Search Results (331)

The prospects for long-distance space flights are becoming increasingly realistic, and one of the key factors for their implementation is the creation of sustainable systems for producing food on site. Therefore, the aim of our work is to assess the prospects for using millet in biological life support systems and to create predictive models of yield components for automating plant cultivation control. The study found that stress from hypergravity (800 g, 1200 g, 2000 g, and 3000 g) in the early stages of millet germination does not affect seedlings or yield. In a closed system, millet yield reached 0.31 kg/m², the weight of 1000 seeds was 8.61 g, and the yield index was 0.06. The paper describes 40 quantitative traits, including six leaf and trichome traits and nine grain traits from the lower, middle and upper parts of the inflorescence. The compiled predictive regression equations allow predicting the accumulation of biomass in seedlings on the 10th and 20th days of cultivation, as well as the weight of 1000 seeds, the number of productive inflorescences, the total above-ground mass, and the number and weight of grains per plant. These equations open up opportunities for the development of computer vision and high-speed plant phenotyping programs that will allow automatic correction of the plant cultivation process and modeling of the required yield. Predicting biomass yield will also be useful in assessing the load on the waste-free processing system for plant waste at planetary stations. Full article

Banana Fusarium wilt (BFW, also known as Panama disease) is a highly infectious and destructive disease that threatens global banana production, requiring early recognition for timely prevention and control. Current monitoring methods primarily rely on continuous variable features—such as band reflectances (BRs) and vegetation indices (VIs)—collectively referred to as basic features (BFs)—which are prone to noise during the early stages of infection and struggle to capture subtle spectral variations, thus limiting the recognition accuracy. To address this limitation, this study proposes a discretized enhanced feature (EF) construction method, the automated kernel density segmentation-based feature construction algorithm (AutoKDFC). By analyzing the differences in the kernel density distributions between healthy and diseased samples, the AutoKDFC automatically determines the optimal segmentation threshold, converting continuous BFs into binary features with higher discriminative power for early-stage recognition. Using UAV-based multi-spectral imagery, BFW recognition models are developed and tested with the random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and Gaussian naïve Bayes (GNB) algorithms. The results show that EFs exhibit significantly stronger correlations with BFW’s presence than original BFs. Feature importance analysis via RF further confirms that EFs contribute more to the model performance, with VI-derived features outperforming BR-based ones. The integration of EFs results in average performance gains of 0.88%, 2.61%, and 3.07% for RF, SVM, and GNB, respectively, with SVM achieving the best performance, averaging over 90%. Additionally, the generated BFW distribution map closely aligns with ground observations and captures spectral changes linked to disease progression, validating the method’s practical utility. Overall, the proposed AutoKDFC method demonstrates high effectiveness and generalizability for BFW recognition. Its core concept of “automatic feature enhancement” has strong potential for broader applications in crop disease monitoring and supports the development of intelligent early warning systems in plant health management. Full article

Microelement deficiencies, often termed “hidden hunger”, represent a significant global health challenge. Optimal human health relies on adequate dietary intake of essential microelements, including selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and chlorine (Cl). In recent years, there has been a growing focus on vitality and longevity, which are closely associated with the sufficient intake of essential microelements. This review focuses on these nine elements, whose bioavailability in the food chain is critically determined by their geochemical behavior in soils. There is a necessity for an understanding of the sources, soil–plant transfer, and plant uptake mechanisms of these microelements, with particular emphasis on the influence of key soil properties, including pH, redox potential, organic matter content, and mineral composition. There is a dual challenge of microelement deficiencies in agricultural soils, leading to inadequate crop accumulation, and the potential for localized toxicities arising from anthropogenic inputs or geogenic enrichment. A promising solution to microelement deficiencies in crops is biofortification, which enhances nutrient content in food by improving soil and plant uptake. This strategy includes agronomic methods (e.g., fertilization, soil amendments) and genetic approaches (e.g., marker-assisted selection, genetic engineering) to boost microelement density in edible tissues. Moreover, emphasizing the need for advanced predictive modeling techniques, such as ensemble learning-based digital soil mapping, enhances regional soil microelement management. Integrating machine learning with digital covariates improves spatial prediction accuracy, optimizes soil fertility management, and supports sustainable agriculture. Given the rising global population and the consequent pressures on agricultural production, a comprehensive understanding of microelement dynamics in the soil–plant system is essential for developing sustainable strategies to mitigate deficiencies and ensure food and nutritional security. This review specifically focuses on the bioavailability of these nine essential microelements (Se, Zn, Cu, B, Mn, Mo, Fe, Ni, and Cl), examining the soil–plant transfer mechanisms and their ultimate implications for human health within the soil–plant–human system. The selection of these nine microelements for this review is based on their recognized dual importance: they are not only essential for various plant metabolic functions, but also play a critical role in human nutrition, with widespread deficiencies reported globally in diverse populations and agricultural systems. While other elements, such as cobalt (Co) and iodine (I), are vital for health, Co is primarily required by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms rather than directly by all plants, and the main pathway for iodine intake is often marine-based rather than soil-to-crop. Full article

Glutamate is one of the major naturally occurring non-essential amino acids. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of glutamate as a key metabolite in the metabolism of plant and animal organisms. Its role in nutrition and neurotransmission has intrigued researchers for many years. In both plants and animals, glutamate primarily exists in a monoanionic form characterised by unique physical and chemical properties. In plants, it is involved in the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) cycle, while in animals, it plays a role in the glutamine/glutamate cycle, which is closely related to the urea cycle. Glutamate is also closely linked to the Krebs cycle in both groups of organisms through α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate is essential in both biosynthetic and catabolic pathways and participates in numerous physiological processes in plants and animals. Animals acquire glutamate from food, while plants acquire it from the soil; however, both also synthesise it de novo. Once present in the body, it is transported across cell membranes by specific transporters driven by ionic gradients (a mechanism known as secondary active transport). It is involved in cellular and systemic signalling pathways by interacting with ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Additionally, glutamate is an important ‘building block’ of many proteins, including storage proteins. It also occurs in the form of monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavour enhancer that is widely used but often criticised. Due to its important role in metabolism and signalling, the significance of glutamate in nutrition and its impact on human health are vital areas of research in food biochemistry. These investigations contribute to the development of nutritious food products and the design of effective pharmaceuticals. In this paper, we also address unresolved questions in glutamate research and consider its practical applications. Full article

This work presents the characterization of a large-scale pilot plant for nitric acid production that employs atmospheric-pressure plasma in a closed-loop configuration. The primary objective here is to evaluate the scientific and practical feasibility of using high-power Cerawave™ plasma torch technology, manufactured by Radom Corporation, to enhance the rate of nitric acid production of plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation systems, while achieving specific energy consumption (SEC) comparable to that of smaller-scale setups reported in the literature. We provide a comprehensive overview of the components of the pilot plant, its operational strategy, and the analytical models underlying its processes. Preliminary system optimization results are discussed alongside the outcomes from a controlled batch run. After 30.9 h of operation at 50 kW plasma power, the system produced 198.9 L of nitric acid with a concentration of 28.6% by weight, corresponding to overall SEC of approximately 5.3 MJ/mol. This SEC could be improved to 3.7 MJ/mol using absorption columns with greater than 90% absorption efficiency. Additionally, around 60% of the plasma power was recovered as usable process heat via a heat exchanger. These results demonstrate that plasma-based nitrogen fixation is scientifically and technically viable at higher production scales while maintaining competitive specific energy consumption using microwave plasma. Full article

This study investigates hazardous emissions from foundry binder systems, comparing organic resins (phenolic urethane, furan, and alkaline-phenolic) and clay-bonded green sand with inorganic alternatives (sodium silicate and geopolymer). The research was conducted at the Fundaciόn Azterlan pilot plant (Spain), involving controlled chamber tests for the production of 60 kg iron alloy castings in 110 kg sand molds. The molds were evaluated under two configurations: homogeneous systems, where both mold and cores were manufactured using the same binder (five trials), and heterogeneous systems, where different binders were used for mold and cores (four trials). Each mold was placed in a metallic box fitted with a lid and an integrated gas extraction duct. The lid remained open during pouring and was closed immediately afterward to enable efficient evacuation of casting gases through the extraction system. Although the box was not completely airtight, it was designed to direct most exhaust gases through the duct. Along the extraction system line, different sampling instruments were strategically located for the precise measurement of contaminants: volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenol, multiple forms of particulate matter (including crystalline silica content), and gases produced during pyrolysis. Across the nine trials, inorganic binders demonstrated significant reductions in gas emissions and priority pollutants, achieving decreases of over 90% in BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) and over 94% in PAHs compared to organic systems. Gas emissions were also substantially reduced, with CO emissions lowered by over 30%, NO_x by more than 98%, and SO₂ by over 75%. Conducted under the Greencasting LIFE project (LIFE 21 ENV/FI/101074439), this work provides empirical evidence supporting sodium silicate and geopolymer binders as viable, sustainable solutions for minimizing occupational and ecological risks in metal casting processes. Full article

Hydroponic cultivation offers a promising solution to water scarcity by using less water than traditional soil-based agriculture. Although the integration of silicon (Si) in hydroponic systems is still limited, its foliar application is crucial for optimizing plant growth, enhancing resilience, and improving productivity. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effects of silicon foliar application on growth, yield parameters, and photosynthetic activity of one of the most important fruit vegetables worldwide—tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)—cultivated in a closed hydroponic system. Tomato plants were subjected to a weekly silicon foliar spray (1 mM Na₂SiO₃) over a period of 10 weeks. Our results demonstrate that silicon foliar spray in hydroponically grown tomatoes significantly improved photosynthetic pigment concentration and enhanced the photochemical efficiency of the photosystems, particularly the quantum yields Y(I) and Y(II). Moreover, silicon treatment resulted in reduced energy dissipation within the photosystems, as indicated by decreases in Y(NPQ), Y(NO), and Y(ND), along with enhanced oxidation of PSI (P700ox). These physiological improvements were directly linked to increased stem width and length, and a substantial boost in plant dry weight compared with untreated controls. Consequently, the silicon foliar spray resulted in a significant increase in the number of racemes, flowers, and fruits. Ultimately, these enhancements culminated in a 69% increase in fruit biomass yield (r² = 0.70; p < 0.01), highlighting the positive impact of silicon on tomato productivity in hydroponic systems. These findings suggest that silicon foliar application optimizes growth and photosynthetic efficiency while reducing energy dissipation. Consequently, silicon supplementation enhances tomato productivity in hydroponic systems, offering a promising solution for increasing yields in water-efficient agriculture. Full article

Brazil is considered one of the world’s most important sisal fiber producers (derived from Agave sisalana), with areas concentrated in the Bahia state. There has been a movement in agriculture toward a circular economic system (take-produce-consume-recycle). Based on this idea, the focus of this study was: (i) to estimate the theoretical available amount of sisal residues based on fiber and area productions; (ii) to monitor the use of sisal residues for improving sisal plant growth; and (iii) to monitor the residue stocks on surface soil with the application of sisal residues. Areas of sisal were visited periodically, monitoring the application of sisal residue on the soil surface. The results showed that there is an expressive production of sisal residues, mainly of green liquid, sisal pulp, and sisal ball. The application of sisal pulp on the soil surface, close to sisal plants, is an optimal alternative to improve sisal leaf development. The application of sisal residues on soil increased 50% of residue stocks with sizes lower than 10 cm. Based on the results, we concluded that the sisal residues have a great potential for improving sisal plant growth and soil residue stocks. More studies are required to improve circular agriculture in the sisal sector. Full article

Rhizospheric fungi are emerging as a critical research component in dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) production systems. Introducing beneficial non-native fungi is increasingly common due to their positive effects on plant growth, yield, and pathogen suppression. However, this practice may disrupt soil microbial communities, and commercial isolates often show limited adaptation to local conditions. This study aimed to identify native beneficial soil fungi associated with dragon fruit cultivation on the Ecuadorian coast and evaluate their effect on commercial production. Fungal isolates from four dragon fruit plantations were identified using microscopy and genetic sequencing (ITS, EF-1α, and beta-tubulin). The selected fungi were isolates closely related to Talaromyces tumuli, Trichoderma asperellum, and Paecilomyces lagunculariae. All isolates were tested for pathogenicity using detached cladode assays at the laboratory, and non-phytopathogenic monomorphic cultures were further evaluated in the field under a randomized complete block design consisting of T. asperellum, Talaromyces tumuli, a combination of both, and a water control. The combination of T. asperellum and Talaromyces spp. showed a favorable trend in terms of the plants’ vegetative development. However, inoculating Talaromyces tumuli into the commercial plants exhibited a slow response during the first 20 days of the field evaluations. Still, it resulted in a significant increase in the fruit’s diameter and weight, with increases of 88.23% and 67.64%, respectively, compared to those in the control. T. asperellum presented a lower number of fruits per plant, although it showed an increase in fruit diameter and weight. In conclusion, using the native beneficial fungi T. asperellum and T. tumuli contributes positively to the dragon fruit production system. Full article

Aquaponics is an integrated method of aquatic animal and plant cultivation in a closed recycling system where the wastewater from aquatic animals is purified by microbes, which transform pollutants into nutrients for plants at the end of the chain. This technology allows to the efficiency of the area to be increased by a combination of cultivated plants and aquatic animals. Aquaponics produces environmentally friendly products by reducing fertilizer use and wastewater volume, increasing the extent of reuse by up to >90%. A promising way to increase efficiency in aquaponics is to use bacterial preparations (probiotics). This will allow control of the development of pathogens in the growing system, improving water quality and the growth rate of aquatic organisms. This paper overviews the experience of using probiotic preparations in aquaponic systems. It is shown that probiotics are able to increase the survival rate of aquatic organisms, improve the hydrochemical regime in recirculating aquaculture systems, and mitigate the risk of pathogenic contamination. There are a number of problems in aquaponics that prevent it from becoming more widespread and achieving maximum productivity, including problems with optimal pH and temperature, problems with nutrient and oxygen depletion, as well as diseases caused by phytopathogens and fish pathogens. The probiotics used do not take into account the biological needs of all components of the aquaponic system. The development of probiotic preparations from soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus will allow us to create a new class of probiotics specifically for aquaponics. Such preparations will work in a wide pH range, which will allow us to achieve maximum productivity for all components of aquaponics: animals, plants and bacteria. Full article

This study proposes an innovative model for animal waste utilization in the largest Polish meat utilization plant, which assumes an integrated system that processes one part of the meat waste by anaerobic digestion and the second part into meat and bone meal via the hydrothermal method. The solution is based on implementing the concept of industrial symbiosis, using a purposefully directed flow of materials, waste, and energy to create a closed recycling cycle. This study analyzes the key strategic, organizational, and technical circular economy activities that enable the transformation of waste into valuable materials and energy, thanks to the use of closed-loop materials and energy cycles. It estimates the integrated system’s investment costs and economic and environmental outcomes. The presented method allows for biogas production from the bio-fermentation of 160,000 t/y of animal waste; this would more than cover the heat requirements for obtaining 110,000 t/y of meat and bone meal using the hydrothermal method. Full article

The increasing adoption of unmanned aerial spraying services presents a transformative opportunity for precision agriculture, enabling targeted and efficient application of plant protection products. However, ensuring their safe and regulated integration into European farming requires a comprehensive understanding of exposure risks for operators, bystanders, and residents. Expanding scientific knowledge in this domain is crucial for establishing a dedicated risk assessment framework for unmanned aerial spraying applications. This study evaluates dermal exposure levels among operators, residents, and bystanders, comparing unmanned aerial spraying applications with conventional vehicle-based and manual handheld spraying methods based on existing risk assessment and exposure models. Results suggest that unmanned aerial sprayers reduce dermal exposure for pilots, residents, and bystanders due to their remote operation and reduced drift compared to conventional spraying methods. However, critical exposure points arise during mixing, loading, and auxiliary tasks, where dermal exposure levels exceed model estimates. These elevated exposure levels are attributed to the higher frequency and concentrated handling of plant protection products in unmanned aerial spraying operations compared to traditional spraying methods. These findings highlight the need for targeted risk mitigation strategies to enhance operator safety, such as implementing closed transfer systems, optimized handling protocols, and specialized protective equipment. Full article

Vegetable production primarily relies on the conventional tillage system (CTS), which leads to soil degradation through erosion and reduced soil health. The use of no-tillage vegetable systems (NTVS) aims to mitigate these issues; however, information about the impact of this management system on soil health and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remains limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct an on-farm evaluation of the effects of no-tillage and cover crop use on soil C and N contents and stocks, soil bulk density (SD), mean geometric diameter (MGD) of aggregates, soil temperature, volumetric soil moisture (VM), plant yield, and GHG emissions in cauliflower production under NTVS compared to CTS in a subtropical ecosystem in southeastern Brazil. Chemical and physical properties were assessed at depths of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–30 cm. GHG emissions, particularly nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were measured using closed static chambers and gas chromatography. NTVS with cover crop mixes had higher yield than CTS without cover crops (25.1 and 18.4 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively). NTVS exhibited increased MGD and VM and reduced SD. Soil temperature in the 0–5 cm layer was lower in NTVS than in CTS. Soil C and N stocks were higher in NTVS, but high N₂O emissions offset this advantage compared to CTS. Overall, NTVS emitted more CO₂ and N₂O than CTS, while both systems showed soil CH₄ uptake. NTVS maintained sufficient carbon equivalent reserves (0–30 cm) to offset GHG emissions, making it a viable alternative for plant yield and soil quality; however, its environmental impact on GHG emissions requires further attention. Full article

Alternaria species produce diverse secondary metabolites that act as critical virulence factors during plant pathogenesis. In cultivation areas of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Fubai’—a key cultivar for herbal tea—black spot disease caused by A. alternata manifests as necrotic leaf lesions progressing to wilting. Despite this disease’s economic impact, information on its associated toxins is limited, and the types of toxins produced by the black spot pathogen of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Fubai’ in particular remain unclear. Furthermore, whether toxins are present in the flowers when the leaves show symptoms is uncertain, but their inflorescence is not visibly infected. Using two previously characterized A. alternata strains (F16/F20) isolated from ‘Fubai’ in earlier studies, we demonstrated the concomitant production of altenuene (ALT) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in both strains, with strain-specific yield variations (F20 TeA: 342.16 µg/mL vs. F16: 21.84 µg/mL; ALT: 0.28 µg/mL vs. 0.90 µg/mL). Time-course monitoring revealed coordinated accumulation of both toxins in inoculated petals, reaching 18.07 μg/g ALT and 2.59 µg/g TeA by day 9. Notably, these two toxins were detected only in flower samples from black spot-infected plants, and their concentrations correlated closely with disease severity in the leaves. Moreover, although the inflorescences did not display symptoms, both fresh and dried flowers retained detectable toxin levels. We established a technical system for the extraction and quantitative detection of the toxins ALT and TeA produced by the black spot pathogen in tea chrysanthemum. This work provides the first confirmation of ALT/TeA co-contamination in Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Fubai’, revealing substantial dietary exposure risks through tea consumption. Our findings suggest that, from a food safety risk reduction perspective, integrated management strategies should be developed to minimize toxin contamination in tea chrysanthemum, including improved disease prevention measures and potential regulatory considerations. Full article

Rapid population growth, rising food demand, and climate change have created significant challenges to meet the water demands for agriculture. Effective irrigation water management is essential to address the world’s water crisis. The transition from conventional, frequently ineffective gravity-driven irrigations to contemporary, pressure-driven precision irrigation methods are explored in this article, addressing the difficulties associated with water-intensive irrigation, the possibility of updating conventional techniques, and the developments in smart and precision irrigation technologies. This study comprehensively analyses published literature of 150 articles from the year 2005 to 2024, based on titles, abstract, and conclusions that contain keywords such as precision irrigation scheduling, water-saving technologies, and smart irrigation systems, in addition to providing potential solutions to achieve sustainable development goals and smart agricultural production systems. Moreover, it explores the fundamentals and processes of smart irrigation, such as open- and closed-loop control, precision monitoring and control systems, and smart monitoring methods based on soil data, plant water status, weather data, remote sensing, and participatory irrigation management. Likewise, to emphasize the potential of these technologies for a more sustainable agricultural future, several smart techniques, including IoT, wireless sensor networks, deep learning, and fuzzy logic, and their effects on crop performance and water conservation across various crops are discussed. The review concludes by summarizing the limitations and challenges of implementing precision irrigation systems and AI in agriculture along with highlighting the relationship of adopting precision irrigation and ultimately achieving various sustainable development goals (SDGs). Full article