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Surrogate models have been increasingly used to reduce the computational cost of electromagnetic (EM) design in RF and microwave components. However, component types, surrogate model families, and design workflows vary substantially across the literature. This systematic review provides a structured synthesis of surrogate-assisted EM design and optimization for RF and microwave applications. A Scopus-based screening process was employed to identify 180 journal articles published between 2012 and February 2026. After eligibility assessment, 126 studies were included in the final review corpus, whereas 54 were excluded. Six previous review articles were used separately for contextual positioning. The studies included were classified according to component category, surrogate model family, surrogate usage mode, inverse-design approach, multifidelity integration, active-learning adoption, and workflow function. The results showed that antennas and filters dominate the literature, whereas the Gaussian process or Kriging models and neural networks are the most frequent surrogate families. Optimization-based inverse design is the most commonly used, whereas multifidelity and active learning are less common. Overall, the included literature indicates that surrogate-assisted design is widely represented in RF and microwave design studies. However, no study in the included literature corpus has implemented a unified workflow that combines surrogate modeling, inverse design, multifidelity interaction, and active learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Communications Section 2025–2026)

43 pages, 3418 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

IEC 61850 GOOSE: A Systematic Literature Review on the State of the Art and Current Applications

by Arthur Kniphoff da Cruz, Ana Clara Hackenhaar Kellermann, Ingridy Caroliny da Silva, Jaine Mercia Fernandes de Oliveira, Marcia Elena Jochims Kniphoff da Cruz and Lorenz Däubler

Automation 2026, 7(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7020062 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

To develop secure, fast, and interoperable smart substations, it is vital to understand the current situation and potential future directions of the technologies involved. This study presents the evolution and state of the art of the Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) communication protocol, defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 standard. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. This included journal articles published from 2004 to 2025 and conference papers from 2020 to 2025, written in English within Engineering. Only studies primarily focusing on GOOSE, citing it at least ten times, and indexed in the Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science databases were included. The quantitative analysis used SciMAT software, complemented by a qualitative analysis. Due to the bibliometric and thematic nature of this review, potential biases were considered at the review level rather than by applying a formal study-level risk-of-bias tool. The final analysis comprised 82 journal articles and 84 conference papers. The results offer a comprehensive mapping of GOOSE research evolution, identify nine main challenges and limitations from the last 22 years, and highlight current research directions. The literature reveals methodological heterogeneity, a predominance of simulation-based approaches, and limited large-scale empirical validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substation Automation, Protection and Control Based on IEC 61850)

30 pages, 1453 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Insights into the Link Between Sustainability Disclosure and Financial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analytic Approach

by Valentin Burcă, Oana Bogdan, Teodor Cilan, Cristina Nicolaescu, Robert Almași, Melinda Luca and Luminița Mazuru

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 4019; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084019 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Recent global events have slowed progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), making robust sustainability reporting (SR) systems critical for monitoring and corrective actions. While research on the link between corporate sustainability performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) is extensive, the specific role of sustainability reporting as a communication channel remains insufficiently explored. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to address this gap in the literature by assessing the relevance of sustainability reporting for modeling the relationship between CSP and CFP. In this study, a univariate meta-analysis based on a PRISMA screening framework was performed to assess the unidirectional relationship between SR and CFP, specifically investigating whether SR acts as a moderating or mediating factor in the CSP-CFP nexus. The analysis is limited to 19 high-quality articles published in top-tier accounting journals between 2014 and 2024 to minimize publication bias and ensure reliability. The meta-analysis reveals no statistically significant moderating effect of SR on CFP. Instead, the results confirm a significant mediating effect, particularly when considering the presence of sustainability reports rather than just their specific content. These findings suggest that SR serves as a vital catalyst for corporate communication, providing more positive effects in voluntary compared to mandatory disclosure settings. This paper has both theoretical and practical implications, which are mainly relevant to standard-setters for assessing the efforts of SR disclosure regulation, and is of fundamental importance to managers as it indicates that SR does not relate solely to the practice of conformity, but rather to essential channels of communication and value creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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20 pages, 1866 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research Trends in the Geological Accumulation of Natural Gas Hydrates: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Qianlong Zhang, Wei Deng, Ming Su, Jinqiang Liang and Lei Lu

Geosciences 2026, 16(4), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16040161 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Natural gas hydrate is a clean energy resource critical for global energy security and low-carbon transition. Understanding its geological accumulation mechanisms is essential for exploration and development. However, the current research on NGH geological accumulation lacks a systematic and quantitative analysis of its global research evolution, hotspots, and frontiers. To fill this gap, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis of 5891 articles (1999–2025) from the Web of Science Core Collection using CiteSpace and VOSviewer to map research trends, contributions, and frontiers. The results show that annual publications followed a three-stage trajectory: slow initiation, rapid growth, and stable development, with key boosts from production tests in Japan (2013) and China (2017). Marine and Petroleum Geology emerged as the most cited journal. China, the United States, and Germany lead research output, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences serving as the central hub (centrality: 0.46). Core researchers such as Jinqiang Liang have established foundational knowledge through highly cited studies on accumulation theory and resource–environment interactions. Research focus has shifted from early resource assessment to controlling factors, and recently toward production technologies and parameter optimization, highlighting a transition from basic to applied research with strong interdisciplinary integration. While bibliometrics reveals structural evolution and hotspots, limitations in data sources and analytical scope remain. Future efforts should integrate multi-source data and deepen content analysis to address unresolved challenges in NGH geological accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Big Data and AI for Geoscience)

27 pages, 3795 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Defects in Modular Building Construction: A Systematic Lifecycle Review and Implications for Sustainable Delivery

by Argaw Gurmu, Fatemeh Fallah Tafti, Anthony Mills and John Kite

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 4000; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084000 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Despite its potential to enhance construction quality, efficiency, and sustainability, modular construction continues to experience defects that hinder its broader adoption. Understanding and mitigating defects is essential for maximising the sustainability benefits of modular construction by reducing material waste, minimising rework and improving lifecycle performance. Existing research remains fragmented, with limited synthesis integrating defects with their root causes across the project lifecycle. To address this gap, this study investigates defect types, lifecycle-based causes, and mitigation strategies in modular building projects through a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review of 61 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2015 and 2025 and retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science. Six major defect categories were identified: geometric and dimensional; material and component; joint and connection integrity; envelope performance and durability; structural; and mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) defects, with geometric and dimensional defects emerging as the most prevalent, accounting for 26.7% of reported cases. Lifecycle root-cause mapping indicates that poor workmanship during on-site assembly is the dominant contributor, accounting for 44.1% of identified root causes, with manufacturing errors (26.8%) and design limitations (13.4%) acting as critical upstream sources. Mitigation strategies cluster into three groups: general recommendations (39% of reported strategies), mainly focusing on low-cost organisational measures such as logistics coordination and workforce training; structured risk-management frameworks (9.1%), including assembly sequencing and tolerance planning; and digital and data-driven technologies (51.9%), such as laser scanning, AI-based inspection, and digital twins, enabling proactive quality assurance across the lifecycle. The study proposes an integrated lifecycle–defect–mitigation framework to strengthen quality governance and advance sustainable modular delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction Management Practices and Productivity (2nd Edition))

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32 pages, 5970 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Reframing BIM and Digital Twins for Intelligent Built Environments

by Abdullahi Abdulrahman Muhudin, Md Shafiullah, Baqer Al-Ramadan, Mohammad Sharif Zami, Mohammad Tahir Zamani and Lazhari Herzallah

Smart Cities 2026, 9(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities9040071 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

The integration of Building Information Modeling [BIM] and Digital Twins [DT] has emerged as a central driver of digital transformation in the architecture, engineering, and construction sector. Yet, its systemic impact remains constrained by conceptual fragmentation and uneven institutional adoption. This study synthesizes contemporary BIM–DT scalability and each to identify dominant technological and application dimensions, examine the governance conditions shaping scalability, and develop an analytical framework that advances understanding beyond technology-centered syntheses. A two-stage analytical design was employed, combining bibliometric keyword co-occurrence analysis of 1295 Scopus-indexed records with systematic qualitative synthesis of 56 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2020 and 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Six interrelated analytical dimensions characterize the current BIM–DT research landscape: BIM–DT integration advancements and applications; interoperability and visualization; safety enhancement; energy efficiency; data-driven decision making; and stakeholder collaboration. Across these dimensions, a persistent misalignment emerges between technological capability and organizational readiness, with deficiencies in standards, governance, and sociotechnical coordination constituting the principal barriers to large-scale deployment. The findings reframe BIM–DT convergence not as a discrete technological upgrade but as the emergence of a coordinated socio-technical information ecosystem spanning the full building lifecycle. By foregrounding governance conditions, data stewardship, and institutional coordination, this study extends understanding of how digital twins expand BIM from design coordination to operational governance and establishes a foundation for more systematic implementation of intelligent, resilient, and sustainable built-environment systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Buildings in Smart Cities)

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19 pages, 1110 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Writing Abilities in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Scoping Literature Review

by Valentina Esposito, Francesca Conca, Gaia C. Santi, Stefano F. Cappa and Eleonora Catricalà

Brain Sci. 2026, 16(4), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16040420 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Given the central role of writing and typing in contemporary communication, integrating writing assessments into clinical practice is crucial for improving the diagnosis and management of primary progressive aphasia (PPA). This scoping review summarizes evidence on writing abilities in PPA, examining task types, their strengths and limitations, the linguistic features of stimuli, and the influence of language differences. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. We included papers published in peer-reviewed journals and written in English that present data from at least one PPA subject and report a quantitative score relative to a writing task. Fifty-one studies were included (forty-seven behavioral; four with neuroimaging). Results: Overall, the literature is fragmented, with marked variability in task design and the control of psycholinguistic variables. Writing to dictation is the most frequently used task but fails to capture the full spectrum of writing impairments, whereas tasks tapping lexico-semantic, morpho-syntactic, and discourse-level abilities are rarely employed. At the syndromic description level, svPPA typically shows surface dysgraphia, nfvPPA presents phonological dysgraphia and agrammatic writing, and lvPPA displays mixed error profiles. Neuroimaging findings are highly heterogeneous. Conclusions: The review underscores the need for systematic, linguistically grounded approaches to writing assessments in PPA to enhance diagnostic precision and cross-linguistic comparability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurolinguistics)

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25 pages, 785 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Supply Chain Digitalization Reduce Corporate Carbon Emission Intensity? Evidence from the Annual Reports of Chinese Listed Companies

by Zikun Zhang, Lianqian Yin, Jinpeng Wen and Yingying Wu

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 3991; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18083991 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

In the context of a rapidly evolving data-driven economy and increasingly stringent carbon reduction policies, the impact of supply chain digitalization (SCD) on corporate carbon emission intensity (CEI) has become an important research topic. Using panel data on Chinese A-share listed firms from the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges over the period 2013–2023, this study employs Python-based text analysis of corporate annual reports to explore the effect of SCD on corporate CEI. The results show that SCD significantly reduces corporate CEI. Mechanism analysis further indicates that this effect operates through three channels: alleviating financing constraints, promoting green innovation, and reducing supply chain disruption risk. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the mitigating effect of SCD on corporate CEI is more pronounced among non-state-owned firms, large-scale firms, firms in non-high-tech industries, firms in highly environmentally sensitive industries, and firms located in regions with more developed digital infrastructure. Further analysis shows that SCD contributes to improvements in both firms’ sustainability and financial performance. Overall, this study provides important policy implications for both governments and firms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbon Future: Innovations in Digital Supply Chain Optimization and Circular Economy)

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32 pages, 1560 KB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Narrative Patterns in Disinformation and Trustworthy News: A Comparative Analysis

by Justina Mandravickaitė and Tomas Krilavičius

Soc. Sci. 2026, 15(4), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci15040255 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

In this study, we examined how disinformation and trustworthy news differ in their narrative construction across nine theoretically motivated dimensions. We address the following research question: how do disinformation and trustworthy news differ in narrative organisation and epistemic grounding? We analysed 610 English-language news articles (308 pro-Kremlin disinformation and 302 trustworthy articles) covering selected international events from 2015 to 2023, using data derived from the EUvsDisinfo dataset. Narrative elements were extracted using a hybrid pipeline combining large language models and knowledge graphs, resulting in article-level representations for comparative analysis. Ordinal scores (1–5) were assigned for emotional intensity, cultural complexity, conspiracist structure, source diversity, crisis intensity, evidence support, media control, solutions orientation and memory work. Non-parametric comparisons showed significant differences in eight of these nine dimensions. Disinformation articles revealed stronger conspiracist structuring and greater meta-media hostility, as well as significantly lower source diversity, evidence support, cultural complexity and weaker memory work. Emotional intensity did not differ reliably across disinformation and trustworthy news. A simple additive NarrativeRisk score, which we designed as a transparent and interpretable summary measure, showed between-group differences in both parametric and non-parametric tests. As a univariate discrimination indicator, NarrativeRisk achieved ROC AUC ≈ 0.84. Cluster analysis identified three recurrent narrative profiles, including one dominated by disinformation, one by trustworthy news and one mixed profile. These findings indicate that disinformation is distinguished not only by factual unreliability but also by different patterns in narrative organisation. Full article

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25 pages, 845 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI Museum Guides Acceptance for History Learning: Design Attributes, Dual Affective Pathways, and Largely Invariant Gender Effects

by Li Wang, Xuezhen Wu, Yifan Zhuo, Chaohui Wang and Gang Ren

Information 2026, 17(4), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/info17040376 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

As AI-powered learning tools become more common in educational settings, understanding their acceptance mechanisms is increasingly important. This study examines how the design attributes of AI museum guides—anthropomorphism, interactivity, and personalization—are associated with the acceptance intention and perceived learning outcomes among Chinese high school students with prior museum experience. Using structural equation modeling with 324 participants, we test whether these features relate to acceptance through two affective pathways: perceived warmth and anxiety reduction. The results reveal distinct patterns: anthropomorphism shows an indirect-only association with anxiety reduction through perceived warmth; interactivity is associated with anxiety reduction through responsive feedback; and personalization serves dual functions, enhancing both pathways. Anxiety reduction shows strong positive associations with both acceptance intention and perceived learning outcomes. The multi-group analysis shows that most pathways function equivalently across genders, with one exception where anxiety reduction more strongly predicts learning outcomes for females than males. These findings reveal distinct psychological functions within the Chinese educational context: anthropomorphism influences anxiety reduction exclusively through perceived warmth, while personalization and interactivity provide both affective and cognitive support. The implications for AI museum guide design in similar contexts are discussed. The generalizability to other cultural contexts and populations, such as Western students or adult learners, requires further investigation. Full article

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27 pages, 949 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Material Reuse in the European Union Construction Sector: A Review

by Inês Silva, Graça Martinho and Mário Ramos

Recycling 2026, 11(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling11040079 - 16 Apr 2026

Abstract

The progression towards a circular economy in the construction sector has gained attention as a response to rising resource consumption and construction and demolition waste generation, with material reuse playing a central role. In this context, this study analyses the literature on reuse in the construction sector, examining its investigation over time and its relation to European regulatory frameworks and policy strategies. A systematic literature review was conducted using a structured search across the B-on, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search targeted peer-reviewed journal articles in English, published between 2008 and 2023, focusing on titles, abstracts, and keywords with predefined terms. A total of 78 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Research activity has increased in recent years, reflecting growing European policy attention, particularly the Waste Framework Directive, its 2018 amendment, and the Circular Economy Action Plan. Most studies address strategies to promote the circular economy, waste management practices, life cycle assessments, and the identification of barriers and opportunities to reuse. Despite the expanding literature, reuse remains insufficiently addressed. These findings underline the need for more targeted research and stronger integration between policy and practice to support effective reuse in the construction sector. Full article

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1 pages, 149 KB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Yang et al. Unraveling Spatial Nonstationary and Nonlinear Dynamics in Life Satisfaction: Integrating Geospatial Analysis of Community Built Environment and Resident Perception via MGWR, GBDT, and XGBoost. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14, 131

by Di Yang, Qiujie Lin, Haoran Li, Jinliu Chen, Hong Ni, Pengcheng Li, Ying Hu and Haoqi Wang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2026, 15(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15040177 - 16 Apr 2026

Viewed by 14

Abstract

The journal retracts the article titled “Unraveling Spatial Nonstationary and Nonlinear Dynamics in Life Satisfaction: Integrating Geospatial Analysis of Community Built Environment and Resident Perception via MGWR, GBDT, and XGBoost” [...] Full article

26 pages, 2767 KB

Open AccessReview

Understanding Maritime Traffic Complexity: A Comprehensive Concept Development Review

by Vice Milin, Branko Lalić, Tatjana Stanivuk and Matko Maleš

Technologies 2026, 14(4), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14040231 - 16 Apr 2026

Viewed by 44

Abstract

Maritime traffic complexity (MTC) is a term that has gained increased importance in the last decade in the maritime safety domain. It is a concept for understanding navigational safety and operational challenges in congested maritime environments. Although research interest in MTC has grown, it is a concept that remains fragmented, with various interpretations of definitions, indicators, and modeling approaches present in the literature. This study presents a comprehensive literature review and bibliometric analysis to synthesize the current state of research on MTC as a scientific construct and clarify its conceptual foundations from an analytical perspective. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines and systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, relevant studies were identified and screened across major scientific databases. A detailed analysis was conducted on 40 scientific publications. The findings indicate that most existing MTC models rely mainly on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data and corresponding derived metrics. MTC is primarily assessed through geometric vessel–vessel interactions, relative motion parameters, and collision-risk indicators. Bibliometric analysis demonstrates a rapid increase in scientific interest in this topic since 2015, with research concentrated in several leading journals. The study identifies a significant methodological limitation in current frameworks, which often overlook the heterogeneity of marine traffic, environmental conditions, vessel reliability, and human factors. Therefore, this study highlights the need for a more comprehensive MTC evaluation framework that incorporates operational, geographical constraint-based, environmental, and behavioral variables alongside traditional AIS-based metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Transportation for Integrated Mobile System: AI-Driven Technologies, Engineering Systems, and Industrial Applications)

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1 pages, 136 KB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Li et al. Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated MicroRNA-155 Targets SOCS1 and Upregulates TNF-α and IL-1β in PBMCs. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 23910–23921

by Xiaochuan Li, Feng Tian and Fei Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083549 - 16 Apr 2026

Viewed by 17

Abstract

The journal retracts the article titled, “Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated MicroRNA-155 Targets SOCS1 and Upregulates TNF-α and IL-1β in PBMCs” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

2 pages, 146 KB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Peritore et al. Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Paracetamol, a New Association to Relieve Hyperalgesia and Pain in a Sciatic Nerve Injury Model in Rat. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3509

by Alessio Filippo Peritore, Rosalba Siracusa, Roberta Fusco, Enrico Gugliandolo, Ramona D’Amico, Marika Cordaro, Rosalia Crupi, Tiziana Genovese, Daniela Impellizzeri, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083545 - 16 Apr 2026

Viewed by 40

Abstract

The journal retracts the article titled “Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide and Paracetamol, a New Association to Relieve Hyperalgesia and Pain in a Sciatic Nerve Injury Model in Rat” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

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