Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse

A special issue of Architecture (ISSN 2673-8945).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2025) | Viewed by 5911

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Architecture, Art and Design, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
Interests: architectural heritage conservation; adaptive reuse; community-led conservation; intangible heritage; critical heritage studies; digital heritage; HBIM for conservation and adaptive reuse
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Social, economic and industrial developments have left architectural compounds and urban areas disposed of or at risk of abandonment. Architectural and urban adaptive reuse has been sought as a solution, but a large body of literature draws attention to the consequences of economically driven regeneration in establishing social and economic restructuring, causing marginalisation of underprivileged communities, and how such schemes could encourage the commodification of historic assets. In addition, the lack of community engagement in adaptive reuse and conservation strategies affects the outcomes of these processes, which results in new areas that do not represent the values and aspirations of contemporary communities. Therefore, appropriate strategies for architectural and urban conservation and adaptive reuse are crucial to activate the role of heritage, as a cultural product, and design, as a creative practice, in promoting sustainable growth and stimulating urban and rural regeneration and community resilience within the historical context.

With the emergence of key international initiatives, such as the UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape HUL approach for appropriate adaptive reuse strategies, it has become apparent that heritage assets are critical catalysts that stimulate environmental, economic and community regeneration of the historic built environment, and thus, sensitive and innovative reuse of historic buildings and areas is needed, promoting by doing so locally accepted regeneration, community appreciation and the preservation and management of these heritage assets. This emphasises the need to juxtaposition research and practice with community engagement to synthesise impactful adaptive reuse strategies and schemes that reconnect communities to their heritage and help them understand their past and communal identity, and consequently enhance their wellbeing.

With the emergence of community-led approaches and tools for the interpretation and valuation of cultural heritage (critical heritage, cultural mapping, etc.), adaptive reuse strategies have been diversified, using design and conservation as tools to regenerate historic and heritage places while promoting their tangible and intangible heritage dimensions. Thus, this Special Issue aims to serve as a platform to assemble such recent and innovative research findings and draw attention to different approaches relating to the field of adaptive reuse and architectural conservation. Through an open access mode, this Special Issue intends to disseminate this knowledge widely at a time when the heritage context is facing critical challenges posed by urbanisation and the need for economic development. The discussion in this Special Issue intends to cover diverse types of historic and modern heritage and to focus on (but not be limited to) the following thematic areas:

  • Conservation, Adaptive Reuse and Creative Placemaking;
  • The Role of Conservation and Adaptive Reuse in Climate Adaptation;
  • Post-Conflict Heritage Regeneration;
  • Memorization Through Heritage Conservation and Adaptive Reuse;
  • Heritage Conservation and Adaptive Reuse as a Peace-Making Strategy;
  • The Contribution of Architectural Design (and/or) Communities to Heritage Preservation, Conservation and Adaptive Reuse;
  • The Contribution of New Technologies to Conservation and Adaptive Reuse;
  • Critical Heritage for Inclusive Adaptive Reuse and Conservation Strategies;
  • Adaptive Reuse of Urban/Architectural Military and Industrial Heritage;
  • The Role of Urban Conservation and Adaptive Reuse in Equitable Development;
  • Rural Heritage Contribution to Sustainable Development and Resilient Communities;
  • Coastal Heritage and its Adaptive Reuse;
  • Cultural Landscape Revitalization Strategies;
  • Cultural Mapping, Cartography and Palimpsest as Tools for Heritage Adaptive Reuse.

Best papers from the International Conference on the Conservation of Architectural Heritage (CAH) 2024 will be published in this special issue.

Dr. Tarek Teba
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • architectural conservation
  • community-led design
  • heritage adaptive reuse
  • rural heritage
  • military heritage
  • industrial heritage
  • cultural landscape
  • inclusive conservation
  • creative placemaking for conservation
  • critical conservation
  • cartography
  • palimpsest
  • cultural mapping
  • HBIM
  • digital heritage

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 227 KB  
Article
Conserving or Not Conserving Architectural Heritage: European Thinking and Local Differences
by Cristina González-Longo
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040105 - 30 Oct 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
Architectural heritage and the actions—positive and negative—concerning it, are not only different in each country, but they also change over time. It is widely assumed that this is due to changes in values. However, the more determining factors are education and political systems. [...] Read more.
Architectural heritage and the actions—positive and negative—concerning it, are not only different in each country, but they also change over time. It is widely assumed that this is due to changes in values. However, the more determining factors are education and political systems. These two are intrinsically connected, and affect the making of local and national contexts, which ultimately support, or not, protection and conservation actions. Invariably, in democratic settings with high levels of education, architectural heritage is valued, protected and conserved. Historically—and unlike in other disciplines—in architectural conservation, theory was only defined after successful practice and by the competent professionals who executed it. This is the case of the Venice Charter (1964), still the main reference for practitioners when intervening in architectural heritage. There is a clear relationship between the emergence of literature on the economics of heritage, heritage management and cultural geography, and the recent trends promoting the de-listing of buildings or to allow them to decline to avoid the cost of conservation and maintenance. This literature is used to justify these actions and, ironically, sometimes more funds are spent on digitally documenting buildings and/or talking about them than maintaining them. This is clear evidence of the deviation of the very purpose of conserving architectural heritage, which has been passed to us for our generation to enjoy, and we should do our best to transmit it to future ones. This paper discusses the current situation in Europe concerning architectural conservation, with a particular focus on the Council of Europe Framework Conventions of Granada (1985) and Faro (2005), and the approach and practices in individual countries. It discusses some representative examples, identifying the main theories (and lack of) employed by governments, authorities and professionals and the outcomes. It reflects on the reasons why we have arrived at the current situation of architectural conservation being misunderstood or underrepresented. The paper also defines the need for coordinated policy actions, particularly the formal classification of architectural conservation as a scientific discipline. It presents the need for more research and specialist education in architectural conservation to improve current unregulated and inappropriate practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse)
20 pages, 6469 KB  
Article
Reviving Territorial Identity Through Heritage and Community: A Multi-Scalar Study in Northwest Tunisia (El Kef and Tabarka Cities)
by Asma Gharbi, Majdi Faleh and Nourchen Ben Fatma
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040104 - 29 Oct 2025
Viewed by 407
Abstract
Tunisia’s northwestern region offers a rich and diverse civilization heritage and cultural potential. However, it has been socially and economically marginalised since the 70s. This study explores the link between urban cultural heritage and the construction of collective identity, emphasising the potential of [...] Read more.
Tunisia’s northwestern region offers a rich and diverse civilization heritage and cultural potential. However, it has been socially and economically marginalised since the 70s. This study explores the link between urban cultural heritage and the construction of collective identity, emphasising the potential of built heritage to foster sustainable community-based development. In addition to physical attributes, the literature highlights the importance of social interactions in shaping territorial identity. Identity, in this context, is not static but a dynamic territorial construction that integrates architectural, urban, and social dimensions. The cities of El Kef and Tabarka serve as case studies of spatially and culturally marginalised areas, facing significant challenges to both tangible and intangible heritage. With a negative population growth rate (−0.36% between 2004 and 2014) and the lowest economic development indicator nationally (0.3% in 2012), these cities reflect the urgent need for an alternative approach. Through spatial diagnosis, interviews, and stakeholder engagement, the research demonstrates that a renewed territorial model—grounded in heritage valorization and local identity—can support inclusive and adaptive development. Key findings reveal a generational gap in the perception and representation of heritage between younger and older residents. This indicates that cultural identity is not a static inheritance but a dynamic process requiring active community investment. Ultimately, the study concludes that urban identity assets critically influence the capacity of a community to build a shared vision for the enhancement of its territorial identity. This reconnection between territory, memory, and planning enables a collective reappropriation of space, proposing a long-term vision for heritage-integrated urban regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse)
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13 pages, 1948 KB  
Article
The Hygric Behaviour of Historic and Newly Fabricated Lime-Based Mortars, Renders and Plasters
by Rosanne Walker, Anna Hofheinz, Caroline Engel Purcell and Oliver Kinnane
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040099 - 22 Oct 2025
Viewed by 241
Abstract
Lime-based repair mortars, plasters, and renders are widely utilized in the conservation of traditional buildings. Historically, considerable emphasis has been placed on ensuring that new repair mortars are aesthetically compatible with existing historic materials. However, comparatively less focus has been placed on ensuring [...] Read more.
Lime-based repair mortars, plasters, and renders are widely utilized in the conservation of traditional buildings. Historically, considerable emphasis has been placed on ensuring that new repair mortars are aesthetically compatible with existing historic materials. However, comparatively less focus has been placed on ensuring hygric compatibility, which is critical to maintaining the moisture equilibrium of traditional masonry walls and preventing moisture accumulation caused by repair interventions. The FabTrads project examined the hygrothermal properties of newly fabricated quicklime mortars, prepared with binder-to-aggregate ratios of 1:2 and 1:4, alongside a range of historic lime-based mortars, plasters, and renders, sourced from buildings across Ireland. This paper presents a comparative analysis of their hygric behaviour. Experimental results indicate that the capillary absorption of the fabricated mortars correlates well with their historic counterparts. Both fabricated mortars exhibited vapour diffusion resistance factors within the range of the historic samples, albeit towards the higher end. Hygrothermal simulations of vapour and liquid water transport revealed that the moisture behaviour of the fabricated mortars is largely within the range of performance of their historic counterparts. Relative humidity was slightly elevated for the fabricated mortars in the models concerning vapour transfer. Notwithstanding this, the findings provide a reassuring indication that the hygric performance of fabricated quicklime mortars is comparable with that of traditional lime-based materials, supporting their appropriate use in conservation practices without adversely affecting the moisture dynamics of the building fabric. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse)
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19 pages, 3635 KB  
Article
Experiencing Change: Extended Realities and Empowerment in Community Engagement
by Liliane Wong
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040098 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
In the 21st century, community participation in heritage management has become a worldwide phenomenon. Despite this shift in heritage management thinking and the inclusion of community members in such processes, these participatory efforts have not necessarily led to the empowerment of communities in [...] Read more.
In the 21st century, community participation in heritage management has become a worldwide phenomenon. Despite this shift in heritage management thinking and the inclusion of community members in such processes, these participatory efforts have not necessarily led to the empowerment of communities in decision making. Many studies have been conducted to probe this critical question and to better understand what hinders the active involvement of the public. This paper examines the question through Crossing the Pell, an academic project from the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). With grant sponsors/clients and based in real-time heritage management issues of historic Newport, Rhode Island, this project emphasized creative and untested methods for engaging community through the use of immersive digital environments. As sponsored design with the stipulated objectives of funders and clients, the professors and students were charged with not only solutions for an adaptation of existing infrastructure but also the design of a unique community engagement process. This paper documents the multi-year academic endeavor, analyzes its outcomes in the context of the history of community engagement, and offers a hypothesis for implementing an active and meaningful participatory process in cultural heritage management through the use of extended realities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse)
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36 pages, 52741 KB  
Article
Interventions in Historic Urban Sites After Earthquake Disasters
by Hatice Ayşegül Demir and Mine Hamamcıoğlu Turan
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040096 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
Earthquakes, fires, and climate change-related hazards increasingly threaten cultural heritage. Documenting and identifying the significance of heritage sites before disasters is essential for archival purposes and for guiding post-disaster interventions such as consolidation, reconstruction, or redesign. Although various post-disaster strategies exist in the [...] Read more.
Earthquakes, fires, and climate change-related hazards increasingly threaten cultural heritage. Documenting and identifying the significance of heritage sites before disasters is essential for archival purposes and for guiding post-disaster interventions such as consolidation, reconstruction, or redesign. Although various post-disaster strategies exist in the literature, they often lack consideration of pre-disaster values and authentic qualities, limiting their effectiveness in value-based regeneration. This study proposes a framework for managing post-disaster interventions grounded in pre-disaster documentation of heritage values, authenticity, and integrity. The methodology includes seven phases: case selection; site survey and documentation; thematic analysis and mapping; quantification of qualitative data; synthesis of pre-disaster analysis results to define values, problems, and potentials; post-disaster assessment using aerial and terrestrial imagery; and development of targeted intervention strategies. This study focuses on two areas in Antakya, Türkiye: Kurtuluş Street and Kuyulu Neighborhood, affected by the 2023 earthquake (M 7.7). These areas represent different historical layers: a Hellenistic grid plan with French-style buildings, and an organic Ottoman settlement morphology, respectively. Conservation data collected in 2019 inform the analysis. Mapping techniques evaluate attributes such as spatial characteristics, typologies, and structural systems. The study concludes that traces of pre-disaster spatial patterns and building features should inform post-disaster designs, ensuring sustainable, earthquake-resistant, and value-based interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse)
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25 pages, 3916 KB  
Article
Studies on the Utilization of Walled Towns in the Aspect of Fortifications and Military Heritage—Focusing on the Haemi-eupseong Walled Town in Korea
by Doo Won Cho
Architecture 2025, 5(3), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5030084 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 871
Abstract
Throughout history, humans have used the environment to build structures for defense. Fortifications are clear examples of buildings created to better protect important settlements and homes. Over time, these structures have gone beyond their original purpose of shielding residents inside and around the [...] Read more.
Throughout history, humans have used the environment to build structures for defense. Fortifications are clear examples of buildings created to better protect important settlements and homes. Over time, these structures have gone beyond their original purpose of shielding residents inside and around the walls, now functioning as complex centers for political, economic, administrative, and cultural governance. Additionally, communication networks have been established between strongholds, forming a defensive system for a region or country. Therefore, Fortifications and military heritage exemplify typologies of heritage developed in an organic relationship with the unique environment shaped by human activities. Walled towns are safeguarded by maintaining their functions or being designated cultural heritage among these fortifications and military heritage. Through this study, we analyze the Haemi-eupseong Walled Town (in Korean ‘읍성,’ in Chinese ‘邑城’) as one of Korea’s typical walled towns concerning the attributes that reflect the authenticity according to ‘the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention’ and examine the efforts of the conservation management entity to sustain and utilize this authority by applying the theory and methodology outlined in the ICOMOS Guidelines on Fortifications and Military Heritage, officially adopted in 2021 by ICOMOS, the cultural heritage advisory body under UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee, to Haemi-eupseong. The goal is to explore theoretical approaches to heritage value, develop systematic methods for heritage utilization, and propose strategies for sustainably preserving the importance of heritage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse)
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24 pages, 14756 KB  
Article
A Database for Second World War Military Landscapes in Sardinia: Toward an Integrative Strategy of Knowledge, Representation, and Adaptive Reuse
by Giancarlo Sanna, Andrés Martínez-Medina and Andrea Pirinu
Architecture 2025, 5(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5030060 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1279
Abstract
This paper presents the development and structure of a geospatial (work in progress), architectural heritage database designed to document, interpret, and valorize Second World War military fortifications in Sardinia. Currently hosting over 1800 georeferenced entries—including bunkers, artillery posts, underground shelters, and camouflage systems—the [...] Read more.
This paper presents the development and structure of a geospatial (work in progress), architectural heritage database designed to document, interpret, and valorize Second World War military fortifications in Sardinia. Currently hosting over 1800 georeferenced entries—including bunkers, artillery posts, underground shelters, and camouflage systems—the database constitutes the analytical core of an interdisciplinary research framework that interprets these remnants as a coherent wartime palimpsest embedded in the contemporary landscape. By integrating spatial data, archival sources, architectural features, conservation status, camouflage typologies, and both analog and digital graphic representations, the system operates as a central infrastructure for multiscale heritage analysis. It reveals the interconnections between dispersed military structures and the wider territorial fabric, thereby laying the groundwork for landscape-based interpretation and site-specific reactivation strategies. More than a cataloging tool, the database serves as an interpretive and decision-making interface—supporting the generation of cultural itineraries, the identification of critical clusters, and the design of adaptive reuse scenarios. While participatory tools and community engagement will be explored in a second phase, the current methodology emphasizes landscape-oriented reuse strategies based on the perception, spatial storytelling, and contextual reading of wartime heritage. The methodological synergy between GIS, 3D modeling, traditional drawing, and archival research (graphic and photographic documents) contributes to a holistic vision of Sardinia’s wartime heritage as both a system of knowledge and a spatial–cultural resource for future generations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Architectural Conservation and Adaptive Reuse)
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