Search Results (128)

In recent decades, bathroom design has undergone significant changes driven by technological advances, aesthetic trends, and social transformations. Despite their relevance to daily routines and quality of life, bathrooms remain underexplored with regard to how cladding materials influence users’ psychological experience. This study aims to analyze the effects of different bathroom cladding materials on perception, emotional response, and purchase intention. An online experiment was conducted using a single-factor experimental design with five types of cladding materials (ceramic, vinyl, wood, microcement, and natural stone). A total of 58 participants evaluated five virtual bathroom stimuli through self-report measures assessing perceived well-being, perceived stress, perceived functionality, perceived aesthetic preference, perceived cost, emotional valence, and purchase intention. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical tests. The results revealed significant differences across all perceptual dimensions depending on the cladding material. Wood and natural stone were associated with higher levels of perceived well-being and more pleasant emotional responses, whereas microcement was linked to higher perceived stress and lower aesthetic evaluations. In addition, affective variables—particularly aesthetic preference—emerged as the strongest predictors of purchase intention. These findings highlight the importance of bathroom materiality in shaping emotional experience and decision-making processes, and emphasize the role of cladding selection in promoting psychological well-being within domestic environments. Full article

The traditional craft of Buddha statue carving represents an important form of cultural heritage in many Asian societies, yet the transmission of this knowledge is increasingly threatened by modernization and the declining number of skilled artisans. This study explores the use of Virtual Reality (VR) as an innovative tool for preserving and teaching the cultural knowledge associated with Salah Lanna stone Buddha carving. A VR-based learning environment was developed to simulate traditional carving techniques, tools, and cultural narratives related to Lanna Buddhist art. The system was designed using Unity 3D and integrated hand-tracking interaction to enable immersive practice of carving procedures. The prototype was evaluated through expert review involving ten specialists in Buddha carving, art education, and VR technology. The evaluation assessed five dimensions: usability, authenticity, cultural relevance, immersion, and perceived learning potential. Results indicate high levels of expert evaluation results regarding the effectiveness of the system, with average scores of 4.6 for usability, 4.8 for authenticity, 4.7 for cultural relevance, 4.5 for immersion, and 4.9 for perceived learning potential on a five-point scale. The findings suggest that VR technology can provide a promising platform for preserving traditional craftsmanship and supporting immersive cultural learning. By integrating technical training with cultural narratives, the system demonstrates potential for enhancing access to traditional craft education while contributing to the digital preservation of Salah Lanna cultural heritage. Full article

The global production of dimension stones, that is, natural stones that can be processed into blocks and used as building and decorative materials, has grown steadily since the second half of the twentieth century. The rise of global markets and trade has also contributed to a rapid increase in imports of natural stones from distant locations. The introduction of dimension stones sourced from other continents can contribute significantly to geocultural heritage, defined as geological features that have acquired cultural, historical or symbolic meaning, as well as cultural elements embedded in a geological context. In the present contribution, the use of dimension stones in the city of Poznań (Poland, central Europe) is quantified. The study reveals dramatic changes in natural stone use between 1990 and 2019, with the number of dimension stone types increasing nearly threefold, and the mean distance to the stone source areas rising from 322 to 3885 km. Growing numbers and more diversified lithologies of natural stones can improve the urban landscape and contribute to the development of geotourism. On the other hand, increasing imports of dimension stones negatively affect local producers, threaten future conservation efforts, and have significant geoethical implications. Full article

This paper introduces a novel method for determining the optimal exploitation contour, that is, the point of transition from surface to underground exploitation of dimension stone. Exploitation of dimension stone is primarily carried out using surface mining from the main plateau, but it can also be done by underground or combined methods. The decision regarding the mining method—surface, underground, or combined—is made before mining operations commence. This occurs during preliminary, pre-investment, and investment studies. The choice of mining method primarily depends on natural, technological, environmental, and economic factors, which together form a group referred to as techno-economic factors that influence the decision in varying proportions. Using the novel method for comparing techno-economic factors, the optimal transition point (OTP) from surface to underground exploitation of dimension stone deposits was determined. The position of the OTP from surface to underground mining of dimension stone is not a constant value; it changes over time and space according to techno-economic factors. Full article

While the Seokguram Grotto is celebrated in art history for its sculptural mastery, its architectural identity as a constructed stone dome—distinct from excavated caves—remains under-researched. Existing studies have largely relied on geometric analyses based on irrational numbers, which lack a historical basis. This study aims to reconstruct the logical design process of Seokguram by distinguishing between architectural planning and the realities of construction. Methodologically, we employ the concept of design constraints to analyze the grotto’s dimensional system and scene perception. We identify external constraints, such as the recorded dimensions of the Bodhgaya Buddha and cosmological symbolism (rectangular antechamber and circular posterior), and internal constraints, specifically the need for complete visual coordination between the Buddha’s head and the detached nimbus stone. Our analysis reveals that the designers negotiated these constraints through an iterative process. Key findings demonstrate that the pedestal’s height and position were adjusted, and the arched headstone was strategically designed as a threshold to ensure the perfect alignment of the Buddha and the nimbus from the viewer’s perspective. Furthermore, contrary to previous hypotheses proposing the use of irrational numbers (e.g., √2), this study proves that the grotto follows a proportional system based on integer modules (with 12 cheok as the main module) and binary division, which facilitated practical construction. In conclusion, Seokguram is not merely a product of aesthetic intuition but a masterpiece of rational design. In contrast to the vertical transcendence of Western Cathedrals, Seokguram Grotto embodies tectonics of empathy, prioritizing human-scale intimacy and visual harmony. Full article

Tarski’s first-order axiom system ${\mathcal{E}}_2$ for Euclidean geometry is notable for its completeness and decidability. However, the Pythagorean theorem—either in its modern algebraic form $a^2+b^2=c^2$ or in Euclid’s Elements—cannot be directly expressed in ${\mathcal{E}}_2$, since neither distance nor area is a primitive notion in the language of ${\mathcal{E}}_2$. In this paper, we introduce an alternative axiom system ${\mathcal{E}}_d$ in a two-sorted language, which takes a two-place distance function d as the only geometric primitive. We also present a conservative extension ${\mathcal{E}}_{da}$ of it, which also incorporates a three-place angle function a, both formulated strictly within first-order logic. The system ${\mathcal{E}}_d$ has two distinctive features: it is simple (with a single geometric primitive) and it is quantitative. Numerical distance can be directly expressed in this language. The Axiom of Similarity plays a central role in ${\mathcal{E}}_d$, effectively killing two birds with one stone: it provides a rigorous foundation for the theory of proportion and similarity, and it implies Euclid’s Parallel Postulate (EPP). The Axiom of Similarity can be viewed as a quantitative formulation of EPP. The Pythagorean theorem and other quantitative results from similarity theory can be directly expressed in the languages of ${\mathcal{E}}_d$ and ${\mathcal{E}}_{da}$, motivating the name Quantitative Euclidean Geometry. The traditional analytic geometry can be united under synthetic geometry in ${\mathcal{E}}_d$. Namely, analytic geometry is not treated as a model of ${\mathcal{E}}_d$, but rather, its statements can be expressed as first-order formal sentences in the language of ${\mathcal{E}}_d$. The system ${\mathcal{E}}_d$ is shown to be consistent, complete, and decidable. Finally, we extend the theories to hyperbolic geometry and Euclidean geometry in higher dimensions. Full article

To evaluate the feasibility of a virtual overlay tester (OT), a modeling approach was proposed based on the discrete element method (DEM). Simulations were conducted on three types of asphalt mixtures across three different thickness conditions. Through the analysis of the load/displacement curves, crack propagation paths, force chains, and contact force characteristics, it was observed that the peak loads decrease with increasing thicknesses, indicating a notable size effect. The complexity of the crack path was positively correlated with the particle size along the path and the fractal dimension. Coarse aggregates can inhibit crack propagation to some extent. Prior to reaching the peak load, compressive force chains in asphalt concrete-13 (AC13) and large stone porous asphalt mixture-30 (LSPM30) exhibited a symmetrical and divergent distribution along the crack, while tensile force chains formed an arch-like pattern. After the peak load, compressive force chains were symmetrically distributed in an arch shape along the crack. In stone mastic asphalt-13 (SMA13), compressive forces were transmitted along coarse aggregates, forming several continuous vertical paths. The proportion of strong compressive force chains to total compressive force chains across the three gradations ranged from 0.74 to 0.83, while the corresponding proportion for tensile force chains ranged from 0.72 to 0.78. Full article

Typically, dimension stones, commonly called stone blocks, are cut into multiple small cuboid stones so that multiple sculptures can be produced. To use the stone block as efficiently as possible, it is essential to pack these small cuboids in each stone block as efficiently as possible while satisfying the limitations of the machining. This paper describes methods for packing and cutting stone blocks using nonlinear programming that generate sets of trees, which are also called forests, that decide the packing layout of the small cuboids inside the block. The containers and elements have their own prices and values, respectively. The elements can be translated to the corners of the containers or to the corners of the elements that are already in the containers, if the elements are not outside the containers after the translation. Then, the problem can be interpreted as finding the best forest that packs the elements as efficiently as possible at the lowest total price of containers, which is a subset of all containers. The formula for the score that defines the compactness of the packing is in this paper. The user can define the number of forests so that parallel computing methods can be applied. Each forest is generated randomly. Two different packing methods are introduced: simple packing and slab packing. Simple packing is based on a non-guillotine cutting method and slab packing is a guillotine cutting method for realistic scenarios, such as scenarios with machining limitations. By using this method, it is possible to plan the cutting in a digital environment, which is not possible when using the traditional method with physical templates. Furthermore, by restricting the rotation of the elements, it is possible to make the elements follow the horizontal vein direction of the stone blocks, which is a common vein direction in travertine. Full article

Based on semi-structured interviews with individuals with direct involvement in the certification process, this study examines the ANSI/NSI 373: Sustainable Production of Natural Dimension Stone standard from a business perspective, analyzing its adoption within the North American dimension stone industry and comparing it to voluntary sustainability initiatives (VSIs) in the forest sector. Key factors driving adoption include environmental and social responsibility, competitive positioning, and market differentiation. The findings reveal both the opportunities and the barriers that businesses face in integrating sustainability standards, including certification credibility, operational challenges, and varying levels of industry acceptance. While ANSI/NSI 373 offers potential value in branding and environmental responsibility, inconsistent firm responses and rigorous certification demands pose challenges to widespread implementation. This research underscores the need for strategic collaboration among industry stakeholders to enhance adoption, improve market positioning, and leverage sustainability as a business advantage. Full article

The ancestral water channels are affected by a lack of awareness regarding their preservation, the deterioration of their structure, and the pollution of nearby water bodies due to waste discharge. Additionally, the growth of vegetation, sediment accumulation, and the presence of crab burrows have caused blockages and erosion of the stone, compromising their stability. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the water efficiency in the construction of water channels and the ancestral constructive sustainability of Cumbemayo, Peru. The methodology is based on an on-site study, taking into account the terrain, climate, and water flow from a spatial, functional, and constructive perspective, supported by digital tools such as Google Earth Pro 2024, AutoCAD 2024, SketchUp 2024, 3D Sun Path 2024, and D5 Render 2024. Regarding the findings, it was evidenced that the channel contains carvings in the rock that reflect their reverence for nature. It also maintains a constant slope of 1.5 mm per linear meter along its 18.9 km length. Its design, which combines straight and zigzag sections, optimizes water flow and may be linked to astronomical and ceremonial knowledge. Its dimensions range between 0.35 and 0.50 m in width and between 0.10 and 0.30 m in depth, with a precise leveling system that allows for flow control. Its stone construction demonstrates the technical mastery of its creators, ensuring strength and long-term durability. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of the canal and the challenges it faces in terms of conservation. Erosion, vegetation, and sediment accumulation threaten its stability, making it essential to implement protective measures that ensure its long-term preservation. Full article

The acid number evaluates the degree of deterioration of lubricating oil. Existing methods for evaluating the performance degradation of lubricating oils are mostly based on the detection of traditional physical and chemical indicators, which often only reflect a single dimension of the degradation process, thus affecting the accuracy and repeatability of the results. Integrating multi-dimensional information can more comprehensively reflect the essence of degradation, which can improve the accuracy and reliability of the evaluation results. Mid-infrared spectroscopy is an effective means of monitoring the acid number. In this study, a combination of infrared spectroscopy quantitative analysis and chemometrics was used. The oil sample data was divided into training set and validation set by the Kennard–Stone method. In the experiment, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflection accessory (ATR-FTIR) was used to collect spectral data of the samples in the wavenumber range of 1750–1700 cm⁻¹ (this range corresponds to the characteristic absorption of carboxyl groups and is directly related to the acid number). Meanwhile, a G20S automatic potentiometric titrator was used to determine the acid number as a reference value in accordance with GB/T 7304. The study compared various preprocessing methods. A regression prediction model between the spectra and acid number was established using partial least squares regression (PLSR) within the selected wavenumber range, with the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), and coefficient of determination (R) as evaluation indicators. The experimental results showed that the PLSR model established after preprocessing with second derivative combined with seven-point smoothing exhibited the optimal performance, with an RMSECV of 0.00505, an RMSEP of 0.14%, and an R of 0.9820. Compared with the traditional titration method, this prediction method is more suitable for real-time monitoring of production lines or rapid on-site screening of equipment. It can in a timely manner warn of the deterioration trend of lubricating oil, reduce the risk of equipment wear caused by oil failure, and provide efficient technical support for lubricating oil life management. Full article

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common pathology worldwide, frequently associated with kidney stones. We aimed to determine how artificial intelligence (AI) could assist and enhance human medical activities in this field. We performed a search in PubMed using different sets of keywords. When using the keywords “AI, artificial intelligence, urinary tract infections, Escherichia coli (E. coli)”, we identified 16 papers, 12 of which fulfilled our research criteria. When using the keywords “urolithiasis, AI, artificial intelligence”, we identified 72 results, 30 of which were suitable for analysis. We identified that AI/machine learning can be used to detect Gram-negative bacilli involved in UTIs in a fast and accurate way and to detect antibiotic-resistant genes in E. coli. The most frequent AI applications for urolithiasis can be summarized into three categories: The first category relates to patient follow-up, trying to improve physical and medical conditions after specific urologic surgical procedures. The second refers to urinary stone disease (USD), focused on stone evaluation, using different AI and machine learning systems, regarding the stone’s composition in terms of uric acid, its dimensions, its volume, and its speed of detection. The third category comprises the comparison of the ChatGPT-4, Bing AI, Grok, Claude, and Perplexity chatbots in different applications for urolithiasis. ChatGPT-4 has received the most positive evaluations. In conclusion, the impressive number of papers published on different applications of AI in UTIs and urology suggest that machine learning will be exploited effectively in the near future to optimize patient follow-up, diagnosis, and treatment. Full article

The processing of dimension stones for the construction sector involves transforming rock blocks into slabs via sawing and polishing. This process generates a fine-grained waste composed largely of rock powder derived from the processed rock. Several studies indicate that the rock powder produced as a processing waste can release Ca, Mg, and K. However, alongside the release of macronutrients, there is the possibility of releasing undesirable constituents, such as Na, which is also a component of the minerals forming silicate rocks. This study aimed to analyze the risk of salinization that these materials may cause to soil if applied without a thorough evaluation of their composition. Samples were analyzed in terms of physical, chemical, and mineralogical parameters; exchangeable inorganic constituents; percentage of exchangeable sodium; and sodium adsorption ratio. The data indicate that residues stored in landfills in a random and unsorted manner do not fully meet the criteria established by Brazilian regulations for soil remineralizers. However, their characteristics suggest good potential for use in the agricultural sector, although this would require blending with other agricultural inputs and/or segregating residues from certain types of rocks to comply with current regulations. Full article

A well-equipped legionary army prepared to lay siege to Pompeii. Among the weapons deployed along the northern stretch of the city walls were battering rams and mobile siege towers equipped with ballistae and scorpions. The impact marks from Republican-era stone balls and dart tips remain visible today between the Vesuvio and Ercolano Gates. In 2002 and 2016, the authors surveyed significant cavities using both direct and indirect methods. The collected data were then used to calculate the volume of fractured stone material. Given the hardness of the wall ashlars, ballistic parameters were quantified based on Hellenistic treatises. The results make it possible to derive dimensions for reconstructing artillery calibrated to the observed effects. Full article

This study takes limestone crushed stone concrete as the research object and systematically investigates its mechanical property changes and microstructural damage characteristics under different confining pressures using triaxial compression tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests, and digital image processing techniques. The results show that, in terms of macro-mechanical properties, as the confining pressure increases, the peak strength increases by 192.66%, the axial peak strain increases by 143.66%, the elastic modulus increases by 133.98%, and the ductility coefficient increases by 54.61%. In terms of microstructure, the porosity decreases by 64.35%, the maximum pore diameter decreases by 75.69%, the fractal dimension decreases by 19.56%, and the interfacial transition zone cracks gradually extend into the aggregate interior. The optimization of the microstructure makes the concrete more compact, reduces stress concentration, and thereby enhances the macro-mechanical properties. Additionally, the failure characteristics of the specimens shift from diagonal shear failure to compressive flow failure. According to the Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion, the calculated cohesion is 6.96 MPa, the internal friction angle is 38.89°, and the breakage angle is 25.53°. A regression analysis established a quantitative relationship between microstructural characteristics and macro-mechanical properties, revealing the significant impact of microstructural characteristics on macro-mechanical properties. Under low confining pressure, early volumetric expansion and rapid volumetric strain occur, with microcracks mainly concentrated at the aggregate interface that are relatively wide. Under high confining pressure, volumetric expansion is delayed, volumetric strain increases slowly, and microcracks extend into the interior of the aggregate, becoming finer and more dispersed. Full article