The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a medetomidine–vatinoxan combination versus medetomidine alone on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a short-term surgery in dogs. Four groups of 10 dogs were administered as...
Medetomidine has been reported to decrease tear flow significantly in dogs, cats, and pigs when used as a sedative or analgesic; however, there are no such reports when it comes to rats. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of medetomidi...
Recovery from general anaesthesia is risky in horses. Alpha2-agonist administration after anaesthesia enhances the quality of recovery but may prolong this phase. Recovery time and quality were investigated after medetomidine administration at the en...
This study evaluated the effects of varying medetomidine doses on a tiletamine-zolazepam and tramadol anesthetic combination in dogs. The objective was to assess how medetomidine influences anesthesia depth, cardiovascular function, and recovery qual...
It has been reported that α2-adrenoceptor agonists such as medetomidine decrease tear flow in many species, including rats. Few studies have investigated the involvement of α2-adrenoceptor in decreased tear flow; the issue has not been il...
Medetomidine, a veterinary α2-adrenergic agonist, has recently emerged as an adulterant in the non-medical opioid supply, yet human exposure has remained poorly characterized. We conducted a pragmatic retrospective cohort analysis utilizing cha...
This study compared the effects of butorphanol-medetomidine and butorphanol-dexmedetomidine combinations on echocardiographic parameters during propofol anaesthesia in dogs. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups. In the butorphanol-medetomid...
Background/Objectives: Philadelphia has experienced a surge in illicit fentanyl adulterated with alpha-2 agonist sedatives. Initially, xylazine (“tranq”) was the predominant adulterant, and a novel multimodal withdrawal protocol was effec...
High dose medetomidine 0.13 mg/kg can be used for semen collection in cats with variable results in terms of quantity and quality. Therefore, a variation in terms of distribution and elimination among patients has been hypothesised. The aim of the st...
The aim was to evaluate if medetomidine and dexmedetomidine affected arterial ovarian blood flow in dogs. The dogs were randomly assigned to two different groups. In Group 1, medetomidine (10 µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly and, in Group 2, d...
The overdose mortality landscape has shifted from predominantly opioid exposures to a polysubstance epidemic increasingly driven by illicit fentanyl and fentanyl analogs combined with other centrally active agents. Among the co-intoxicants, veterinar...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different anesthetic protocols for semen collection from healthy tomcats using Urethral Catheterization after Pharmacological Induction (UrCaPI). Twenty sexually mature tomcats (Felis catus)...
A non-invasive method of drug delivery, intranasal atomization, has shown positive results in human medicine and in some animal species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intranasal atomization, compared to intramuscular admi...
This prospective crossover study compared the effects of intramuscular administration of medetomidine for sedation on parameters of the abdominal vascular system, measured by enhancement computed tomography (CT), to those of propofol-induced sevoflur...
Medetomidine, a potent central acting α2 agonist, has emerged as a fentanyl adulterant in the non-medical opioid supply. Its use has been linked to a novel withdrawal syndrome that is often resistant to conventional treatment protocols. Four ca...
Oxidative stress (OS) is caused by an imbalance between the production of oxygen-containing free radicals and their elimination. General anesthesia increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and therefore causes oxidative stress. Our o...
Anaesthetic protocols involving the combined use of a sedative agent, medetomidine, and an anaesthetic agent, isoflurane, are increasingly being used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of the rodent brain. Despite the popularity...
Standing surgery under sedation reduces anesthetic-related mortality in horses. Medetomidine, alone and combined with morphine in a constant rate infusion (CRI), has been described for standing surgery but their cardiorespiratory, sedative and antino...
Medetomidine partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) has not been compared to xylazine PIVA regarding quality of recovery. This clinical retrospective study compared recoveries following isoflurane anaesthesia balanced with medetomidine or xylazine. T...
The objectives were: (1) to compare the antinociceptive activity of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine, and (2) to investigate its modulation by atipamezole. This prospective, randomized, blinded experimental trial was carried out on eight beagles. Dur...
This study aimed at describing the change in echocardiographic variables after high-dose medetomidine and the reversal with atipamezole in six cats undergoing sedation for semen collection. Further cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) concentration and the effe...
To evaluate the use of ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam total intravenous infusion as part of a balanced anaesthetic technique for surgical castration in horses. Five healthy Standardbred cross colts were premedicated with IV acepromazine (0.01–0.02 m...
Plasma clearance of indocyanine green (ICG-CL) is an invasive method to evaluate liver dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the practicality of a noninvasive, transcutaneous, infrared-based method estimating the disappearance rate of indocyanine gree...
Anesthesia protocols in laboratory-held rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are well described, but fewer reports exist in zoo, safari park or field environments. This study recorded and compared the level of sedation, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate...
Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has emerged as a promising microsampling technique in biomedical and clinical research, offering advantages such as reduced invasiveness, minimal blood volume requirements, and enhanced analyte stability. Although well...
(1) The main goals of general anesthesia include pain management and a safe anesthetic protocol for smooth recovery. In this retrospective study, we compared two anesthetic protocols for general anesthesia with isoflurane during emergency laparotomy:...
Laparoscopic salpingectomy is a minimally invasive surgery that requires careful anesthetic management due to the effects of intra-abdominal gas insufflation. In this retrospective study, baboons (Papio hamadryas) were treated with two induction prot...
Jaguars play a crucial role in population control across multiple biomes. They are endangered and protected by in situ and ex situ conservation mechanisms to ensure their conservation. Cardiovascular diseases in wild mammals, including jaguars, often...
Several physiological characteristics and housing conditions are known to affect hematologic and serum biochemical values in macaques. However, the studies that have been conducted either report values calculated based on a small number of animals, w...
The Apennine chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) is one of the rarest subspecies in Italy, listed in Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and currently included as a vulnerable subspecies in the International Union for Conservation of Nature...
The Apennine wolf (Canis lupus italicus) is a distinct subspecies whose ongoing population recovery in Italy has progressively increased the demand for live capture protocols validated for scientific monitoring and conservation management. Despite th...
In rodent models the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under anesthesia is common. The anesthetic protocol might influence fMRI readouts either directly or via changes in physiological parameters. As long as those factors cannot be...
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) noninvasively measures peripheral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) and may be useful to detect early changes in StO2 in anaesthetized and critically ill horses. This study aimed to identify the muscle belly that provi...
Background/Objectives: The misuse of veterinary drugs is a growing concern, with increasing evidence of their presence in illicit drug markets and their use as alternatives to traditional substances. Methods: This study explores Reddit discussions on...
Feline blood donation requires sedation to allow for good blood collection, avoiding venous damage and unnecessary donor stress. In the present study, we describe the variation of hematological parameters in a population of 74 healthy blood-donor cat...
The use of local anesthetics for castration is both simple and cost-effective, and it may contribute to reducing the anesthetic requirements. Despite its common use in clinical practice, the literature regarding the effects of intratesticular lidocai...
Ceratophrys cranwelli, commonly known as the Cranwell’s horned frog or Pacman frog, is an amphibian species native to South America. This species has gained interest both as a pet among hobbyists and as a subject of scientific inquiry in v...
This case report describes the potential adverse effects of the combination of alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and dissociative anesthetics and discusses its prevention. The cases of 2 dogs and 3 cats, including 4 juvenile (<7 months old) animals and...
Background: Inhalational antibiotics have been used effectively to treat chronic diseases such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with cystic fibrosis. This approach may enhance treatment options for difficult-to-treat, acute pneumonic d...
The rat model is a common model for intervertebral disc (IVD) and spinal research. However, complications remain challenging. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are validated methods to minimize complications and improve safety and quality of studi...
Glucose is the primary fuel for the brain; its metabolism is linked with cerebral function. Different magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques are available to assess glucose metabolism, providing complementary information. Our first aim was...
Surgical neutering in pet rabbits is common practice to prevent reproduction and associated health issues. Adequate postoperative pain management is crucial for recovery, yet effective methods in clinical settings remain underexplored. This study com...
Locoregional anaesthetic techniques are invaluable for providing multimodal analgesia for painful surgical procedures. This prospective, randomised study describes a nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus blockade (BPB) in rabbits undergoing orthopa...
The study aims to describe the anesthetic and airway management of baboons (Papio hamadryas) undergoing laparoscopic salpingectomy with a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) device. Eleven baboons received tiletamine-zolazepam and medetomidine; anesthesia wa...
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) rescued from the illegal wildlife trade often suffer from chronic, traumatic injuries that require specialized and prolonged medical treatment in wildlife rehabilitation centers. We present the case report of a two-year-...
Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) is used to provide analgesia for abdominal surgery in humans. The aim of this study was to assess an anaesthetic protocol involving the QLB for canine ovariohysterectomy. Ten dogs were included. Anaesthetic protocol con...
The main objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of mechanical cervical dislocation using the Koechner Euthanasia Device Model C (KED) in comparison to manual cervical dislocation in layer chickens. Laying hens and/or roosters in three dif...
2 January 2026
Background: Xylazine, an adulterant in the illicit opioid supply, heightens the risks of overdose, withdrawal severity, and severe wounds among people who use opioids (PWUO). Despite increasing prevalence, gaps remain regarding xylazine awareness in...
Transient myocardial thickening (TMT) is considered a reversible feline cardiac disease that initially mimics hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The exact etiopathogenesis remains unknown and is likely multifactorial. General anesthesia and surgery may con...
A naive Bayesian classifier (NBC) combined with principal component analysis (PCA) effectively differentiates the dose-dependent effects of certain groups of psychoactive drugs based on their impact on the amplitude–spectral characteristics of...