Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Article Types

Countries / Regions

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Search Results (4,926)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = low surface energy

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
19 pages, 3220 KiB  
Review
Integrated Technology of CO2 Adsorption and Catalysis
by Mengzhao Li and Rui Wang
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 745; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080745 - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper discusses the integrated technology of CO2 adsorption and catalysis, which combines adsorption and catalytic conversion, simplifies the traditional process, reduces energy consumption, and improves efficiency. The traditional carbon capture technology has the problems of high energy consumption, equipment corrosion, and [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the integrated technology of CO2 adsorption and catalysis, which combines adsorption and catalytic conversion, simplifies the traditional process, reduces energy consumption, and improves efficiency. The traditional carbon capture technology has the problems of high energy consumption, equipment corrosion, and absorbent loss, while the integrated technology realizes the adsorption, conversion, and catalyst regeneration of CO2 in a single reaction system, avoiding complex desorption steps. Through micropore confinement and surface electron transfer mechanism, the technology improves the reactant concentration and mass transfer efficiency, reduces the activation energy, and realizes the low-temperature and high-efficiency conversion of CO2. In terms of materials, MOF-based composites, alkali metal modified oxides, and carbon-based hybrid materials show excellent performance, helping to efficiently adsorb and transform CO2. However, the design and engineering of reactors still face challenges, such as the development of new moving bed reactors. This technology provides a new idea for CO2 capture and resource utilization and has important environmental significance and broad application prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis Accelerating Energy and Environmental Sustainability)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

27 pages, 3653 KiB  
Review
Design and Application of Atomically Dispersed Transition Metal–Carbon Cathodes for Triggering Cascade Oxygen Reduction in Wastewater Treatment
by Shengnan Huang, Guangshuo Lyu, Chuhui Zhang, Chunye Lin and Hefa Cheng
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3258; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153258 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 54
Abstract
The precise synthesis of non-precious metal single-atom electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing the yield of highly active reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Conventional oxidation methods, such as Fenton or NaClO processes, suffer from poor efficiency, high energy demand, and secondary pollution. In contrast, heterogeneous [...] Read more.
The precise synthesis of non-precious metal single-atom electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing the yield of highly active reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Conventional oxidation methods, such as Fenton or NaClO processes, suffer from poor efficiency, high energy demand, and secondary pollution. In contrast, heterogeneous electro-Fenton systems based on cascade oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs), which require low operational voltage and cause pollutant degradation through both direct electron transfer and ROS generation, have emerged as a promising alternative. Recent studies showed that carbon cathodes decorated with atomically dispersed transition metals can effectively integrate the excellent conductivity of carbon supports with the tunable surface chemistry of metal centers. However, the electronic structure of active sites intrinsically hinders the simultaneous achievement of high activity and selectivity in cascade ORRs. This review summarizes the advances, specifically from 2020 to 2025, in understanding the mechanism of cascade ORRs and the synthesis of transition metal-based single-atom catalysts in cathode electrocatalysis for efficient wastewater treatment, and discusses the key factors affecting treatment performance. While employing atomically engineered cathodes is a promising approach for energy-efficient wastewater treatment, future efforts should overcome the barriers in active site control and long-term stability of the catalysts to fully exploit their potential in addressing water pollution challenges. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 919 KiB  
Article
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Application of TiO2 Using Spirulina and Chlorella Algae Extract
by Maria Vitória França Corrêa, Gideã Taques Tractz, Guilherme Arielo Rodrigues Maia, Hagata Emmanuely Slusarski Fonseca, Larissa Oliveira Berbel, Lucas José de Almeida and Everson do Prado Banczek
Colorants 2025, 4(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/colorants4030025 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 72
Abstract
The present study investigates dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating natural extracts from the microalgae Spirulina and Chlorella as photosensitizers. TiO2-based electrodes were prepared and immersed in methanolic algae extracts for 24 and 48 h. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks near 400 [...] Read more.
The present study investigates dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) incorporating natural extracts from the microalgae Spirulina and Chlorella as photosensitizers. TiO2-based electrodes were prepared and immersed in methanolic algae extracts for 24 and 48 h. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed absorption peaks near 400 nm and 650 nm, characteristic of chlorophyll. Electrochemical analyses, including photochronoamperometry and open-circuit potential, confirmed the photosensitivity and charge transfer capabilities of all systems. The cell sensitized with Chlorella after 48 h of immersion exhibited the highest energy conversion efficiency (0.0184% ± 0.0015), while Spirulina achieved 0.0105% ± 0.0349 after 24 h. Chlorella’s superior performance is attributed to its higher chlorophyll content and enhanced light absorption, facilitating more efficient electron injection and interaction with the TiO2 surface. Although the efficiency remains lower than that of conventional silicon-based solar cells, the results highlight the potential of natural colorants as sustainable and low-cost alternatives for photovoltaic applications. Nonetheless, further, improvements are required, particularly in dye stability and anchorage, to improve device performance. This research reinforces the viability of natural photosensitizers in DSSC technology and supports continued efforts to optimize their application. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 8702 KiB  
Article
Oxidation Process and Morphological Degradation of Drilling Chips from Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers
by Dora Kroisová, Stepanka Dvorackova, Martin Bilek, Josef Skrivanek, Anita Białkowska and Mohamed Bakar
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080410 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors due to their high strength, stiffness, and low density. However, significant waste is generated during manufacturing and after the use of CFRPs. Traditional disposal methods [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) are widely used in the aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors due to their high strength, stiffness, and low density. However, significant waste is generated during manufacturing and after the use of CFRPs. Traditional disposal methods like landfilling and incineration are unsustainable. CFRP machining processes, such as drilling and milling, produce fine chips and dust that are difficult to recycle due to their heterogeneity and contamination. This study investigates the oxidation behavior of CFRP drilling waste from two types of materials (tube and plate) under oxidative (non-inert) conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed from 200 °C to 800 °C to assess weight loss related to polymer degradation and carbon fiber integrity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze morphological changes and fiber damage. The optimal range for removing the polymer matrix without significant fiber degradation has been identified as 500–600 °C. At temperatures above 700 °C, notable surface and internal fiber damage occurred, along with nanostructure formation, which may pose health and environmental risks. The results show that partial fiber recovery is possible under ambient conditions, and this must be considered regarding the harmful risks to the human body if submicron particles are inhaled. This research supports sustainable CFRP recycling and fire hazard mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, 4th Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3387 KiB  
Article
Efficiency of Spirulina sp. in the Treatment of Model Wastewater Containing Ni(II) and Pb(II)
by Eleonora Sočo, Andżelika Domoń, Mostafa Azizi, Dariusz Pająk, Bogumił Cieniek, Magdalena M. Michel and Dorota Papciak
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153639 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
In this work, the biosorption potential of Spirulina sp. as an effective and eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Detailed characterization of the biosorbent was carried out, including surface morphology, chemical composition, particle size, [...] Read more.
In this work, the biosorption potential of Spirulina sp. as an effective and eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Detailed characterization of the biosorbent was carried out, including surface morphology, chemical composition, particle size, zeta potential, crystallinity, zero-point charge, and functional group analysis. Batch tests were performed to determine the kinetic constants and adsorption equilibrium of the studied ions. The adsorption behavior of Spirulina sp. was described using six adsorption isotherms. The best fit was obtained for the Redlich-Peterson and Langmuir isotherms, indicating that monolayer adsorption occurred. The maximum biosorption capacities for Ni(II) and Pb(II) were 20.8 mg·g−1 and 93.5 mg·g−1, respectively, using a biosorbent dose of 10 g·L−1, initial metal concentrations ranging from 50 to 5000 mg·L−1, at pH 6, 20 °C, and a contact time of 120 min. Low values of the mean free energy of adsorption (E) in the Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin model (0.3 and 0.1 kJ·mol−1 for Pb(II) and 0.35 and 0.23 kJ·mol−1 for Ni(II)) indicate the dominance of physical processes in the ion binding mechanism. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions was more effective than that of Ni(II) ions across the entire range of tested concentrations. At low initial concentrations, the removal of Pb(II) reached 94%, while for Ni(II) it was 80%. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2008 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Flaky Spinel Structure with Al and Mn Co-Doping Towards Preferable Oxygen Evolution Performance
by Hengfen Shen, Hao Du, Peng Li and Mei Wang
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153633 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 194
Abstract
As an efficient clean energy technology, water electrolysis for hydrogen production has its efficiency limited by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, which drives the demand for the development of high-performance anode OER catalysts. This work constructs bimetallic (Al, Mn) co-doped nanoporous [...] Read more.
As an efficient clean energy technology, water electrolysis for hydrogen production has its efficiency limited by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics, which drives the demand for the development of high-performance anode OER catalysts. This work constructs bimetallic (Al, Mn) co-doped nanoporous spinel CoFe2O4 (np-CFO) with a tunable structure and composition as an OER catalyst through a simple two-step dealloying strategy. The as-formed np-CFO (Al and Mn) features a hierarchical flaky configuration; that is, there are a large number of fine nanosheets attached to the surface of a regular micron-sized flake, which not only increases the number of active sites but also enhances mass transport efficiency. Consequently, the optimized catalyst exhibits a low OER overpotential of only 320 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a minimal Tafel slope of 45.09 mV dec−1, and exceptional durability. Even under industrial conditions (6 M KOH, 60 °C), it only needs 1.83 V to achieve a current density of 500 mA cm−2 and can maintain good stability for approximately 100 h at this high current density. Theoretical simulations indicate that Al and Mn co-doping could indeed optimize the electronic structure of CFO and thus decrease the energy barrier of OER to 1.35 eV. This work offers a practical approach towards synthesizing efficient and stable OER catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Materials for Energy Conversion)
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4169 KiB  
Article
An Anisotropic Failure Characteristic- and Damage-Coupled Constitutive Model
by Ruiqing Chen, Jieyu Dai, Shuning Gu, Lang Yang, Laohu Long and Jundong Wang
Modelling 2025, 6(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling6030075 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 168
Abstract
This study proposes a coupled constitutive model that captures the anisotropic failure characteristics and damage evolution of nickel-based single-crystal (SX) superalloys under various temperature conditions. The model accounts for both creep rate and material damage evolution, enabling accurate prediction of the typical three-stage [...] Read more.
This study proposes a coupled constitutive model that captures the anisotropic failure characteristics and damage evolution of nickel-based single-crystal (SX) superalloys under various temperature conditions. The model accounts for both creep rate and material damage evolution, enabling accurate prediction of the typical three-stage creep curves, macroscopic fracture morphologies, and microstructural features under uniaxial tensile creep for specimens with different crystallographic orientations. Creep behavior of SX superalloys was simulated under multiple orientations and various temperature-stress conditions using the proposed model. The resulting creep curves aligned well with experimental observations, thereby validating the model’s feasibility and accuracy. Furthermore, a finite element model of cylindrical specimens was established, and simulations of the macroscopic fracture morphology were performed using a user-defined material subroutine. By integrating the rafting theory governed by interfacial energy density, the model successfully predicts the rafting morphology of the microstructure at the fracture surface for different crystallographic orientations. The proposed model maintains low programming complexity and computational cost while effectively predicting the creep life and deformation behavior of anisotropic materials. The model accurately captures the three-stage creep deformation behavior of SX specimens and provides reliable predictions of stress fields and microstructural changes at critical cross-sections. The model demonstrates high accuracy in life prediction, with all predicted results falling within a ±1.5× error band and an average error of 14.6%. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 4629 KiB  
Article
Development of a Reflective Electrochromic Zinc-Ion Battery Device for Infrared Emissivity Control Using Self-Doped Polyaniline Films
by Yi Wang, Ze Wang, Tong Feng, Jiandong Chen, Enkai Lin and An Xie
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152110 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) capable of modulating both visible color and infrared (IR) emissivity are promising for applications in smart thermal camouflage and multifunctional displays. However, conventional transmissive ECDs suffer from limited IR modulation due to the low IR transmittance of transparent electrodes. Here, [...] Read more.
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) capable of modulating both visible color and infrared (IR) emissivity are promising for applications in smart thermal camouflage and multifunctional displays. However, conventional transmissive ECDs suffer from limited IR modulation due to the low IR transmittance of transparent electrodes. Here, we report a reflection-type electrochromic zinc-ion battery (HWEC-ZIB) using a self-doped polyaniline nanorod film (SP(ANI-MA)) as the active layer. By positioning the active material at the device surface, this structure avoids interference from transparent electrodes and enables broadband and efficient IR emissivity tuning. To prevent electrolyte-induced IR absorption, a thermal lamination encapsulation method is employed. The optimized device achieves emissivity modulation ranges of 0.28 (3–5 μm) and 0.19 (8–14 μm), delivering excellent thermal camouflage performance. It also exhibits a visible color change from earthy yellow to deep green, suitable for various natural environments. In addition, the HWEC-ZIB shows a high areal capacity of 72.15 mAh cm−2 at 0.1 mA cm−2 and maintains 80% capacity after 5000 cycles, demonstrating outstanding electrochemical stability. This work offers a versatile device platform integrating IR stealth, visual camouflage, and energy storage, providing a promising solution for next-generation adaptive camouflage and defense-oriented electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Smart and Functional Polymers)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2025 KiB  
Communication
Iodide Salt Surface Etching Reduces Energy Loss in CdTe Nanocrystal Solar Cells
by Jielin Huang, Xuyang Wang, Yilin Chen, Zhenyu Chen, Qiaochu Lin, Qichuan Huang and Donghuan Qin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151180 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 163
Abstract
CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as a promising active layer for efficient thin-film solar cells due to their outstanding optical properties and simple processing techniques. However, the low hole concentration and high resistance in the CdTe NC active layer lead to high carrier [...] Read more.
CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as a promising active layer for efficient thin-film solar cells due to their outstanding optical properties and simple processing techniques. However, the low hole concentration and high resistance in the CdTe NC active layer lead to high carrier recombination in the back contact. Herein, we developed a novel 2-iodothiophene as a wet etching solution to treat the surface of CdTe NC. We found that surface treatment using 2-iodothiophene leads to reduced interface defects and improves carrier mobility simultaneously. The surface properties of CdTe NC thin films after iodide salt treatment are revealed through surface element analysis, space charge limited current (SCLC) studies, and energy level investigations. The CdTe NC solar cells with 2-iodothiophene treatment achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.31% coupled with a higher voltage than in controlled devices (with NH4I-treated ones, 3.08% PCE). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Based Advanced Thermoelectric Design: 2nd Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8914 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Low-Dose rhBMP-2 and Vacuum Plasma Treatments on Titanium Implants for Osseointegration and Bone Regeneration
by Won-Tak Cho, Soon Chul Heo, Hyung Joon Kim, Seong Soo Kang, Se Eun Kim, Jong-Ho Lee, Gang-Ho Bae and Jung-Bo Huh
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153582 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 280
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) coating in combination with vacuum plasma treatment on titanium implants, aiming to enhance osseointegration and bone regeneration while minimizing the adverse effects associated with high-dose rhBMP-2. In vitro analyses demonstrated [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effects of low-dose recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) coating in combination with vacuum plasma treatment on titanium implants, aiming to enhance osseointegration and bone regeneration while minimizing the adverse effects associated with high-dose rhBMP-2. In vitro analyses demonstrated that plasma treatment increased surface energy, promoting cell adhesion and proliferation. Additionally, it facilitated sustained rhBMP-2 release by enhancing protein binding to the implant surface. In vivo experiments using the four-beagle mandibular defect model were conducted with the following four groups: un-treated implants, rhBMP-2–coated implants, plasma-treated implants, and implants treated with both rhBMP-2 and plasma. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and medical CT analyses revealed a significantly greater volume of newly formed bone in the combined treatment group (p < 0.05). Histological evaluation further confirmed superior outcomes in the combined group, showing significantly higher bone-to-implant contact (BIC), new bone area (NBA), and inter-thread bone density (ITBD) compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that vacuum plasma treatment enhances the biological efficacy of low-dose rhBMP-2, representing a promising strategy to improve implant integration in compromised conditions. Further studies are warranted to determine the optimal clinical dosage. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1727 KiB  
Article
Chemical–Mechanical Super-Polishing of Al2O3 (0001) Wafer for Epitaxial Purposes
by Chih-Hao Lee and Chih-Hong Lee
Crystals 2025, 15(8), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080694 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
A super-polishing procedure was performed on the Al2O3 (0001) surface for epitaxial purposes. The roughness of the final polished surface was measured to be 0.16 nm using atomic force microscopy and X-ray reflectivity techniques. After heat treatment at 130 °C, [...] Read more.
A super-polishing procedure was performed on the Al2O3 (0001) surface for epitaxial purposes. The roughness of the final polished surface was measured to be 0.16 nm using atomic force microscopy and X-ray reflectivity techniques. After heat treatment at 130 °C, results from low-energy electron diffraction and Auger energy spectroscopy indicated that the top surface was well ordered and clean, rendering it suitable for epitaxial growth. The successful growth of a GaN thin film on an Al2O3 (0001) substrate was confirmed by the hk-circle scan in XRD and the presence of a sharp peak in the rocking curve of the GaN (0002) Bragg peak. These findings indicate that the top surface of the substrate is conducive to epitaxial growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Crystalline Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4703 KiB  
Article
Nanoparticle-Free 3D-Printed Hydrophobic Surfaces for Ice Mitigation Applications
by Ranim Zgaren, Maryam Hosseini, Reza Jafari and Gelareh Momen
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153185 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 207
Abstract
Ice accumulation on exposed surfaces presents substantial economic and safety challenges across various industries. To overcome limitations associated with traditional anti-icing methods, such as the use of nanoparticles, this study introduces a novel and facile approach for fabricating superhydrophobic and anti-icing microstructures using [...] Read more.
Ice accumulation on exposed surfaces presents substantial economic and safety challenges across various industries. To overcome limitations associated with traditional anti-icing methods, such as the use of nanoparticles, this study introduces a novel and facile approach for fabricating superhydrophobic and anti-icing microstructures using cost-effective LCD 3D printing technology. The influence of diverse pillar geometries, including square, cylindrical, hexagonal, and truncated conical forms, was analyzed to assess their effects on the hydrophobic and anti-icing/icephobic performance in terms of wettability, ice adhesion strength, and icing delay time. The role of microstructure topography was further investigated through cylindrical patterns with varying geometric parameters to identify optimal designs for enhancing hydrophobic and icephobic characteristics. Furthermore, the effectiveness of surface functionalization using a low surface energy material was evaluated. Our findings demonstrate that the synergistic combination of tailored microscale geometries and surface functionalization significantly enhances anti-icing performance with reliable repeatability, achieving ice adhesion of 13.9 and 17.9 kPa for square and cylindrical pillars, respectively. Critically, this nanoparticle-free 3D printing and low surface energy treatment method offers a scalable and efficient route for producing high-performance hydrophobic/icephobic surfaces, opening promising avenues for applications in sectors where robust anti-icing capabilities are crucial, such as renewable energy and transportation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano-Materials for Anti-Icing and/or De-Icing Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 5121 KiB  
Article
Design of an Energy Selective Surface Employing Dual-Resonant Circuit Topology
by Honglin Zhang, Jihong Zhang, Song Zha, Huan Jiang, Tao Zhou, Chenxi Liu and Peiguo Liu
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3029; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153029 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 154
Abstract
A dual-polarization energy selective surface (ESS) with low insertion loss (IL) and high shielding effectiveness (SE) based on a dual-resonant equivalent circuit topology was proposed for high-intensity radiation field (HIRF) protection in this paper. The design principle was elucidated through an equivalent circuit [...] Read more.
A dual-polarization energy selective surface (ESS) with low insertion loss (IL) and high shielding effectiveness (SE) based on a dual-resonant equivalent circuit topology was proposed for high-intensity radiation field (HIRF) protection in this paper. The design principle was elucidated through an equivalent circuit model and translated into a physical ESS implementation. It consists of two resonant rings, vertically arranged and loaded with diodes, along with two lumped capacitors. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate that the IL is less than 3 dB when in the OFF state in a working frequency band, and the SE exceeds 20 dB when in the ON state. Moreover, the ESS’s dual-polarization, low cost, and easy-to-design characteristics hold great promise for broad applications in protecting communication and radar systems in complex electromagnetic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microelectronics)
Show Figures

Figure 1

34 pages, 13488 KiB  
Review
Numeric Modeling of Sea Surface Wave Using WAVEWATCH-III and SWAN During Tropical Cyclones: An Overview
by Ru Yao, Weizeng Shao, Yuyi Hu, Hao Xu and Qingping Zou
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(8), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13081450 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 212
Abstract
Extreme surface winds and wave heights of tropical cyclones (TCs)—pose serious threats to coastal community, infrastructure and environments. In recent decades, progress in numerical wave modeling has significantly enhanced the ability to reconstruct and predict wave behavior. This review offers an in-depth overview [...] Read more.
Extreme surface winds and wave heights of tropical cyclones (TCs)—pose serious threats to coastal community, infrastructure and environments. In recent decades, progress in numerical wave modeling has significantly enhanced the ability to reconstruct and predict wave behavior. This review offers an in-depth overview of TC-related wave modeling utilizing different computational schemes, with a special attention to WAVEWATCH III (WW3) and Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN). Due to the complex air–sea interactions during TCs, it is challenging to obtain accurate wind input data and optimize the parameterizations. Substantial spatial and temporal variations in water levels and current patterns occurs when coastal circulation is modulated by varying underwater topography. To explore their influence on waves, this study employs a coupled SWAN and Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) modeling approach. Additionally, the interplay between wave and sea surface temperature (SST) is investigated by incorporating four key wave-induced forcing through breaking and non-breaking waves, radiation stress, and Stokes drift from WW3 into the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model (sbPOM). 20 TC events were analyzed to evaluate the performance of the selected parameterizations of external forcings in WW3 and SWAN. Among different nonlinear wave interaction schemes, Generalized Multiple Discrete Interaction Approximation (GMD) Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA) and the computationally expensive Wave-Ray Tracing (WRT) A refined drag coefficient (Cd) equation, applied within an upgraded ST6 configuration, reduce significant wave height (SWH) prediction errors and the root mean square error (RMSE) for both SWAN and WW3 wave models. Surface currents and sea level variations notably altered the wave energy and wave height distributions, especially in the area with strong TC-induced oceanic current. Finally, coupling four wave-induced forcings into sbPOM enhanced SST simulation by refining heat flux estimates and promoting vertical mixing. Validation against Argo data showed that the updated sbPOM model achieved an RMSE as low as 1.39 m, with correlation coefficients nearing 0.9881. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean and Global Climate)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1867 KiB  
Article
Graphene Oxide-Constructed 2 nm Pore Anion Exchange Membrane for High Purity Hydrogen Production
by Hengcheng Wan, Hongjie Zhu, Ailing Zhang, Kexin Lv, Hongsen Wei, Yumo Wang, Huijie Sun, Lei Zhang, Xiang Liu and Haibin Zhang
Crystals 2025, 15(8), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080689 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
Alkaline electrolytic water hydrogen generation, a key driver in the growth of hydrogen energy, heavily relies on high-efficiency and high-purity ion exchange membranes. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) wrinkled reduced graphene oxide (WG) nanosheets obtained through a simple thermal reduction process and two-dimensional [...] Read more.
Alkaline electrolytic water hydrogen generation, a key driver in the growth of hydrogen energy, heavily relies on high-efficiency and high-purity ion exchange membranes. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) wrinkled reduced graphene oxide (WG) nanosheets obtained through a simple thermal reduction process and two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide act as building blocks, with ethylenediamine as a crosslinking stabilizer, to construct a unique 3D/2D 2 nm-tunneling structure between the GO and WG sheets through via an amide connection at a WG/GO ratio of 1:1. Here, the wrinkled graphene (WG) undergoes a transition from two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) into three-dimensional (3D) through the adjustment of surface energy. By increasing the interlayer spacing and the number of ion fluid channels within the membranes, the E-W/G membrane has achieved the rapid passage of hydroxide ions (OH) and simultaneous isolation of produced gas molecules. Moreover, the dense 2 nm nano-tunneling structure in the electrolytic water process enables the E-W/G membrane to attain current densities >99.9% and an extremely low gas crossover rate of hydrogen and oxygen. This result suggests that the as-prepared membrane effectively restricts the unwanted crossover of gases between the anode and cathode compartments, leading to improved efficiency and reduced gas leakage during electrolysis. By enhancing the purity of the hydrogen production industry and facilitating the energy transition, our strategy holds great potential for realizing the widespread utilization of hydrogen energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Macromolecular Crystals)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop