Previous Article in Journal
An Approach to Risk Assessment and Planned Preventative Maintenance of Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Hypogeum Archaeological Site of Sigismund Street (Rimini, Italy)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Heritage
Volume 8
Issue 9
10.3390/heritage8090345
heritage-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Water Efficiency in the Construction of Water Channels and the Ancestral Constructive Sustainability of Cumbemayo, Peru

by
Doris Esenarro
1,2,
Dayana Palomino Gutierrez
1,
Katherin Santa Cruz Peña
1,
Jesica Vilchez Cairo
1,2,*,
Vicenta Irene Tafur Anzualdo
3,
Maria Veliz Garagatti
4,
Geoffrey Wigberto Salas Delgado
5 and
Crayla Alfaro Aucca
6
1
Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Ricardo Palma University (URP), Santiago de Surco, Lima 15039, Peru
2
Research Laboratory for Formative Investigation and Architectural Innovation (LABIFIARQ), Ricardo Palma University (URP), Santiago de Surco, Lima 15039, Peru
3
Institute of Research (ININ), Marcelino Champagnat University (UMCH), Santiago de Surco, Lima 15049, Peru
4
Faculty of Geographical, Environmental and Ecotourism Engineering, Federico Villareal National University UNFV, Cercado de Lima, Lima 15082, Peru
5
Postgraduate University School (EUPG), Federico Villarreal National University (UNFV), Cercado de Lima, Lima 15001, Peru
6
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Architecture, Universidad Andina del Cusco (UAC), San Jeronimo, Cusco 08006, Peru
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Heritage 2025, 8(9), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090345 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 27 May 2025 / Revised: 11 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 24 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Biological and Natural Heritage)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The ancestral water channels are affected by a lack of awareness regarding their preservation, the deterioration of their structure, and the pollution of nearby water bodies due to waste discharge. Additionally, the growth of vegetation, sediment accumulation, and the presence of crab burrows have caused blockages and erosion of the stone, compromising their stability. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the water efficiency in the construction of water channels and the ancestral constructive sustainability of Cumbemayo, Peru. The methodology is based on an on-site study, taking into account the terrain, climate, and water flow from a spatial, functional, and constructive perspective, supported by digital tools such as Google Earth Pro 2024, AutoCAD 2024, SketchUp 2024, 3D Sun Path 2024, and D5 Render 2024. Regarding the findings, it was evidenced that the channel contains carvings in the rock that reflect their reverence for nature. It also maintains a constant slope of 1.5 mm per linear meter along its 18.9 km length. Its design, which combines straight and zigzag sections, optimizes water flow and may be linked to astronomical and ceremonial knowledge. Its dimensions range between 0.35 and 0.50 m in width and between 0.10 and 0.30 m in depth, with a precise leveling system that allows for flow control. Its stone construction demonstrates the technical mastery of its creators, ensuring strength and long-term durability. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of the canal and the challenges it faces in terms of conservation. Erosion, vegetation, and sediment accumulation threaten its stability, making it essential to implement protective measures that ensure its long-term preservation.
Keywords: water efficiency; constructive sustainability; hydraulic design; water resource; preservation water efficiency; constructive sustainability; hydraulic design; water resource; preservation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Esenarro, D.; Palomino Gutierrez, D.; Santa Cruz Peña, K.; Vilchez Cairo, J.; Tafur Anzualdo, V.I.; Veliz Garagatti, M.; Salas Delgado, G.W.; Alfaro Aucca, C. Water Efficiency in the Construction of Water Channels and the Ancestral Constructive Sustainability of Cumbemayo, Peru. Heritage 2025, 8, 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090345

AMA Style

Esenarro D, Palomino Gutierrez D, Santa Cruz Peña K, Vilchez Cairo J, Tafur Anzualdo VI, Veliz Garagatti M, Salas Delgado GW, Alfaro Aucca C. Water Efficiency in the Construction of Water Channels and the Ancestral Constructive Sustainability of Cumbemayo, Peru. Heritage. 2025; 8(9):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090345

Chicago/Turabian Style

Esenarro, Doris, Dayana Palomino Gutierrez, Katherin Santa Cruz Peña, Jesica Vilchez Cairo, Vicenta Irene Tafur Anzualdo, Maria Veliz Garagatti, Geoffrey Wigberto Salas Delgado, and Crayla Alfaro Aucca. 2025. "Water Efficiency in the Construction of Water Channels and the Ancestral Constructive Sustainability of Cumbemayo, Peru" Heritage 8, no. 9: 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090345

APA Style

Esenarro, D., Palomino Gutierrez, D., Santa Cruz Peña, K., Vilchez Cairo, J., Tafur Anzualdo, V. I., Veliz Garagatti, M., Salas Delgado, G. W., & Alfaro Aucca, C. (2025). Water Efficiency in the Construction of Water Channels and the Ancestral Constructive Sustainability of Cumbemayo, Peru. Heritage, 8(9), 345. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090345

Article Metrics

Article metric data becomes available approximately 24 hours after publication online.
Back to TopTop