published up to September 2025 investigating the relationship between MNPs and obstetric outcomes. Results: Twelve studies were included in this review, with half employing an observational design in human subjects and the other half using experimental studies in murine models. Although the available evidence is limited, there are studies reporting the association between MNPs exposure and premature birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and miscarriage. The most prevalent polymer detected was polyethylene, and the most commonly used MNPs detection techniques were Raman microspectroscopy, digital microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, and Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conclusions: This systematic review summarizes current limited insights on the potential effects of MNPs on obstetric outcomes, highlighting possible associations with low gestational age, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, and miscarriage. Findings do not allow causal inference due to heterogeneity in study design, exposure assessment, contamination control, and analytical methodologies. Full article

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) represent a pervasive and escalating threat to global ecosystems and human health. This review provides a critical synthesis of MNPs’ exposure risks across marine, atmospheric, and terrestrial compartments, with a distinct emphasis on identifying cross-media linkages and methodological inconsistencies that limit current risk assessments. Within marine environments, pollution hazard indices reveal significant spatial heterogeneity, yet their utility is constrained by the absence of toxicity weighting and particle characteristic integration. Atmospheric exposure profiles show variable risks, and the MNPs’ concentration in indoor air (up to 15.8 particles/m³) is significantly higher than in outdoor environments, posing a greater inhalation risk to infants and children who spend more time indoors. A marked increase in MNPs’ concentrations within agricultural soils is identified, where the MNP content in mulched soils (average: 570.2 particles/kg) is more than twice that of non-mulched soils (259.6 particles/kg). Critically, studies have now detected MNPs within human tissues, including the blood, intestines, liver, kidneys, tonsils, and brain, highlighting an urgent need to elucidate their multi-organ toxicity mechanisms, with a novel synthesis of gut–brain axis disruption and transgenerational effects. By integrating exposure dynamics with mechanistic toxicity data, this review advances a cross-system framework that identifies priority research directions, namely standardized detection methodologies, combined pollutant toxicity, and cross-system toxicity mechanisms, which are essential for informing mitigation strategies amid this escalating public health crisis. Full article

Introduction: It is accepted that nano- and micro-plastic (NMP) pollutants threaten ecosystems and human health by their bioaccumulation but, interestingly, their toxicity is shape-dependent. However, a clear definition of irregular NMPs, as the dominant shape in environmental and biological samples, is currently lacking when compared to spherical and fibrous NMPs. Objectives: This study quantifies morphometric descriptors in order to develop a standardized definition for irregular NMPs. Methods: Hyperspectral images of 34 spherical, 50 fibrous, and 45 irregular NMPs were collected from the literature. All shape-related features reported previously were analyzed using a machine learning model. Using five-fold cross-validation, a decision tree-based ensemble classifier with fixed parameters and Gini coefficient was established to screen key morphometric descriptors and their optimal interval ranges. The model was independently validated, enabling the accurate distinction of irregular NMPs from spherical and fibrous NMPs. Results: Three morphometric descriptors, including circularity, roundness, and perimeter-to-area ratio, were identified using five-fold cross-validation as optimal indicators for NMP shape classification. Optimal interval ranges for irregular NMPs were as follows: circularity (0.388 ± 0.004–0.768 ± 0.004), roundness (0.248 ± 0.01–0.752 ± 0.06) and perimeter-to-area ratio (>11.608 ± 1.39). This approach generated a 96.0% macro-averaged accuracy across these NMPs, with 100% precision and 89.0% recall. Conclusions: Irregular NMPs may be characterized using three morphometric descriptors, such as circularity, roundness, and perimeter-to-area ratio. The three-descriptor combination has highly accurate discrimination from spherical and fibrous NMPs. Full article

The extensive use of agrochemicals and plastic materials has led to the accumulation of persistent pollutants in agricultural soils, raising concerns about agroecosystems through posing potential risks to soil and environmental health. This review synthesizes recent knowledge on these pollutant sources, including their distribution, fate, transformation pathways, and detection methods, as well as their impacts on soil physicochemical properties, microbial populations, plants, and ecosystems. Existing findings indicate that agrochemicals and micro-nano plastics (MPs-NPs) can significantly impede the stability of soil aggregation, increase soil water holding capacity (WHC) and porosity, reduce bulk density and infiltration, alter soil structure, and affect soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient retention capacity. Moreover, exposure to these pollutants alters soil microbial communities, enzymatic activity, nitrification and denitrification processes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), thereby affecting carbon pools and fluxes as well as nutrient cycling. However, the magnitude and direction of these effects are strongly influenced by soil type, pollutant class, concentration, and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are negatively affected due to the presence of such persistent pollutants by impairing their physiological processes. Despite these findings, mechanistic understanding remains limited due to a lack of long-term field investigation and proper detection methods, particularly regarding NPs. A comprehensive understanding of agrochemical and MP-NP interactions is essential for developing sustainable soil management strategies and agroecosystems. Future studies should address the development of standardized NP detection methods and the conducting of long-term field studies to elucidate MP-NP and agrochemical interactions, soil impacts, and crop uptake mechanisms. Full article

Micro- and nano-plastic pollution caused by the mismanagement of plastics waste is a significant problem worldwide, causing severe impacts in aquatic and terrestrial environments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of a thermally stable and superhydrophobic bio-substrate to remove microplastic particles (MPPs) from aqueous systems. In this work, the adsorption efficiency of cattail fluff towards MPPs from pristine PP, PVC, PA6, LDPE, HDPE, and their blend was evaluated. The effect of temperature (30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) and two binding environments (distilled water and industrial wastewater) on adsorption was determined. Non-linear regressions of seven adsorption isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), Redlich–Peterson (R–P), Toth, and Sips were applied to fit the experimental data. Error function analysis confirmed that the D–R adsorption isotherm model offers the best fit of the experimental data. The results show that the bio-substrate is very effective in adsorbing MPPs from aqueous systems with adsorption capacities of q_e = 3597 mg/g and q_e = 2807 mg/g in distilled water and synthetic industrial water, respectively. The composition of the MPPs determines the effect of temperature and binding environment on the adsorption performance of the bio-substrate. Physisorption dynamics for the MPP/bio-substrate system are also provided and discussed. Overall, the hydrophobic bio-substrate is highly effective in removing MPPs from aqueous systems, with the added advantages of low cost, sustainability, and scalability for practical applications. Full article

In this work, micro/nano-scale (TiB₂ + TiC)/Al composites with reinforcement contents ranging from 0 to 30 wt.% were fabricated by the combination of Ti-B₄C reactive sintering and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The results indicate that a sintering temperature of 1400 °C is essential for achieving a complete reaction between Ti and B₄C, successfully producing a bimodal TiB₂-TiC reinforcement consisting of nano-scale and micro-scale particles. Microstructure analysis reveals that the addition of micro/nano-scale TiB₂ and TiC ceramic particles significantly refines the grain size of the Al matrix from 11.52 μm in pure Al to 1.09 μm in the 30 wt.% (TiB₂ + TiC)/Al composite. As the TiB₂ and TiC contents increase, Vickers hardness and compressive yield strength increase progressively, while the uniform compressive plastic strain first increases and then decreases. The 20 wt.% (TiB₂ + TiC)/Al composite demonstrates the optimal comprehensive properties, with a compressive yield strength of 196.4 ± 6.1 MPa, an ultimate strength of 914.6 ± 20.1 MPa, and a uniform plastic strain of ~73.2%, as well as minimal wear rates of (3.143 ± 0.194) × 10⁻⁴ mm³/(N·m), 1.676 ± 0.251× 10⁻³ mm³/(N·m) and (3.093 ± 0.335) × 10⁻³ mm³/(N·m) at 1 N, 3 N, and 5 N, respectively. This improvement stems from the combined effects of grain refinement, dispersion strengthening, enhanced load-bearing capacity and reduced adhesive wear via the TiB₂ and TiC reinforcements. Full article

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as pervasive contaminants across diverse environments—including soil, water, and the atmosphere—posing substantial risks to resident organisms. Concurrently, alien plant invasion represents a significant driver of environmental change, introducing considerable ecological risks to terrestrial ecosystems. Synthesizing evidence from 26 original research articles, this review examines the bidirectional interactions between micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) and terrestrial invasive plants. A growing body of evidence indicates that MNPs alter the growth and performance of both invasive and native plants. In most documented cases, MNPs appear to enhance the competitive ability of invasive plants, thereby elevating their invasion potential. However, counterexamples exist wherein MNPs strengthen the competitiveness of native plants, consequently mitigating invasion risk. These divergent outcomes are likely attributable to a suite of influencing factors, notably the characteristics of the MNPs (e.g., type, size, concentration), the specific invasive and native plant species involved, and variations in experimental conditions. Key mechanistic pathways involve MNPs-induced disturbances in soil microecology—particularly nutrient dynamics and rhizosphere microbiomes—and allelopathic interactions. Conversely, invasive plants may adsorb/absorb MNPs and subsequently modify their environmental fate and behaviors (e.g., degradation, transport). Finally, we delineate critical knowledge gaps and propose prioritized directions for future research. This review advances our understanding of the ecological risks associated with plant invasions in an era of pervasive MNP pollution and offers a scientific foundation for developing informed management strategies. Full article

Based on temperature–stress coupling simulation, a thermal source model for nanosecond pulsed hollow cathode electron beam surface modification is proposed. Dynamic thermal-stress changes from beam–surface interaction and their influence on micro–nano characteristics were systematically investigated. By analyzing maximum temperature/stress dynamics, cross-sectional remelted layer variations, and heating/cooling rates, the temperature and stress distribution in the micron-scale surface layer was comprehensively revealed, validating the model’s rationality. Combined with low, medium, and high pulse count experiments, the effects of thermal and stress factors on surface morphology and grain refinement were studied, elucidating underlying mechanisms through numerical correspondence. Results show irradiation effects confined to a 1.5–2 mm localized region, with extreme temperature changes (~10³ K) and stress variations (10³–10⁴ MPa) within tens of nanoseconds. Heating rates reached 10¹¹ K/s, cooling rates 10⁹–10¹⁰ K/s, exceeding microsecond pulsed beams by one to two orders. Simulated remelting zone diameter and thickness agreed well with experiments, confirming model validity. Grain refinement is primarily driven by rapid temperature distribution, generating instant solidification nucleation sites, with a secondary contribution from high-stress-induced plastic deformation forming sub-grains. Full article

Despite their excellent mechanical properties, metallic glasses (MGs) are significantly hindered by poor plasticity and toughness, which are essential for structural applications. The brittleness arises from the rapid propagation of shear bands (SBs), leading to strain softening and catastrophic failure. Recent advancements in microstructural engineering, particularly boundary engineering, such as nano-glass, focus on the utilization of heterogeneous structures to promote the proliferation and delocalization of SBs. Various attempts have been made experimentally to address these issues, but with very limited improvement in tensile strength and toughness. Under tensile loading, micro- or nano-pillar samples exhibit strain softening and continue to undergo plastic deformation after reaching yield or peak stress, especially the nano-glass micro-pillar. Reports on tensile strain-hardening in MG micro-pillars are rare. In this finite element simulation study, we optimize appropriate statistical and spatial distributions of free volume within the microsamples. Both the post-yield strength and the mean tangent modulus increase with progressive gradient structural modifications, thereby inducing a transition from strain-softening to strain-hardening behavior, as well as a concurrent transition from plastic fracture to brittle fracture. We systematically investigate the deformation mechanisms and transition mechanisms of fracture modes, which are closely associated with heterogeneous microstructures and their evolution in MGs. These insights into the transition mechanism could significantly facilitate the design and optimization of MGs to achieve enhanced toughness and strain hardening. Full article

Agricultural plastic waste (APW) is an emerging source of soil pollution and potential micro- and nano-plastic (MNP) contamination in agroecosystems. This study focuses on the Apulia region in southern Italy, a key horticultural and viticultural area with intensive plastic use. Annual APW was estimated for each agricultural feature using a detailed 1:5000 land use map, crop distribution data, and validated plastic waste indices for several plastic application types. The analysis was integrated within a Geographic Information System (GIS) and combined with relative risk indices (RRIs) to compute and map the agricultural plastic pollution risk index (APPRI), a semi-quantitative indicator designated to estimate the potential release of MNPs from agricultural plastics. The APPRI is obtained by multiplying the APW estimates by the RRIs. The results show a clear spatial heterogeneity in plastic waste generation, with the highest APPRI values in vineyards, orchards, olive groves, and greenhouse systems, particularly in the provinces of Foggia and Bari. Cereal-based cropping systems exhibited the lowest risk values. The study proposes an innovative approach, combining land use, APW, and related potential risk into a single mapping tool. This allows for effectively identifying regional hotspots where management and recycling strategies should be prioritized. This GIS-based tool for assessing and visualizing agricultural plastic pollution risk can support evidence-based decision-making and sustainable waste management in agricultural landscapes. Full article

The bottleneck of service stability of perovskite solar cells is rooted in the mechanical failure of its active layer materials at the micro scale. In order to deeply understand this process, the nano-indentation mechanical response of all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr₃ under pre-stress was studied by molecular dynamics simulation at the atomic scale. The core of this research work is to systematically reveal the quantitative influence of prestress, an inevitable initial stress state in the preparation and service of practical devices, on the near-surface mechanical behavior of materials. Firstly, the stress–strain response of the CsPbBr₃ model at 300 K, 350 K, and 400 K was verified. The temperature dependence of its mechanical properties and the consistency with the experimental values confirmed the reliability of the force field and simulation method. In addition, by applying a series of uniaxial pre-strains, we analyzed the influence of prestress on the evolution of the force-depth curve and indentation strain during nano-indentation. The results show that the introduction of pre-strain will induce the material to have a significant “softening effect” and systematically reduce its ability to resist the intrusion of the indenter. More importantly, this study quantitatively reveals the asymmetric influence of prestress direction: tensile prestress leads to more serious softening than compressive prestress with the same amplitude, indicating that materials are more prone to plastic deformation under tensile preload. This work clarifies the key regulation function of prestress on the mechanical properties of perovskite thin films and provides a crucial theoretical basis for constructing accurate cross-scale mechanical models and designing perovskite photoelectric devices with high reliability and fatigue resistance. Full article

Pollen allergy represents a growing public health concern, yet the role of microplastic pollution in modulating allergen behavior remains largely unresolved. In this study, we investigated interactions between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics (0.2–12 µm; predominantly 0.4–1 µm) and cedar pollen proteins, with emphasis on the major allergen Cry j 1. Surface charge characterization using the pH drift method revealed two apparent points of zero charge in the acidic (pH 3.0–3.8) and near-neutral (~7.5) regions, indicating surface chemical heterogeneity. Protein adsorption experiments conducted at physiological pH (7.4) showed concentration-dependent and saturable removal of proteins from solution with increasing PET mass and a 3.10-fold preferential enrichment of aromatic-rich protein fractions. Spectroscopic analyses revealed adsorption-induced but non-denaturing structural perturbations, including increased exposure of aromatic residues and partial β-sheet destabilization. Complementary all-atom molecular dynamics simulations showed rapid and stable Cry j 1 adsorption onto PET, anisotropic surface accommodation, modest increases in solvent accessibility, and subtle secondary structure rearrangements without global unfolding. Together, these findings indicate that PET microplastics can selectively bind and structurally modulate pollen allergens in ways that may influence allergen persistence and epitope presentation, with potential implications for IgE-mediated sensitization in polluted environments. Full article

Aquatic environments have been a critical source of nutrition for millennia, with wild fisheries supplying protein and nutrients to populations worldwide. A notable shift has occurred in recent decades with the expansion of aquaculture, now representing a fast-growing sector in food production. Aquaculture plays a key role in mitigating the depletion of wild fish stocks and addressing issues related to overfishing. Despite its potential benefits, the sustainability of both wild and farmed aquatic food systems is challenged by anthropogenic pollution. Contaminants from agricultural runoff, industrial discharges, and domestic effluents enter freshwater systems and eventually reach marine environments, where they may be transported globally through ocean currents. Maintaining water quality is paramount to food safety, environmental integrity, and long-term food security. In addition to conventional seafood products such as fish and shellfish, foods such as those derived from microalgae are gaining attention in Western markets for their high nutritional value and potential functional properties. These organisms have been consumed in Asia for generations and are now being explored as sustainable foods and ingredients as an alternative source of protein. Contaminants in aquatic food products include residues of agrochemicals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as well as brominated flame retardants and heavy metals. Public and scientific attention has intensified around plastic pollution, particularly microplastics and nanoplastics, which are increasingly detected in aquatic organisms and are the subject of ongoing toxicological and ecological risk assessments. While the presence of these hazards necessitates robust risk assessment and regulatory oversight, it is important to balance these concerns against the health benefits of aquatic foods, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, high-quality proteins, vitamins, and trace elements. Furthermore, beyond direct human health implications, the environmental impact of pollutant sources must be addressed through integrated management approaches to ensure the long-term sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and the food systems they support. This review covers regulatory frameworks, risk assessments, and management issues relating to aquatic environments, including the impact of climate change. It aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers, policymakers, food businesses who harvest food from aquatic systems and other stakeholders. Full article

This paper investigates the cold rolling (CR) deformation behavior of electrolytic nickel at room temperature. While the microstructural evolution across deformation levels ranging from 5% to 98% is systematically characterized. The deposited electrolytic nickel exhibits numerous growth twins of various lengths and thicknesses, accounting for over 70% of the microstructure. The average grain size is 0.56 μm, and the grain size distribution is relatively broad. The plastic deformation of electrolytic nickel in the early stage is governed by the interaction between high-density dislocations and abundant twins. The primary mechanism accommodating deformation is detwinning. At 70% deformation, under high strain, complete detwinning occurs. When the CR reaches 90%, the average short-axis grain size is refined to 113 nm, indicating the deformation-induced refinement limit of electrolytic nickel. The microstructure at this stage exhibits a typical lamellar morphology. At 98% deformation, the average microhardness peaks at 240.3 HV, representing a cumulative increase of 46.88%. Dynamic recovery and recrystallization are observed at both 70% and 98% deformation levels, accompanied by the formation of Σ3 {120} type incoherent twins within recrystallized grains. Under large strain, the dominant cold plastic deformation mechanism transitions to a synergistic effect of dislocation slip and stratification. Full article