Search Results (9,112)

We develop a quantitative Hardy scale for mixed quadratic energies combining the classical Dirichlet form and a fractional Dirichlet form, ${\mathcal{E}}_{\lambda ,s}\left(u\right)={\int }_{{\mathbb{R}}^n}{|\nabla u\left(x\right)|}^2\mathrm{d}x+\lambda {\int }_{{\mathbb{R}}^n}{\left|{(-\Delta )}^{s/2}u\left(x\right)\right|}^2\mathrm{d}x,0<s<1,\lambda >0.$ Here, the word scale denotes a parameterized family with a fixed interpolation variable, explicit constants, and the scaling exponent forced by the coexistence of the orders 2 and $2s$. For $n\ge 3$, we prove weighted $L^2$ inequalities indexed by $\gamma \in [s,1]$, which control ${\left|x\right|}^{-2\gamma }$ by ${\mathcal{E}}_{\lambda ,s}$ with the factor ${\lambda }^{-\theta }$, where $\theta =(1-\gamma )/(1-s)$. In dimension $n=2$, the local endpoint is replaced by the logarithmic Hardy weight and gives a mixed log–power family governed by the same parameter. The novelty lies in organizing the endpoint Hardy estimates into a $\lambda$-adapted form suitable for mixed-order operators, with explicit constants, scaling-level optimality of the $\lambda$ exponent, a planar endpoint formulation, and directly usable singular-potential thresholds. The operator consequences are stated at the level of form boundedness, coercivity, spectral lower bounds on bounded domains, semigroup generation, and variational well-posedness; they are presented as consequences of the Hardy scale rather than as a separate spectral theory. Full article

Background/Objectives: Severe asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) frequently coexist and are associated with type 2 inflammation, leading to poor symptom control and high healthcare burden. Biologic therapies targeting IL-4Rα and IL-5/IL-5R have shown efficacy in type 2 inflammatory asthma and CRSwNP, but comprehensive evidence on their efficacy, safety, and research trends is limited. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating dupilumab, mepolizumab, benralizumab, or reslizumab in patients with type 2 inflammatory asthma and/or CRSwNP. Primary outcomes included lung function (FEV1), symptom control (ACQ, SNOT-22, nasal polyp score), and serious adverse events (SAEs). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Publication bias was evaluated with funnel plots and Trim-and-Fill analysis. Bibliometric analysis was performed to identify publication trends and emerging research directions. Results: A total of 23 RCTs involving 8758 participants were included. Biologic therapy was not associated with a significant increase in serious adverse events (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.89–1.50). Compared with control treatment, biologics significantly improved FEV1 (MD = 100.67 mL, 95% CI: 65.94–135.40) and ACQ scores (MD = −0.40, 95% CI: −0.54 to −0.25). In patients with CRSwNP and comorbid asthma, biologics also improved SNOT-22 scores (MD = −13.16, 95% CI: −24.85 to −1.47) and nasal polyp scores (MD = −1.31, 95% CI: −1.95 to −0.68). Dupilumab trials showed larger reductions in nasal polyp score than IL-5/IL-5R-targeted trials, although this indirect comparison should be interpreted cautiously. Bibliometric analysis indicated increasing research attention to upstream epithelial targets such as TSLP. Conclusions: Both IL-4Rα and IL-5/IL-5R-targeted biologics are effective and well-tolerated in type 2 inflammatory airway diseases. IL-4Rα inhibition shows favorable upper-airway outcomes in CRSwNP with asthma, but head-to-head trials are needed to clarify its comparative efficacy relative to IL-5/IL-5R-targeted therapies. Emerging research directions are shifting toward upstream epithelial alarmin antibodies. Full article

Urban expansion has reshaped land-use patterns, altered the provision of ecosystem services, and brought challenges to regional sustainable development. However, studies on urban agglomerations with uneven development remain insufficient. This study takes the core development area of the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration as the study area and explores changes in ecosystem services during multidimensional urbanization from 2000 to 2020. Using the CASA and InVEST models, three ecosystem services, namely net primary productivity (NPP), water yield (WY), and soil conservation (SC), were quantified. Spatial associations and local heterogeneity were analyzed using the bivariate Moran’s I. The results show that regional urbanization exhibited a Zhengzhou-centered monocentric pattern, with rapid growth in GDP density and significant expansion of urban land. The responses of ecosystem services to urbanization showed divergent trends, with NPP increasing slightly, while WY and SC decreased. NPP and SC showed a synergistic effect, whereas WY had trade-off relationships with both services. Due to uneven regional development, urbanization indicators and ecosystem services showed evident spatially heterogeneous relationships. This study provides evidence for ecological conservation, ecosystem-service management, and sustainable spatial governance in developing urban agglomerations where rapid growth and ecological constraints coexist. Full article

The Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform at the end of the twentieth century displaced millions of workers into a rapidly shifting market. How do displaced workers navigate the coexistence of historical structures, of relations of production and social reproduction, both old and new? This article takes up these questions through two films by director Zhang Meng—Piano in a Factory and Lucky Dog—that center on former SOE workers amidst postsocialist China’s new economic order. In both films, characters navigate life outside the SOE structure by improvising with limited resources and repurposing what remains available, by way of both creativity and constraint. Reading these acts, this article proposes the term labor of making-do to name a practical, creative activity through which subjects navigate limited material conditions, competing subjectivities, and disrupted social relations in the shifting reality. Drawing on embodied socialist skills and memory, making-do as a particular form of labor reproduces subjects in a new historical structure. In the face of the market, it sometimes functions outside market logics. While informed by the historical legacy of the socialist ideology of labor, the labor of making-do is not primarily a nostalgic attempt to restore socialist ideals; nor is it a deliberate resistance to capitalism. Rather, it demonstrates a lived, spontaneous and often unglamorous process by which precarious subjects negotiate sustenance and survival, and through which revised subjectivities are produced. It is through such contradictory and quotidian processes that social reproduction unfolds across coexisting historical structures. Full article

In contemporary Spanish, there are three types of sequences with consecutive meaning that contain the nouns forma, manera, modo, and suerte: the sequence de tal {forma/modo/manera/suerte} que, which forms part of a prepositional phrase that contains a consecutive construction formed by a quantifying phrase and a subordinate clause headed by que; the phrasal conjunction de {forma/modo/manera/suerte} que, which can introduce a consecutive (resultative) subordinate clause included in the predicate verb phrase of the main clause or a consecutive clause modifying the entire matrix clause; and the phrasal preposition de {forma/modo/manera/suerte} de, which generally has an infinitive clause as its complement. This paper explores the analyzability of these sequences and their evolution towards the current state of Spanish, where all three variants coexist. As will be demonstrated, the latter two variants, which emerged from the first, are the result of a grammaticalization process. This process, operating through reanalysis and analogy, has led to two distinct lexical splits. Full article

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) usually coexist and are related to increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular benefits have been demonstrated by drugs such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and GLP-1 receptor agonists including the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide (collectively, incretin-based therapies); however, their relative effectiveness in patients with concomitant AF and HFpEF remains undefined. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, propensity score-matched cohort study utilizing the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network. Adults with AF or atrial flutter with a diagnosis of HFpEF who initiated incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 receptor agonists or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists) or SGLT2i were included; index medication was required to be initiated within 30 days of a qualifying AF/HFpEF diagnosis. 1:1 matching was performed based on baseline medications, demographics, and comorbidities. Co-primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, inpatient visits, and emergency department (ED) visits at 1 year. Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute kidney injury, transient ischemic attack, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; all-cause mortality/MI/stroke composite), and AF-related procedures. Agent-specific subgroup analyses were performed for semaglutide and tirzepatide separately. Sensitivity analyses were conducted at 6 months and 2 years. Results: 7624 patients were included in each cohort after matching (mean age: 70.8 years; 52% women). At 1 year, incretin-based therapy was associated with lower all-cause mortality (5.3% vs. 7.3%, HR 0.721, 95% CI 0.634–0.820; p < 0.001), fewer inpatient visits (30.0% vs. 37.4%, HR 0.743, 95% CI 0.702–0.787; p < 0.001), and no statistically significant difference in ED visits (27.0% vs. 28.0%; HR 0.946, 95% CI 0.888–1.007; p = 0.081) compared with SGLT2i. Incretin-based therapy was also associated with lower risk of MACE (HR 0.709), acute kidney injury (HR 0.751), myocardial infarction (HR 0.583), catheter ablation (HR 0.685), and electrical cardioversion (HR 0.472). No significant differences were observed in ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. These findings were broadly consistent at 6-month and 2-year follow-up, and directionally consistent in agent-specific subgroup analyses of semaglutide and tirzepatide. Conclusions: In this large propensity-matched cohort of patients with AF and HFpEF, initiation of incretin-based therapy (GLP-1 receptor agonists or dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists) was associated with lower all-cause mortality, fewer inpatient visits, and reduced cardiovascular events compared with SGLT2i. These findings, while subject to observational limitations, suggest potential benefits of incretin-based therapy in this high-risk population and support the need for prospective comparative trials. Full article

Rhenium (Re) is a critical metal indispensable to high-technology manufacturing, defense, and new energy industries. Molybdenite in porphyry deposits is one of the most important hosts of economically recoverable Re. However, the mechanisms controlling Re enrichment in molybdenite remain debated. Ore-forming fluids in Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits are CO₂-rich and commonly occur as coexisting vapor and brine phases, favoring phase separation and boiling. Recent work on the Jinduicheng Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposit in the East Qinling–Dabie Mo metallogenic belt suggested that fluid boiling plays an important role in Re enrichment, but whether this mechanism also applies to other Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits remains unclear. In this study, Mo and S isotopes of molybdenite from the Shapinggou porphyry Mo deposit were employed to investigate Re enrichment in Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits. The results show that molybdenite contains 1.13–23.56 ppm Re, has δ^98/95Mo values of −0.28‰ to +1.02‰, and shows a negative correlation between δ^98/95Mo and δ³⁴S. From early- to late-stage molybdenite, δ^98/95Mo values decrease systematically. The systematic decrease in Mo isotopic compositions during mineralization indicates that fluid boiling was the key factor controlling their variation. The negative correlation between Re contents and Mo isotopic compositions further suggests that Re enrichment was also controlled by fluid boiling. During boiling, lighter Mo isotopes and Re partitioned into the vapor phase, whereas delayed vapor-phase Re precipitation and increased residual-fluid salinity enhanced Re mobility in the liquid phase, producing late-stage molybdenite with high Re contents and light Mo isotopic compositions. This study demonstrates that fluid boiling was an important process during mineralization at Shapinggou and may represent one of the factors controlling Re contents in Dabie-type porphyry Mo deposits. Full article

This study examines how the concept of academic success is constructed and represented both in international scientific literature and in the perceptions of higher education students, using the OPSA 2.0 project at the Polytechnic University of Leiria as a case study. Adopting an exploratory multimethod approach, the research combines bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in Scopus (2020–2025) with qualitative content analysis of students’ responses collected through participatory workshops. The bibliometric results reveal that academic success is increasingly conceptualised as a multidimensional construct, structured around institutional, pedagogical, psychological, and identity-related dimensions. However, the analysis of students’ perceptions shows a predominance of instrumental and performance-oriented representations, particularly associated with grades, course completion, and employability. At the same time, emerging references to well-being, resilience, and personal fulfilment suggest a gradual shift towards more holistic understandings of success. By articulating global research trends with local student narratives, the study highlights the coexistence of traditional and emergent conceptualisations of academic success in higher education. The findings underline the relevance of institutional strategies, such as OPSA 2.0 Project, that promote a comprehensive and preventive approach to student success. Methodologically, the study demonstrates the potential of combining bibliometric mapping with qualitative analysis to bridge macro-level scientific developments and micro-level lived experiences. Full article

Background/Objectives: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) remains a major viral agent in pig production worldwide due to its association with economically relevant diseases and productivity losses. Nine genotypes (PCV2a–PCV2i) have been reported, with successive genotype shifts characterized by the historical predominance of PCV2a, the expansion of PCV2b, and the emergence of PCV2d as the predominant genotype in several swine-producing countries. The aim of this study was to characterize the ORF2 gene of PCV2 circulating in Jalisco, Mexico, to provide updated information for regional surveillance and control strategies. Methods: Samples were collected from 80 pig farms located in four regions of Jalisco with different pig density levels and production systems. PCV2-positive samples were subjected to ORF2 amplification and sequencing. Genotype assignment, phylogenetic analysis, and in silico recombination screening using multiple detection methods were performed. All sequences were deposited in GenBank. Results: A total of 70 ORF2-PCV2 sequences were obtained and assigned to two genotypes: PCV2d (51/70, 72.9%) and PCV2a (19/70, 27.1%). The sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers PV235521–PV235590. Recombination analysis identified seven recombinant sequences, and unusual ORF2 extensions were detected in some sequences, evidencing the presence of genetic variants circulating in the region. Conclusions: These findings confirm the predominance of PCV2d in Jalisco while highlighting the continued circulation of PCV2a. The coexistence of both genotypes, together with recombinant sequences and ORF2 extensions, indicates ongoing PCV2 genetic diversification in the region. Continuous molecular surveillance remains essential to monitor viral evolution, support genotype-informed control strategies, and strengthen swine health programs. Full article

Background: The differential diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and congenital pneumonia (CP) in newborns remains a complex clinical challenge due to the similarity in their clinical manifestations and their potential to coexist. Objective: We aimed to determine differential diagnostic predictors of RDS and CP in newborns by using mathematical modeling and machine learning methods. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted; de-identified medical records of 244 newborns (97 with RDS and 143 with CP) were collected to assess clinical, anamnestic, laboratory, and instrumental data by applying multiple regression analysis, ROC analysis, logistic regression models, and Random Forest. Results: Patients with CP presented with a more severe condition at admission (57.1% vs. 23.3%; p = 0.023), required mechanical ventilation (MV) more frequently (22.4% vs. 8.2%; p = 0.004), and were more often transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) (77.3% vs. 55.7%; p = 0.001). They further had lower hemoglobin levels (151 ± 28 g/L vs. 164 ± 31 g/L; p = 0.001) and red blood cell counts (p = 0.021). Regression analysis demonstrated that the severity of the condition and the presence of cerebral ischemia were dependent on hemoglobin levels in the case of CP, while gestational age played a determining role in RDS. The machine learning models achieved an accuracy of 0.69 and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 (Random Forest). The key predictors for differential diagnosis of RDS were low gestational age, hyperbilirubinemia, and congenital heart defects, while for CP, they were hemoglobin < 151 g/L, lymphocytes < 4.8 × 10³/μL, oxygen saturation < 90–91%, and cerebral ischemia. Conclusions: The use of mathematical modeling methods made it possible to identify prognostically significant predictors for the differential diagnosis of RDS and CP. The resulting models are best viewed as proof-of-concept tools for hypothesis generation and future research, as external validation is necessary before they can be considered for clinical use. Full article

Background/Objectives: The obesity epidemic coexists with the phenomenon of “hidden hunger” (Type B malnutrition)—a micronutrient deficiency amidst a caloric excess. Traditional dietary assessment methods often distort the actual picture by ignoring technological losses during cooking, which necessitates the use of digital tools. Methods: A cross-sectional study (N = 3267) was conducted using the digital platform “NIAP”. The analysis was based on valid 3–7-day dietary records with algorithmic accounting for nutrient retention factors during thermal processing. The nutrient profiles of individuals with a normal body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) were compared. Results: The epidemiology of intake shortfalls was highly prevalent and pronounced: 99.9% of the cohort had ≥1 inadequacy (with a mean negative deviation of −77.3% for vitamin D and −59.2% for Omega-3), and 61.5% exhibited ≥10 simultaneous multiple intake shortfalls. These inadequacy rates remained robust in a sensitivity analysis excluding under-reporters. The obesity group consumed significantly more energy, saturated fatty acids, added sugars, cholesterol, and sodium, but demonstrated a lower relative macronutrient intake (g/kg of body weight). Absolute fiber intake did not differ between the groups, indicating a decrease in its density per 1000 kcal in the diet of individuals with obesity; the intake of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) showed a downward trend. The Na:K ratio was significantly higher in the obesity group (1.19 vs. 1.04, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis confirmed an inverse relationship between BMI and the overall nutrient density of the diet. Conclusions: A high-energy diet does not compensate for systemic micronutrient inadequacy among the evaluated cohort. Obesity is associated with a dietary imbalance favoring “empty calories” and pro-inflammatory components against a background of severe multiple dietary inadequacies. The integration of algorithmic dietary assessment that accounts for cooking losses is critical for objective diagnosis and personalized nutritional intervention. Full article

Background: Ununited anconeal process (UAP) is one of the four primary causes of elbow dysplasia (ED). Radiography (X-ray) and computed tomography (CT) are commonly employed imaging techniques for the diagnosis of elbow dysplasia. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency and distribution of UAP in dogs referred for elbow imaging and to analyze the coexistence of this disorder with other primary causes of ED, such as medial coronoid process disease (MCPD), osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), and joint incongruity (IC). Methods: The study population comprised 108 dogs of both sexes, aged between 3 and 15 months, of breeds predisposed to ED: 69 German Shepherds, 23 Labrador Retrievers, and 16 Golden Retrievers. All dogs underwent both radiographic and CT examinations of the elbow joints. Categorical data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test to evaluate breed-related findings and lesion coexistence, with significance set at 5%. Inter-method reliability was assessed using Cohen’s kappa coefficient (ĸ). Results: Based on radiographic and CT findings, elbow dysplasia was diagnosed in 53 dogs and 58 dogs, respectively. UAP was identified in 9 cases and only in German Shepherds. Among the 9 UAP-positive dogs, coexistence with other ED lesions (most commonly medial coronoid process disease and joint incongruity) was observed in 8 cases. For specific UAP detection, both imaging modalities demonstrated perfect diagnostic agreement (ĸ = 1.0). Conclusions: UAP was the rarest diagnosed primary etiology of elbow dysplasia in the study population. This disorder has been found only in German Shepherds; however, this observation should be interpreted with reservation due to the unequal breed distribution within the study population. Radiography and computed tomography demonstrated equivalent diagnostic agreement for UAP identification; this result should also be interpreted cautiously due to the limitation of the small number of identified cases of this disorder. Furthermore, UAP occurred more frequently as a concomitant lesion—most commonly in association with medial coronoid process disease and joint incongruity—rather than as a solitary finding. Full article

Rainfall variability strongly influences both flood and drought hazards, especially in climatic transition zones where precipitation is highly seasonal and spatially heterogeneous. This study assessed long-term changes in rainfall patterns and compound flood–drought hazard in the Huaihe River Basin, China, using ERA5-Land-derived daily precipitation series at 174 spatial sampling locations during 1950–2025. Rainfall pattern indicators, flood-related rainfall extremes, and SPI-3-based drought indicators were calculated to characterize rainfall amount, frequency, intensity, dry–wet persistence, heavy rainfall events, and meteorological drought conditions. The Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator were used to detect long-term trends, and a compound flood–drought hazard classification framework was developed based on a flood-related rainfall hazard index (FHI) and a drought-related hazard index (DHI). The results showed that annual total precipitation, wet days, and consecutive wet days decreased significantly, indicating reduced rainfall occurrence and wet spell persistence. Flood-related rainfall indicators generally showed decreasing tendencies, with more evident declines in persistent multi-day extremes than in single-day rainfall. In contrast, mean SPI-3 showed a significant drying tendency, although drought frequency, severe drought frequency, and drought intensity did not exhibit significant monotonic trends. Spatially, rainfall pattern, flood-related, and drought-related indicators showed clear heterogeneity across the basin. The compound hazard classification identified flood-dominated and drought-dominated areas as the two major hazard types, each accounting for 31.03% of the spatial sampling locations, while low compound hazard and compound flood–drought hazard areas each accounted for 18.97%. These findings indicate that flood- and drought-related hazards coexist but vary spatially across the Huaihe River Basin. The proposed framework provides preliminary rainfall-based information for differentiated flood–drought hazard assessment, climate-adaptive water resources planning, and the sustainable management of water resources in regions facing spatially heterogeneous hydroclimatic hazards. Full article

Railway transportation networks increasingly share constrained corridors with transmission lines, buried pipelines, and other linear infrastructure. Electromagnetic interference in these corridors is important for safe railway planning and operation, particularly when nearby high-voltage lines cross oil and gas pipelines. This paper investigates transmission-line-induced pipeline potential under crossing conditions in the Zhangbei region. The CDEGS moment-method framework is applied with locally refined segmentation in the crossing regions, and an electromagnetic coupling model for multiple-crossing transmission line-oil and gas pipeline systems is established. The qualitative effects of crossing angle and parallel length on pipeline potential were obtained under both normal operating conditions and single-phase ground fault transient conditions. The results show that induced voltage decreases nonlinearly as the crossing angle increases and rises markedly with crossing length. The contribution of ground potential rise during transient processes to pipeline potential is significantly greater than that during steady-state processes. Installing zinc ribbons as a drainage measure can reduce the pipeline-to-ground voltage. However, supplementary mitigation measures may still be required under severe interference conditions. These findings are relevant to railway transportation because railway corridors often coexist with transmission lines and buried pipelines, making coordinated electromagnetic compatibility assessment essential for infrastructure safety and operational reliability. The proposed framework supports corridor planning, risk assessment, and protective design for railway-related infrastructure in complex shared corridors. Full article

Background and Clinical Significanc: Neuropathic corneal pain is a debilitating condition characterized by ocular pain disproportionate to clinical signs, often resulting from peripheral and central sensitization of the corneal somatosensory pathway. Emerging evidence suggests that chronic involuntary muscle contraction in blepharospasm may lead to irritation of trigeminal afferents and corneal neurogenic inflammation, potentially predisposing patients to neuropathic corneal pain. Given its debilitating nature, early recognition can prevent the progression of neuropathic sequelae. This study examines the potential role of blepharospasm as a predisposing factor contributing to neuropathic corneal pain. Case Presentation: This retrospective case series describes three cases (median age: 50 years) of neuropathic corneal pain in association with blepharospasm and their clinical course following multimodal treatment over a median follow-up period of one year. Ocular surface was evaluated using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, while corneal nerve structure and morphology were assessed with in vivo confocal microscopy. All the three subjects presented with minimal ocular surface staining but disproportionate ocular pain characterized by burning sensation and photophobia. Proparacaine challenge testing was performed to determine the subtype of neuropathic corneal pain. Pain symptoms and quality of life were evaluated using the Ocular Pain Assessment Survey and Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaires. In vivo confocal microscopy demonstrated characteristic corneal nerve abnormalities including reduced corneal nerve density, increased nerve tortuosity, and the presence of microneuromas. Treatment included oral Pregabalin or Gabapentin, topical lubricants, Cyclosporine 0.05% (1 case), and 20% autologous serum eye drops (1 case). Two of the three cases received four to five injections of botulinum toxin for blepharospasm, whereas one had undergone a single injection prior to review. All patients also received weekly periorbital quantum molecular resonance electrotherapy for two months. Improvements were observed across multiple domains of the Ocular Pain Assessment Survey and Ocular Surface Disease Index evaluation, including ocular pain, photophobia, non-ocular pain, and quality-of-life measures following multimodal treatment. The co-existence of blepharospasm and neuropathic corneal pain observed in our cases supports a possible association between chronic periocular muscle hyperactivity and corneal nociceptor sensitization. Proposed mechanisms include chronic trigeminal nerve irritation, neurogenic inflammation, and sensitization mediated by pro-inflammatory neuropeptides. Multimodal treatment targeting both motor hyperactivity and neuropathic pain pathways appeared to provide symptomatic relief, including the use of quantum molecular resonance electrotherapy, which might modulate pain pathways, block nociceptor neurotransmission, and accelerate corneal nerve regeneration. Given the complexity of the neural pathways responsible for ocular discomfort, further studies are required to elucidate the relationship between neuropathic corneal pain and blepharospasm in larger cohorts, as well as refine existing therapeutic approaches, including evaluating the therapeutic role of electrotherapy. Conclusions: Blepharospasm may represent a potential predisposing factor of neuropathic corneal pain. Early recognition and concurrent treatment of blepharospasm and neuropathic corneal pain can effectively relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Adopting a multimodal treatment approach is therefore recommended. Full article