Search Results (493)

Digital technologies have been widely adopted in the Cultural Heritage sector over the past few decades. Many museums, galleries, historic sites, and other cultural institutions now host multimedia exhibitions or temporary installations in which technology plays a significant role in shaping the visitor experience. Among these, Extended Reality (XR) technologies, including Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR), have been extensively applied and studied. Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR), a branch of AR, has also become increasingly present in cultural contexts; however, the academic literature still lacks a comprehensive and systematic review of studies addressing its use. Furthermore, various methods of inquiry and evaluation have been employed to assess SAR applications in cultural institutions, both from the perspective of visitors and from that of cultural practitioners and stakeholders. This scoping review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, collected a total of 47 papers that introduce the academic perspectives on SAR in the cultural domain. It reports its definitions, applications, documented benefits, and the different evaluation approaches identified in the literature. Through a snowball sampling methodology, the collection has been expanded to include 33 additional studies. After the screening process, the authors reviewed 34 papers, presenting the gaps identified in the literature and outlining suggested directions for future research. Full article

The integration of virtual reality (VR) technologies in museums and cultural heritage has expanded rapidly, driven by demand for immersive visitor experiences. Yet comprehensive studies on their long-term sustainability and operational challenges remain scarce. This mixed-methods study combines scientometric analysis of 1635 Web of Science publications (1997–2025) using VOSviewer 1.6.20 with longitudinal evidence from three VR installations deployed by the authors in Romanian museums representing understudied Central/Eastern European contexts. Analysis maps global trends, collaborations, and regional gaps, while practical evaluation addresses durability, usability, maintenance, technological obsolescence, multi-user management, and headset hygiene. Findings reveal VR’s engagement and preservation potential but highlight constraints limiting long-term viability. Strategic planning, adaptive design, and maintenance frameworks emerge as critical for sustainability. Limitations include WoS exclusivity and regional focus, while findings offer actionable insights for diverse institutional contexts. Full article

Bioarchaeology continues to generate growing volumes of data from finite and often destructively sampled resources, making data reusability critical according to FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) and CARE (Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility and Ethics). However, much valuable information remains trapped in grey literature, particularly PDF-based reports, limiting discoverability and machine processing. This paper explores Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Named Entity Recognition (NER) techniques to improve access to osteoarchaeological and palaeopathological data in grey literature. The research developed and evaluated the Osteoarchaeological and Palaeopathological Entity Search (OPES), a lightweight prototype system designed to extract relevant terms from PDF documents within the Archaeology Data Service archive. Unlike transformer-based Large Language Models, OPES employs interpretable, computationally efficient, and sustainable NLP methods. A structured user evaluation (n = 83) involving students (42), experts (26), and the general public (15) assessed five success criteria: usefulness, time-saving ability, accessibility, reliability, and likelihood of reuse. Results demonstrate that while limitations remain in reliability and expert engagement, NLP and NER show clear potential to increase FAIRness of osteoarcheological datasets. The study emphasises the continued need for robust evaluation methodologies in heritage AI applications as new technologies emerge. Full article

Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) equates heritage value with visual and material purity, marginalizing resident-led changes as damage. This study examines “parasitic” additions to Beijing’s siheyuan—vernacular, externally attached modules used to meet modern living needs—as a critical site of negotiation. Combining spatial mapping of 48 cases, a resident survey (n = 185), and stakeholder interviews (n = 13) conducted between April 2023 and June 2025, we identify a fundamental discursive rupture: residents overwhelmingly justify adaptations on “living rights” grounds (support rate ≈ 76.3%), while professionals uphold aesthetic conservation. We theorize these interventions as a “subversive compromise,” preserving the historic shell while embedding modern functionality, thus co-producing a state of “negotiated authenticity.” While limited by non-probability sampling, the findings call for a governance shift from rigid form-based rules to performance- and rights-oriented pathways, including provisional permits and participatory review. The study underscores the need to reconcile visual integrity with dwelling rights to sustain living heritage. Full article

Bullfighting in the bullrings of the Iberian Peninsula, with its most direct antecedent in the Roman amphitheatre, represents an established tradition that has been exported to the Americas. Bullfighting in Portugal shares general aspects with the bullfighting culture in neighbouring Spain. However, in Portugal, particular aspects are present: there is a preference for horseback bullfighting (cavaleiros) and forcados (a special type of bullfighting), and the bull is not killed in the ring. In this work, the authors aim to contribute to the acoustic narrative of bullfighting by linking architecture with the sounds of voice, environment, music, and silence that manifest in the emblematic Campo Pequeno bullring in Lisbon, thereby providing valuable information regarding its unknown intangible acoustic heritage. The presence of a mobile roof increases the number of reflections in the bullring, leads to a more linear energy decay, and prevents the acoustic inconveniences of roofless performance venues. The 3D impulse response measurements enable an overall monaural parametric analysis, together with the analysis of the distribution of sound energy in the time–frequency domain of early reflections, to determine the acoustic signature of the venue complemented with the direction of arrival of these early reflections. Full article

In globalized markets, traditional Chinese furniture must strike a balance between cultural authenticity and modern consumer appeal. This study introduced the first comprehensive scale to measure Confucian–Daoist value expressions in Ming-style chair design for marketing applications. Through surveys conducted across 31 Chinese provinces (pilot sample size = 85; formal sample size = 440) and extensive literature analysis, six key cultural dimensions influencing consumer preferences were identified: respect for tradition, face, familism, respect for authority, the doctrine of the mean, and the nature/non-action. Building on these findings, this study proposes the first multidimensional framework for assessing Confucian and Daoist values in Ming-style chair design, offering an 18-item scale as a quantifiable tool to support the sustainable innovation of cultural heritage. The scale enables marketers and designers to detect regional and historical variations in cultural value preferences, thereby facilitating targeted positioning strategies that preserve authentic cultural expression while resonating with specific consumer segments. Full article

This paper examines the role of institutional logics in shaping heritage-led urban regeneration across fifteen adaptive reuse projects of former tobacco factories in Europe. By categorizing managing authorities into public, private, and community-led actors, the study interprets regeneration outcomes, such as community participation, tourism growth, and crime reduction, through the lens of institutional theory. The analysis reveals that each authority type operates under distinct logics: regulative (public), market-driven (private), and normative (community), which significantly influence the depth and type of impact achieved. Through a comparative framework and empirical indicators, the paper highlights how institutional arrangements affect not only project design but also questions of inclusion, identity, and sustainability. Findings challenge simplistic binaries of top-down versus bottom-up governance and offer a more nuanced understanding of how urban heritage can serve divergent values. The paper concludes with implications for urban policy and future research on hybrid and participatory models of heritage governance. Full article

This paper examines how entrenched dichotomies between natural/cultural and tangible/intangible heritage shape conservation policy in contexts where material, ecological, and socio-cultural dimensions are deeply interdependent. Despite calls for more integrated frameworks, limited empirical research examines how such categorical divisions operate within living rural heritage environments or how they align with community perspectives and inform conservation policies. This paper addresses this gap by analysing the persistence of rigid heritage taxonomies in officially designated traditional villages in central rural Greece exploring how heritage officials and residents perceive and value their heritage. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork across six villages—including interviews, focus groups, and consultations with heritage professionals—it demonstrates that these categorical divisions fail to reflect local understandings of heritage as a living socio-ecological system. For residents, ecological conditions, built forms, agricultural practices, and social relations are interdependent and tied to livelihoods, land stewardship, and communal identity. Findings show that the Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) reinforces artificial separations that are misaligned with grassroots perceptions and hinder integrated planning. This mismatch has direct implications for sustainability: governance models that fragment nature, culture, and community obscure socio-ecological processes and limit the development of meaningful sustainability strategies. By foregrounding experiential and affective dimensions of heritage, the paper advances debates on community-centred and context-responsive heritage management. It reframes rural heritage as a co-produced, evolving system of material, social, and ecological relations, positioning rural landscapes as critical arenas for addressing sustainability challenges and offering new empirical insights into an underexplored dimension of heritage research. The study further advocates for governance approaches that embed local ontologies and lived knowledge into policy and practice, fostering more inclusive, resilient, and socio-ecologically grounded heritage frameworks capable of supporting long-term sustainable development. Full article

The consequences of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure pose a growing threat to UNESCO World Heritage sites. Proper identification of environmental factors and their effective mitigation are crucial for preserving historic assets without unnecessary intervening in their material fabric. This article presents excerpts from a study conducted to develop the Master Plan for Preservation for the oldest part of the former Nazi extermination camp Auschwitz II—Birkenau, including non-standard, minimally invasive testing, and the successful implementation of the research findings. Drawing on experience from a multi-year, interdisciplinary research project carried out in close collaboration with the conservation team of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum and Memorial, as well as other research projects and surveys conducted in other UNESCO World Heritage sites, the authors critically engage with current standards for the monitoring, protection, and conservation of built cultural heritage. The role of comprehensive identification of different threats—including hydrogeological ones, exacerbated by anthropogenic pressure and climate change—points to the need for a broader approach, especially for the most valuable built-heritage sites that are either increasingly passive recipients of threats generated outside the protected area, or are vulnerable to the extent of standard methodologies for the conservation of cultural sites being no longer applicable. Full article

In the governance of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), traditional rituals often fall into a paradox of institutional exhibition. The Korean shamanic rites Ssitgim-gut and Byeolsin-gut, respectively, represent the two poles of ritual institutionalization, displaying semiotic logics of original iconicity and institutional textualization. This study, based on audiovisual materials, archival records, and performative documentation, constructs event-level coding of the signifier–subsystem–power relation and, through hierarchical regression and Mann–Whitney nonparametric tests, proposes the Dual-Axis Symbolic Regime Model (DSRR)—comprising the Symbolic Purification–Differentiation Axis (S) and the Textual–Institutional Axis (I). Results indicate that along the S-axis, the purification segments of Ssitgim-gut, dominated by iconic signifiers of soul pacification, manifest a shaman-centered unipolar power structure, whereas its performance segments, involving community participation, reveal a collaborative and co-performative power distribution. Moreover, institutionalization significantly affects the distribution of symbolic power. Along the I-axis, after Byeolsin-gut was incorporated into ICH stage performances, its ritual signifiers became scripted and codified, acquiring administrative value; consequently, the power gap between shamans and families narrowed, and interpretive authority shifted toward institutional agencies. These results remain robust after controlling for media-related variables.In conclusion, the DSRR model elucidates the correlation between symbols and power, offering empirical insights for ICH governance—specifically, how to preserve ritual integrity while avoiding the semantic attenuation of symbols caused by over-textualization. Full article

Urban rivers are critical ecological and cultural assets facing accelerating biodiversity loss. This study examines the integrated redevelopment of the Jadro River spring in Solin, Croatia, where a protected ichthyological reserve intersects layered heritage and urban edges to enhance conservation and public value. Using a single-case study design that combines archival project documentation, participant observation by the architect–authors, and a post-occupancy review three years after completion, the analysis synthesizes ecological, social, and design evidence across planning, delivery, and operation phases. The project delivered phased visitor and interpretation centers, accessible paths and bridges, habitat-compatible materials, and formalized access management that relocated parking from riverbanks, reduced episodic pollution sources, and prioritized inclusive, low-impact use. Governance and programming established a municipal management plan, curriculum-ready interpretation, and carrying capacity monitoring, transforming an underused picnic area into an educational, recreational, and conservation-oriented public landscape while safeguarding sensitive habitats. A transferable design protocol emerged, aligning blue green infrastructure, heritage conservation, adaptive reuse, and social–ecological system (SES)-informed placemaking to protect the endemic soft-mouth trout and strengthen a sense of place and community stewardship. The case supports SES-based riverpark renewal in which conservative interventions within protected cores are coupled with consolidated services on resilient ground, offering a replicable framework for ecologically constrained urban headwaters. Full article

Baijiu, China’s traditional distilled spirit, is produced through solid-state fermentation and distillation of grains, resulting in a highly complex chemical and sensory profile. However, exogenous impurities introduced via raw materials, water, equipment, packaging, or the surrounding environment pose significant challenges to both safety and quality. These impurities, including heavy metals, plasticizers, pesticide residues, mycotoxins, environmental pollutants, and un-authorized food additives, are associated with neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, endocrine disruption, and sensory defects. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on their sources, reported concentration ranges in Baijiu (generally at trace µg/kg–mg/kg levels), analytical detection methods with sub-mg/kg sensitivity, and control strategies for these substances. Regulatory frameworks, including China’s standards, are critically assessed, with emphasis on gaps such as the lack of explicit limits for certain classes of impurities. Case studies of contamination incidents are discussed to illustrate practical risks and monitoring gaps. Emerging trends, including low- and zero-alcohol Baijiu, are also considered in relation to changing impurity profiles and detection requirements. Recommendations include tightening regulatory limits, adopting portable and real-time detection technologies, and promoting the development of “pure Baijiu” that meets international safety and quality expectations. Future research priorities center on high-resolution mass spectrometry, advanced real-time monitoring, and eco-friendly analytical solutions, ensuring that Baijiu maintains both cultural heritage and global competitiveness. Full article

This study addresses the challenge of digitally modeling Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in a manner that respects and preserves its epistemic integrity. Grounded in ethnographic inquiry and system design, the research introduces a four-tier knowledge typology that conceptualizes how tacit, explicit, tribal and cultural knowledge circulate within Indigenous communities. This cyclical model highlights recursive and embodied processes of knowledge internalization, transmission, and integration, offering a dynamic alternative to linear knowledge flow frameworks. Building upon this epistemological foundation, this study traces the transition from traditional data practices, which are centered on oral histories, ritual performances, and ecological observation, to a contemporary AI-assisted architecture that operationalizes these forms through structured semantic enrichment, modular knowledge storage, and culturally aligned reasoning systems. The proposed system integrates layered components, from data acquisition to multi-agent inference models, while embedding ethical protocols that affirm community sovereignty and relational authority. The findings suggest that TEK systems can be effectively encoded into modern digital infrastructures without erasing their socio-cultural contexts. By foregrounding Indigenous epistemologies within system design, the research advances a critical paradigm for culturally responsive knowledge technologies in sustainability, education, and heritage preservation. Full article

Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is a vital strategy for balancing cultural preservation with modern functionality needs. This study provides a post-adaptive reuse evaluation of Dar Al Saraya in Madaba, Jordan, a significant Ottoman-era landmark, to examine how adaptive reuse strategies influence interior environments and heritage value. The analysis employs Zhang and Zhang’s evaluation framework focusing on existing fabric, special character, and policy and value, operationalized through 15 factors. A qualitative methodology was adopted, integrating site observations, photographic documentation, and semi-structured interviews with heritage experts, municipal representatives, residents, visitors, and site staff. Fieldwork was conducted in two phases (November 2024 and October 2025) to capture evolving conditions and perceptions. Findings indicate that challenges in spatial reconstruction were few and well addressed, but gaps in adaptation and reuse function strategies created significant issues. These included a lack of coordinated policies and the failure of municipal authorities and property owners to sustain the building’s reuse and involve the local community in reuse decisions. Despite various initiatives, from a museum, hotel, cultural center and gallery to its recent adaptation into a café, these efforts lacked sustainability and inclusive strategic planning. Consequently, the café has faced difficulties since opening, leaving its future uncertain. These findings highlight the importance of post-adaptive reuse evaluation and of integrating policy, planning, and community participation into adaptive reuse strategies to promote sustainable, community-centred conservation. Full article

This paper explores what heritage conservation might become when it listens differently—when it opens itself to relational, situated, and community-led practices of care. Beginning with the provocation “Museums? I don’t think this is for us. Museums are far too clever for us,” voiced in the context of an ecomuseum, I interrogate the assumptions that underpin conventional heritage conservation: expert authority, linear temporality, and the desire to stabilize. Drawing on new materialism theories, I question the disciplinary logics that produce heritage as a human centred practice that look at objects as static and conservation as a neutral act. In contrast, I present ecomuseums not as policy model but as conceptual disruption—territories of care that emerge from entanglements of memory and place, becoming, therefore, an active force that are engaged in sustainable practices. In thinking with ecomuseum practices, I consider how conservation would look if shifted from colonial to liberative practices, from control to attention, from fixity to fluidity. I explore conservation as a field of relations—affective and unfinished. Finally, I offer a call for heritage practitioners to reimagine conservation not as the act of keeping things the same, but as an ongoing negotiation with change in a pluriversal world. Full article