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Search Results (1,224)

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Keywords = energy-storage chemicals

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19 pages, 4563 KiB  
Article
Designing Imidazolium-Mediated Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Machine-Learning Approaches: An Insight into Ionene Materials
by Ghazal Piroozi and Irshad Kammakakam
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152148 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Over the past few decades, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained significant attention due to their inherent potential for environmental sustainability and unparalleled energy storage efficiency. Meanwhile, polymer electrolytes have gained popularity in several fields due to their ability to adapt to various battery [...] Read more.
Over the past few decades, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained significant attention due to their inherent potential for environmental sustainability and unparalleled energy storage efficiency. Meanwhile, polymer electrolytes have gained popularity in several fields due to their ability to adapt to various battery geometries, enhanced safety features, greater thermal stability, and effectiveness in reducing dendrite growth on the anode. However, their relatively low ionic conductivity compared to liquid electrolytes has limited their application in high-performance devices. This limitation has led to recent studies revolving around the development of poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), particularly imidazolium-mediated polymer backbones as novel electrolyte materials, which can increase the conductivity with fine-tuning structural benefits, while maintaining the advantages of both solid and gel electrolytes. In this study, a curated dataset of 120 data points representing eight different polymers was used to predict ionic conductivity in imidazolium-based PILs as well as the emerging ionene substructures. For this purpose, four ML models: CatBoost, Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM were employed by incorporating chemical structure and temperature as the models’ inputs. The best-performing model was further employed to estimate the conductivity of novel ionenes, offering insights into the potential of advanced polymer architectures for next-generation LIB electrolytes. This approach provides a cost-effective and intelligent pathway to accelerate the design of high-performance electrolyte materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Polymers)
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22 pages, 5509 KiB  
Article
Kinetic Analysis of Thermal Degradation of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Compounds Under Different Aging Conditions
by Imen Hamouda, Masoud Tayefi, Mostafa Eesaee, Meysam Hassanipour and Phuong Nguyen-Tri
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080420 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study examined the impact of storage and operational aging on the thermal stability, structural degradation, and electrical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) compound by analyzing three distinct materials: a laboratory-stored sample, an operationally aged one, and an original unaged reference. Thermal degradation [...] Read more.
This study examined the impact of storage and operational aging on the thermal stability, structural degradation, and electrical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) compound by analyzing three distinct materials: a laboratory-stored sample, an operationally aged one, and an original unaged reference. Thermal degradation was analyzed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which examined weight loss as a function of temperature and time at different heating rates. Results showed that the onset temperature and peak position in the 457 °C to 483 °C range remained stable. The activation energy (Ea) was determined using the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), and Friedman methods, with the original unaged sample’s (OUS) Ea averaging 203.7 kJ/mol, decreasing to 163.47 kJ/mol in the laboratory-stored sample (LSS), and increasing to 224.18 kJ/mol in the operationally aged sample (OAS). The Toop equation was applied to estimate the thermal degradation lifetime at a 50% conversion rate. Since the material had been exposed to electricity, the evolution of electrical conductivity was studied and found to have remained stable after storage at around 0.070 S/cm. However, after operational aging, it showed a considerable increase in conductivity, to 0.321 S/cm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze microstructural degradation and chemical changes, providing insights into the impact of aging on thermal stability and electrical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials and Joints)
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17 pages, 3870 KiB  
Review
Eco-Friendly, Biomass-Derived Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
by Yeong-Seok Oh, Seung Woo Seo, Jeong-jin Yang, Moongook Jeong and Seongki Ahn
Coatings 2025, 15(8), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15080915 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
This mini-review emphasizes the potential of biomass-derived materials as sustainable components for next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems. Biomass obtained from abundant and renewable natural resources can be transformed into carbonaceous materials. These materials typically possess hierarchical porosities, adjustable surface functionalities, and inherent heteroatom [...] Read more.
This mini-review emphasizes the potential of biomass-derived materials as sustainable components for next-generation electrochemical energy storage systems. Biomass obtained from abundant and renewable natural resources can be transformed into carbonaceous materials. These materials typically possess hierarchical porosities, adjustable surface functionalities, and inherent heteroatom doping. These physical and chemical characteristics provide the structural and chemical flexibility needed for various electrochemical applications. Additionally, biomass-derived materials offer a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to traditional components, promoting green chemistry and circular resource utilization. This review provides a systematic overview of synthesis methods, structural design strategies, and material engineering approaches for their use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), and supercapacitors (SCs). It also highlights key challenges in these systems, such as the severe volume expansion of anode materials in LIBs and the shuttle effect in LSBs and discusses how biomass-derived carbon can help address these issues. Full article
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14 pages, 4225 KiB  
Article
DFT Investigation into Adsorption–Desorption Properties of Mg/Ni-Doped Calcium-Based Materials
by Wei Shi, Renwei Li, Xin Bao, Haifeng Yang and Dehao Kong
Crystals 2025, 15(8), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15080711 - 3 Aug 2025
Viewed by 124
Abstract
Although concentrated solar power (CSP) coupled with calcium looping (CaL) offers a promising avenue for efficient thermal chemical energy storage, calcium-based sorbents suffer from accelerated structural degradation and decreased CO2 capture capacity during multiple cycles. This study used Density Functional Theory (DFT) [...] Read more.
Although concentrated solar power (CSP) coupled with calcium looping (CaL) offers a promising avenue for efficient thermal chemical energy storage, calcium-based sorbents suffer from accelerated structural degradation and decreased CO2 capture capacity during multiple cycles. This study used Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the mechanism by which Mg and Ni doping improves the adsorption/desorption performance of CaO. The DFT results indicate that Mg and Ni doping can effectively reduce the formation energy of oxygen vacancies on the CaO surface. Mg–Ni co-doping exhibits a significant synergistic effect, with the formation energy of oxygen vacancies reduced to 5.072 eV. Meanwhile, the O2− diffusion energy barrier in the co-doped system was reduced to 2.692 eV, significantly improving the ion transport efficiency. In terms of CO2 adsorption, Mg and Ni co-doping enhances the interaction between surface O atoms and CO2, increasing the adsorption energy to −1.703 eV and forming a more stable CO32− structure. For the desorption process, Mg and Ni co-doping restructured the CaCO3 surface structure, reducing the CO2 desorption energy barrier to 3.922 eV and significantly promoting carbonate decomposition. This work reveals, at the molecular level, how Mg and Ni doping optimizes adsorption–desorption in calcium-based materials, providing theoretical guidance for designing high-performance sorbents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance and Processing of Metal Materials)
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37 pages, 5131 KiB  
Review
Coating Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Associated Composites on Electrodes, Thin Film Polymeric Materials, and Glass Surfaces
by Md Zahidul Hasan, Tyeaba Tasnim Dipti, Liu Liu, Caixia Wan, Li Feng and Zhongyu Yang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151187 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 288
Abstract
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as advanced porous crystalline materials due to their highly ordered structures, ultra-high surface areas, fine-tunable pore sizes, and massive chemical diversity. These features, arising from the coordination between an almost unlimited number of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, [...] Read more.
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as advanced porous crystalline materials due to their highly ordered structures, ultra-high surface areas, fine-tunable pore sizes, and massive chemical diversity. These features, arising from the coordination between an almost unlimited number of metal ions/clusters and organic linkers, have resulted in significant interest in MOFs for applications in gas storage, catalysis, sensing, energy, and biomedicine. Beyond their stand-alone properties and applications, recent research has increasingly explored the integration of MOFs with other substrates, particularly electrodes, polymeric thin films, and glass surfaces, to create synergistic effects that enhance material performance and broaden application potential. Coating MOFs onto these substrates can yield significant benefits, including, but not limited to, improved sensitivity and selectivity in electrochemical sensors, enhanced mechanical and separation properties in membranes, and multifunctional coatings for optical and environmental applications. This review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of recent advances (primarily from the past 3–5 years) in MOF coating techniques, including layer-by-layer assembly, in situ growth, and electrochemical deposition. This is followed by a discussion of the representative applications arising from MOF-substrate coating and an outline of key challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field. This article aims to serve as a focused reference point for researchers interested in both fundamental strategies and applied developments in MOF surface coatings. Full article
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11 pages, 3000 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of the Bulk and Foil Zinc Anodic Behavior Kinetics in Oxalic Acid Aqueous Solutions
by Vanya Lilova, Emil Lilov, Stephan Kozhukharov, Georgi Avdeev and Christian Girginov
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3635; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153635 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 204
Abstract
The anodic behavior of zinc electrodes is important for energy storage, corrosion protection, electrochemical processing, and other practical applications. This study investigates the anodic galvanostatic polarization of zinc foil and bulk electrodes in aqueous oxalic acid solutions, revealing significant differences in their electrochemical [...] Read more.
The anodic behavior of zinc electrodes is important for energy storage, corrosion protection, electrochemical processing, and other practical applications. This study investigates the anodic galvanostatic polarization of zinc foil and bulk electrodes in aqueous oxalic acid solutions, revealing significant differences in their electrochemical behavior, particularly in induction period durations. The induction period’s duration depended on electrolyte concentration, current density, and temperature. Notably, the temperature dependence of the kinetics exhibited contrasting trends: the induction period for foil electrodes increased with temperature, while that of bulk electrodes decreased. Chemical analysis and polishing treatment comparisons showed no significant differences between the foil and bulk electrodes. However, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of samples anodized at different temperatures, combined with Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis of dissolved electrode material, provided insights into the distinct anodic behaviors. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies further confirmed these findings, revealing a crystallographic orientation dependence of the anodic behavior. These results provide detailed information about the electrochemical properties of zinc electrodes, with implications for optimizing their performance in various applications. Full article
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125 pages, 50190 KiB  
Review
Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile for Rechargeable Batteries: A Comprehensive Review
by Mufeng Wei
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080290 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 167
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of research on sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) for rechargeable batteries which was firstly reported by Jiulin Wang in July 2002. Spanning over two decades (2002–2025), this review cites over 600 publications, covering various aspects of SPAN-based battery systems. [...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive review of research on sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) for rechargeable batteries which was firstly reported by Jiulin Wang in July 2002. Spanning over two decades (2002–2025), this review cites over 600 publications, covering various aspects of SPAN-based battery systems. These include SPAN chemical structure, structural evolution during synthesis, redox reaction mechanism, synthetic conditions, cathode, electrolyte, binder, current collector, separator, anode, SPAN as additive, SPAN as anode, and high-energy SPAN cathodes. As this field continues to advance rapidly and garners significant interest, this review aims to provide researchers with a thorough and in-depth overview of the progress made over the past 23 years. Additionally, it highlights emerging trends and outlines future directions for SPAN research and its practical applications in energy storage technologies. Full article
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13 pages, 1750 KiB  
Article
Mineral-Based Synthesis of CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles via Co-Precipitation and Microwave Techniques Using Leached Copper Solutions from Mined Minerals
by Carolina Venegas Abarzúa, Mauricio J. Morel, Gabriela Sandoval-Hevia, Thangavel Kavinkumar, Natarajan Chidhambaram, Sathish Kumar Kamaraj, Nagarajan Dineshbabu and Arun Thirumurugan
Minerals 2025, 15(8), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080819 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 139
Abstract
Environmental sustainability and responsible resource utilization are critical global challenges. In this work, we present a sustainable and circular-economy-based approach for synthesizing CuFe2O4 nanoparticles by directly utilizing copper oxide minerals sourced from Chilean mining operations. Copper sulfate (CuSO4) [...] Read more.
Environmental sustainability and responsible resource utilization are critical global challenges. In this work, we present a sustainable and circular-economy-based approach for synthesizing CuFe2O4 nanoparticles by directly utilizing copper oxide minerals sourced from Chilean mining operations. Copper sulfate (CuSO4) was extracted from these minerals through acid leaching and used as a precursor for nanoparticle synthesis via both chemical co-precipitation and microwave-assisted methods. The influence of different precipitating agents—NaOH, Na2CO3, and NaF—was systematically evaluated. XRD and FESEM analyses revealed that NaOH produced the most phase-pure and well-dispersed nanoparticles, while NaF resulted in secondary phase formation. The microwave-assisted method further improved particle uniformity and reduced agglomeration due to rapid and homogeneous heating. Electrochemical characterization was conducted to assess the suitability of the synthesized CuFe2O4 for supercapacitor applications. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements confirmed pseudocapacitive behavior, with a specific capacitance of up to 1000 F/g at 2 A/g. These findings highlight the potential of CuFe2O4 as a low-cost, high-performance electrode material for energy storage. This study underscores the feasibility of converting primary mined minerals into functional nanomaterials while promoting sustainable mineral valorization. The approach can be extended to other critical metals and mineral residues, including tailings, supporting the broader goals of a circular economy and environmental remediation. Full article
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10 pages, 609 KiB  
Communication
Scalable Synthesis of 2D TiNCl via Flash Joule Heating
by Gabriel A. Silvestrin, Marco Andreoli, Edson P. Soares, Elita F. Urano de Carvalho, Almir Oliveira Neto and Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza
Physchem 2025, 5(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/physchem5030030 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 303
Abstract
A scalable synthesis of two-dimensional titanium nitride chloride (TiNCl) via flash Joule heating (FJH) using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) precursor has been developed. This single-step method overcomes traditional synthesis challenges, including high energy consumption, multi-step procedures, and hazardous reagent requirements. The structural [...] Read more.
A scalable synthesis of two-dimensional titanium nitride chloride (TiNCl) via flash Joule heating (FJH) using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) precursor has been developed. This single-step method overcomes traditional synthesis challenges, including high energy consumption, multi-step procedures, and hazardous reagent requirements. The structural and chemical properties of the synthesized TiNCl were characterized through multiple analytical techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of TiNCl phase, while Raman spectroscopy data showed no detectable oxide impurities. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed characteristic Ti–N stretching vibrations, further confirming successful titanium nitride synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging revealed thin, plate-like nanostructures with high electron transparency. These analyses confirmed the formation of highly crystalline TiNCl flakes with nanoscale dimensions and minimal structural defects. The material exhibits excellent structural integrity and phase purity, demonstrating potential for applications in photocatalysis, electronics, and energy storage. This work establishes FJH as a sustainable and scalable approach for producing MXenes with controlled properties, facilitating their integration into emerging technologies. Unlike conventional methods, FJH enables rapid, energy-efficient synthesis while maintaining material quality, providing a viable route for industrial-scale production of two-dimensional materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoscience)
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14 pages, 1663 KiB  
Article
Carbon Dioxide Absorption by Polyethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Modified by 2-methylimidazole
by Yan Wu, Zicheng Wang, Hui Yu, Bin Ding, Ke Fei, Xueli Ma, Baoshen Xu, Yonghu Zhang, Xiaoning Fu, Bowen Ding and Nan Li
Separations 2025, 12(8), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12080198 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
Developing and utilizing capture and storage technologies for CO2 has become a critical research topic due to the significant greenhouse effect caused by excessive CO2 emissions. A conventional physical absorption process for CO2 capture is polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (NHD); [...] Read more.
Developing and utilizing capture and storage technologies for CO2 has become a critical research topic due to the significant greenhouse effect caused by excessive CO2 emissions. A conventional physical absorption process for CO2 capture is polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (NHD); however, its limited application range is caused by its poor absorption of CO2 at low pressures. In this work, the CO2 absorption of NHD was enhanced by combining NHD with a novel chemical absorbent 2-methylimidazole (2-mIm)-ethylene glycol (EG) solution to improve CO2 absorption. Viscosity and CO2 solubility were examined in various compositions. The CO2 solubility in the mixed solution was found to be at maximum when the mass fractions of NHD, 2-mIm, and EG were 20%, 40%, and 40%, respectively. In comparison to pure NHD, the solubility of CO2 in this mixed solution at 30 °C and 0.5 MPa increased by 161.2%, and the desorption heat was less than 30 kJ/mol. The complex solution exhibits high selectivity and favorable regeneration performance in the short term. However, it is more sensitive to moisture content. The results of this study can provide important data to support the construction of new low-energy solvent systems and the development of novel CO2 capture processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Separation Engineering)
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15 pages, 8574 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of an Optimized Additively Manufactured Austenitic Stainless Steel from Recycled Sources
by Mattia Cabrioli, María Silva Colmenero, Matteo Vanazzi, Luisa E. Mondora, Gianluca Acquistapace, Fabio Esposito and Michela Giovanardi
Corros. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 6(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/cmd6030034 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 191
Abstract
In the framework of hydrogen production and storage for clean energy generation, the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of a newly developed austenitic stainless steel is presented. Gas-atomized metal powders prepared from secondary-sourced metals were employed to manufacture test specimens with Laser Powder Bed [...] Read more.
In the framework of hydrogen production and storage for clean energy generation, the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of a newly developed austenitic stainless steel is presented. Gas-atomized metal powders prepared from secondary-sourced metals were employed to manufacture test specimens with Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technology. After machining and exposure to a controlled, pressurized hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature, the effect of hydrogen charging on the mechanical performance under static and dynamic conditions was investigated. The stabilizing effect of the optimized chemical composition is reflected in the absence of degradation effects on Yield Stress (YS), Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS), and fatigue life observed for specimens exposed to hydrogen. Moreover, despite a moderate reduction in the elongation at fracture observed by increasing the hydrogen charging time, ductility loss calculated as Relative Reduction of Area (RRA) remains substantially unaffected by the duration of exposure to hydrogen and demonstrates that the austenitic steel is capable of resisting hydrogen embrittlement (HE). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Embrittlement of Modern Alloys in Advanced Applications)
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25 pages, 2550 KiB  
Review
Graphene Oxide Aerogels: From Synthesis Pathways to Mechanical Performance and Applications
by Mayur B. Wakchaure and Pradeep L. Menezes
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082375 - 26 Jul 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) aerogels were discovered as lightweight, highly porous materials with exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. These properties make them suitable for a wide range of advanced applications. This paper discusses GO aerogel synthesis processes, characterization, mechanical properties, applications, and future [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) aerogels were discovered as lightweight, highly porous materials with exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. These properties make them suitable for a wide range of advanced applications. This paper discusses GO aerogel synthesis processes, characterization, mechanical properties, applications, and future directions. The synthesis methods discussed include hydrothermal reduction, chemical reduction, crosslinking methods, and 3D printing, with major emphasis on their effects on the aerogel’s structural and functional attributes. A detailed analysis of mechanical characterization techniques is elaborated upon, along with highlighting the effects of parameters such as porosity, crosslinking, and graphene concentration on mechanical strength, elasticity, and stability. Research has been carried out to find GO aerogel applications in various sectors, such as energy storage, environmental remediation, sensors, and thermal management, showcasing their versatility and potential. Additionally, the combination of nanoparticles and doping strategies to improve specific properties is addressed. The review concludes by identifying current challenges in scalability, brittleness, and property optimization and proposes future directions for synthesis innovations. This work will be helpful for researchers and engineers exploring new possibilities for GO aerogels in both academic and industrial areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functionally Graded Materials)
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13 pages, 5204 KiB  
Article
Spontaneous Formation of a Zincphilic Ag Interphase for Dendrite-Free and Corrosion-Resistant Zinc Metal Anodes
by Neng Yu, Qingpu Zeng, Yiming Fu, Hanbin Li, Jiating Li, Rui Wang, Longlong Meng, Hao Wu, Zhuyao Li, Kai Guo and Lei Wang
Batteries 2025, 11(8), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080284 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
The remarkable advantages of zinc anodes render aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) a highly promising energy storage solution. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled growth of zinc dendrites and side reactions pose significant obstacles to the practical application of ZIBs. To address these issues, a straightforward strategy [...] Read more.
The remarkable advantages of zinc anodes render aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) a highly promising energy storage solution. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled growth of zinc dendrites and side reactions pose significant obstacles to the practical application of ZIBs. To address these issues, a straightforward strategy has been proposed, involving the addition of a minute quantity of AgNO3 to the electrolyte to stabilize zinc anodes. This additive spontaneously forms a hierarchically porous Ag interphase on the zinc anodes, which is characterized by its zinc-affinitive nature. The interphase offers abundant zinc nucleation sites and accommodation space, leading to uniform zinc plating/stripping and enhanced kinetics of zinc deposition/dissolution. Moreover, the chemically inert Ag interphase effectively curtails side reactions by isolating water molecules. Consequently, the incorporation of AgNO3 enables zinc anodes to undergo cycling for extended periods, such as over 4000 h at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 0.5 mAh/cm2, and for 450 h at 2 mA/cm2 with a capacity of 2 mAh/cm2. Full zinc-ion cells equipped with this additive not only demonstrate increased specific capacities but also exhibit significantly improved cycle stability. This research presents a cost-effective and practical approach for the development of reliable zinc anodes for ZIBs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible and Wearable Energy Storage Devices)
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36 pages, 7620 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Energy Storage via Carbon-Based Materials: From Traditional Sorbents to Emerging Architecture Engineering and AI-Driven Optimization
by Han Fu, Amin Mojiri, Junli Wang and Zhe Zhao
Energies 2025, 18(15), 3958; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18153958 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 491
Abstract
Hydrogen is widely recognized as a key enabler of the clean energy transition, but the lack of safe, efficient, and scalable storage technologies continues to hinder its broad deployment. Conventional hydrogen storage approaches, such as compressed hydrogen storage, cryo-compressed hydrogen storage, and liquid [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is widely recognized as a key enabler of the clean energy transition, but the lack of safe, efficient, and scalable storage technologies continues to hinder its broad deployment. Conventional hydrogen storage approaches, such as compressed hydrogen storage, cryo-compressed hydrogen storage, and liquid hydrogen storage, face limitations, including high energy consumption, elevated cost, weight, and safety concerns. In contrast, solid-state hydrogen storage using carbon-based adsorbents has gained growing attention due to their chemical tunability, low cost, and potential for modular integration into energy systems. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of hydrogen storage using carbon-based materials, covering fundamental adsorption mechanisms, classical materials, emerging architectures, and recent advances in computationally AI-guided material design. We first discuss the physicochemical principles driving hydrogen physisorption, chemisorption, Kubas interaction, and spillover effects on carbon surfaces. Classical adsorbents, such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon dots, and biochar, are evaluated in terms of pore structure, dopant effects, and uptake capacity. The review then highlights recent progress in advanced carbon architectures, such as MXenes, three-dimensional architectures, and 3D-printed carbon platforms, with emphasis on their gravimetric and volumetric performance under practical conditions. Importantly, this review introduces a forward-looking perspective on the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools for data-driven sorbent design. These methods enable high-throughput screening of materials, prediction of performance metrics, and identification of structure–property relationships. By combining experimental insights with computational advances, carbon-based hydrogen storage platforms are expected to play a pivotal role in the next generation of energy storage systems. The paper concludes with a discussion on remaining challenges, utilization scenarios, and the need for interdisciplinary efforts to realize practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)
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16 pages, 1382 KiB  
Article
The Catalytic Consequence of Isolated Ni Single-Atoms in BEA Zeolite for Hydrogen Production and Olefin Conversion
by Yitong Zhao, Meng Liu, Yao Ning, Ying Zhang and Zhijie Wu
Catalysts 2025, 15(8), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15080703 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
In our previous work, we fabricated Ni single-atoms within Beta zeolite (Ni1@Beta-NO3) using NiNO3·6H2O as a metal precursor without any chelating agents, which exhibited exceptional performance in the selective hydrogenation of furfural. Owing to [...] Read more.
In our previous work, we fabricated Ni single-atoms within Beta zeolite (Ni1@Beta-NO3) using NiNO3·6H2O as a metal precursor without any chelating agents, which exhibited exceptional performance in the selective hydrogenation of furfural. Owing to the confinement effect, the as-encapsulated nickel species appears in the form of Ni0 and Niδ+, which implies its feasibility in metal catalysis and coordination catalysis. In the study reported herein, we further explored the hydrogen production and olefin oligomerization performance of Ni1@Beta-NO3. It was found that Ni1@Beta-NO3 demonstrated a high H2 generation turnover frequency (TOF) and low activation energy (Ea) in a sodium borohydride (NaBH4) hydrolysis reaction, with values of 331 min−1 and 30.1 kJ/mol, respectively. In ethylene dimerization, it exhibited a high butylene selectivity of 99.4% and a TOF as high as 5804 h−1. In propylene oligomerization, Ni1@Beta-NO3 demonstrated high selectivity (75.21%) of long-chain olefins (≥C6+), overcoming the problem of cracking reactions that occur during oligomerization using H-Beta. Additionally, as a comparison, the influence of the metal precursor (NiCl2) on the performance of the encapsulated Ni catalyst was also examined. This research expands the application scenarios of non-noble metal single-atom catalysts and provides significant assistance and potential for the production of H2 from hydrogen storage materials and the production of valuable chemicals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art and Future Challenges in Zeolite Catalysts)
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