Search Results (13,130)

As an innovative structural system aligned with construction industrialization, prefabricated Steel-Reinforced Concrete (SRC) structures are characterized by high load-bearing capacity, efficient material utilization, and rapid construction. In this study, the mechanical behavior, failure mechanisms, and ductility characteristics of a prefabricated SRC multi-floored grain warehouse frame were investigated through quasi-static cyclic loading tests. To complement the experimental program, high-fidelity numerical models were developed using Abaqus, incorporating concrete plastic damage and steel material nonlinearity. The simulation results were rigorously validated against the experimental data. The findings indicate that the specimens exhibited typical shear failure modes with full hysteretic loops, demonstrating substantial energy dissipation capacity (equivalent viscous damping coefficient of 0.261). Notably, the results of the parametric study indicate that the integration of wall panels can significantly increase the load-bearing capacity and lateral stiffness of the frame system. The ductility of the samples was excellent, with displacement ductility coefficients ranging from 3.1 to 3.7. The ultimate inter-story drift angles at failure (1/49–1/38) substantially exceeded the code-specified limit (1/50), indicating robust collapse-prevention capacity. The numerical results strongly agreed with the experimental observations in terms of the hysteretic behavior, failure patterns, and skeleton curves, confirming the reliability of the modeling strategy for subsequent seismic performance analyses and parametric evaluations. Full article

Background: Hepatic lipid metabolism disorder has been linked to a wide range of diseases. Aspalathin is a flavonoid enriched in rooibos tea and has shown capacity to protect against hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the functional role of aspalathin in regulating liver metabolism and gut microbiota in the context of a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Male mice were fed a control diet or HFD, then HFD-fed animals were treated with or without aspalathin-rich extract (ASE). Hepatic neutral lipids were detected using oil red O staining and a colorimetric assay. Expression of cholesterol metabolism-, lipogenesis- and fatty acid β-oxidation-associated genes was measured. Gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic approaches. Results: HFD-fed mice had markedly higher levels of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters and downregulated expression of cholesterol metabolism-, transport- and lipogenesis-related genes in the liver. ASE administration counteracted HFD-induced effects. In addition, HFD altered the composition, diversity and metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota. The richness of beneficial bacteria, particularly the butyrate-producing bacteria, was significantly decreased. The altered metabolic pathways are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleotides, as well as mitochondrial function. ASE treatment reversed most of the alterations back to the characteristics of the control group. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated the potential of ASE improving liver lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in the scenario of a high-fat diet, providing insights into future studies on the mechanism of ASE regulating lipid metabolism disorder. Full article

Understanding the dynamic evolution of pore and fracture structure (PFS) in coal under mining disturbance is essential for safe coal extraction. In this study, coal specimens collected from the Dongqu Mine, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China, were subjected to stepwise cyclic confining pressure loading–unloading tests using a triaxial in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) system. Based on T₂ spectrum measurements, the real-time evolution of PFS, stress–strain response, permeability-related behavior, average pore diameter, and fractal characteristics were systematically investigated. The results show that irreversible damage developed in the coal specimens during cyclic confining pressure loading–unloading. With increasing cycle number, the load-bearing capacity gradually decreased, internal damage intensified, and pore expansion and coalescence became more pronounced. Seepage pore porosity showed an overall increasing trend, indicating a gradual enhancement of inferred permeability. Therefore, seepage pore porosity can be used as an effective indicator for evaluating permeability-related evolution in coal. During both loading and unloading stages, the relative volumes of small pores (SP), medium pores (MP), and large pores and fractures (LPF) continued to increase, whereas their average pore diameters fluctuated. This indicates that pore volume growth was controlled not only by the enlargement or shrinkage of pre-existing pores but also by new PFS generation. Fractal analysis showed that the fractal dimensions of MP, LPF, and total pores exhibited clear scale-dependent evolution, whereas the calculated SP fractal dimensions were lower than 2 and were therefore not suitable for pore-surface fractal interpretation. Among the valid pore systems, LPF exhibited the highest fractal dimension, indicating that LPF dominate the structural complexity of coal. These findings provide new insight into the fractal evolution of unloading-induced PFS damage and offer theoretical support for mitigating gas outburst and water inrush hazards during coal mining. Full article

Meat and meat products are highly susceptible to microbial spoilage, lipid oxidation, moisture loss, discoloration, and sensory deterioration, creating a need for effective, safe, and sustainable packaging solutions. Although previous studies have investigated biodegradable polymers, nanomaterials, and active packaging systems separately, an integrated assessment connecting material design, preservation mechanisms, safety, sustainability, and commercial feasibility remains limited. This review addresses this gap by critically evaluating recent advances in biodegradable nanocomposite films and coatings for meat preservation. Current evidence demonstrates that the incorporation of nanoscale reinforcements and bioactive agents into biopolymer matrices can enhance their mechanical performance, gas and moisture barrier properties, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant capacity, and controlled release behavior. However, these advantages are strongly influenced by the nanofiller characteristics, concentration, dispersion, polymer-nanofiller interactions, food matrix composition, and storage conditions. Excessive nanomaterial incorporation may promote aggregation, induce structural defects, reduce flexibility, and increase migration concerns. Despite promising preservation outcomes, most available studies remain limited to laboratory-scale investigations, variable testing protocols, and insufficient validation under real commercial conditions. Key challenges hindering industrial adoption include nanoparticle migration, long-term safety assessment, regulatory uncertainty, production costs, consumer acceptance, and limited life-cycle evaluation. Future research should focus on safe-by-design formulations, standardized real-food testing, scalable manufacturing approaches, controlled-release technologies, and integrated assessments of preservation efficiency, safety, economic feasibility, and environmental sustainability. Overall, biodegradable nanocomposite packaging represents a promising approach for extending meat shelf life; however, successful commercialization requires balancing enhanced preservation performance with safety assurance and industrial practicality. Full article

River networks influenced by tides represent dynamic, hydrologically complex systems where fluvial inflows interact with oceanic tidal forcing. Conventional flow-based indica-tors of hydrologic alteration (IHA) inadequately capture tidal-driven dynamics, including diurnal water level fluctuations, flow reversals, and tidal asymmetry. This study develops an augmented IHA (AIHA) framework comprising 96 indicators derived from hourly-resolution hydrodynamic simulations (1960–2019) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. The AIHA extracts four daily series—ebb-peak flow and residual, highest, and lowest water levels—supplemented by tidal characteristic metrics. A moving t-test identified 1991 as the significant regime shift, enabling comparison of reference (1960–1991) and altered (1992–2019) periods. Three-dimensional alteration was assessed as follows: deviation from the range of variability (RVA), shift in central tendency (RCM), and change in dispersion (RCD). Indicator importance was integrated via CRITIC weighting and multi-site Borda scoring. Results show that range shifts and central-tendency shifts were generally dominated by low-intensity alteration, accounting for 58.3–71.9% and more than 85% of the indicators, respectively, whereas dispersion shifts were more pronounced, with medium- and high-alteration indicators accounting for an average of 42.4%. Water level indicators exhibited substantially greater alteration sensitivity than flow indicators, particularly in estuarine zones where the alteration degrees of some indicators exceeded 90%. Among hydrological elements, ebb-peak flow indicators responded more strongly in range shifts, with an average comprehensive alteration degree of 29.6%, while water level indicators showed more pronounced changes in central tendency and dispersion; the lowest water level indicators were especially sensitive, with average comprehensive alteration degrees of 19.6% and 77.3%, respectively. Spatially, center-of-distribution shifts (RCM) diverged: positive in western/northern tributaries (increased flows) versus negative in the eastern PRD (decreased flows). Integrated Borda scoring identified low-flow extremes during dry seasons, event timing, and tidal modulation as the most sensitive responses to hydrological stress. The AIHA framework demonstrates that tidal river alteration is characterized by intensified low-flow volatility and amplified tidal influence, with water level metrics providing a superior detection capacity than achieved by discharge alone. This process-integrated approach offers robust quantitative support for ecological flow management and estuarine restoration in tidal environments globally. Full article

Background/Objectives: Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and limited experimental validation capacity motivate efficient prioritization of antibacterial candidates from large chemical libraries. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) benchmarks often binarize disk diffusion inhibition-zone (IZ) measurements, obscuring activity gradients and imposing threshold dependence. We examined whether continuous-IZ modeling provides complementary retrospective prioritization relative to calibrated binary classification in a highly imbalanced dataset. Methods: In this retrospective matched-data evaluation, we revisited a published ChEMBL-derived P. aeruginosa disk diffusion dataset using preserved training and locked external validation partitions. A calibrated support vector classifier using Molecular ACCess System keys (SVC/MACCS) provided conservative binary active calls. RegressionStack combined source-descriptor extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and ElasticNet regressors, Morgan-fingerprint random forest and gradient-boosting regressors, and a MACCS-key XGBoost regressor through an XGBoost meta-regressor to predict continuous IZ. Results: On the locked external set (n = 1130; 87 actives), SVC/MACCS achieved a positive predictive value (PPV) = 0.619, receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) = 0.857, precision–recall area under the curve (PR-AUC) = 0.479, and enrichment factor at 1% (EF@1%) = 7.58. RegressionStack achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) = 3.20 mm, ROC-AUC = 0.896, PR-AUC = 0.545, and EF@1% = 9.74. Neither paired permutation tests (ROC-AUC, p = 0.501; PR-AUC, p = 0.442) nor paired bootstrap confidence intervals resolved these differences. The y-randomization analyses supported non-random signals; scaffold-grouped validation retained early enrichment but showed reduced broader performance. The consensus-positive tier contained 27 actives among 35 nominations (PPV = 0.771). At measured IZ ≥ 30 mm, MAE increased to 9.46 mm, and all 30 compounds were underpredicted. Conclusions: Continuous-target modeling retained the IZ scale during training and generated a threshold-flexible predicted-IZ prioritization coordinate complementary to, but not statistically superior to, calibrated binary classification. The methodological contribution is a matched-data evaluation of complete workflows and their nomination behavior under the same partitions, yielding a retrospective compound-tiering scheme. Because the pipelines differed in architecture and molecular representation, their differences cannot be attributed solely to endpoint formulation. The workflows were not prospectively evaluated on compounds lacking pre-existing IZ measurements, and whether retrospective enrichment improves experimental hit discovery or reduces screening workload remains to be established. Full article

Expansion joint anchorage zones are prone to premature cracking and fatigue deterioration under repeated wheel impact and interfacial stress concentration. Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are promising anchorage materials because of their tensile strain-hardening behavior, multiple fine cracking, and high deformation capacity. However, how ECC strength–ductility characteristics affect vehicle-induced stress redistribution and fatigue damage accumulation remains unclear. This study develops a material–structure–fatigue framework for ECC anchorage zones. Three PVA-ECC mixtures were tested, and their measured constitutive relationships were incorporated into a three-dimensional vehicle–expansion joint coupled finite element model validated using reported field strain data from a C50 concrete anchorage zone. Critical tensile stress histories were extracted for rainflow counting and Miner-based fatigue assessment. Results show that ECC reduced tensile stress concentration and increased tensile safety margins compared with C50 concrete. Under the defined loading scenario, the estimated fatigue life increased from 9.93 years for C50 concrete to 83.15 years for the best-performing ECC scheme. Ten-year comparative field observations supported the predicted durability trend. By linking ECC strength–ductility characteristics with vehicle-induced stress redistribution and cumulative fatigue damage, the proposed framework provides a quantitative basis for fatigue-resistant material selection and durability-oriented design of expansion joint anchorage zones. Full article

This paper presents a systematic comparative study on the mechanical performance of ZY6000 single-column and ZY6400 double-column shield hydraulic supports using SolidWorks 3D modeling and Abaqus explicit dynamic finite element simulation. High-precision numerical models of both supports were established, and three typical working conditions (canopy two-end loading, base two-end loading, and canopy eccentric loading) were designed to evaluate their stress distribution, displacement characteristics, bearing capacity, and structural stability. The transient response laws of the canopy and base under impact loads were quantitatively analyzed, and targeted structural optimizations were proposed for the ZY6000 support. The results show that the ZY6000 single-column support exhibits superior canopy mechanical performance, with an 8.77% reduction in maximum canopy stress compared to the ZY6400 support. After optimization, the maximum base stress of the ZY6000 support was reduced by 25.3%, significantly improving its structural safety margin. This study verifies the engineering feasibility of single-column shield hydraulic supports and provides valuable references for the lightweight design of mining support equipment. Full article

Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are increasingly recognized as major drivers of therapy resistance and tumor relapse, yet the conserved molecular programs underlying their persistence remain incompletely defined. To identify genes consistently deregulated across eight independent datasets, we performed an integrative transcriptomic analysis of PGCCs derived from prostate, ovarian, and breast cancers. By focusing on consistently up- or down-regulated genes that were expressed in at least five datasets and showed a concordant direction of expression across more than 70% of datasets and met a significance threshold of adjusted p < 0.05, we defined the core regulatory architecture stabilizing the PGCC state under therapeutic stress. Our analysis reveals that PGCCs exhibit a paradoxical ranscriptomic signature consistent with cytolytic activity alongside reduced immune detection. These cells activated pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine signaling while simultaneously engaging immune-evasion mechanisms, including PD-L1-associated and virus-like escape programs. Concurrently, PGCCs displayed transcriptional features characteristic of immune-privileged cellular states, including embryonic development, reproductive programs, senescence-associated survival, apoptosis resistance, and deep dormancy marked by coordinated suppression of major housekeeping processes. Notably, PGCCs also activated neuronal differentiation and neurodegeneration-associated pathways, including axon guidance, neurogenesis, and calcium signaling. This neuron-like, calcium-dependent stress adaptation program may further enhance immune privilege and long-term survival capacity. We propose that PGCCs represent an immune-adaptive polyploid survival state in which inflammatory and ontogenetic pathways are repurposed to support immune evasion and tumor persistence. By identifying actionable vulnerabilities within calcium signaling, neuronal mimicry, and checkpoint-associated pathways, this study provides a framework for therapeutic strategies aimed at dismantling the PGCC reservoir and preventing tumor relapse. Full article

The surging integration of volatile renewable energy severely exacerbates power grid frequency fluctuations, yet conventional frequency regulation (FR) market clearing mechanisms fail to efficiently coordinate heterogeneous energy storage systems (ESSs) due to the complete decoupling of multi-dimensional physical performance from economic dispatch. To resolve this critical industry bottleneck, this paper proposes a novel Stackelberg game-based clearing mechanism tailored for diverse ESS participation. A bi-level optimization framework is constructed to internalize physical FR characteristics into market economics; the upper level minimizes the system operator’s total procurement costs by transforming multi-dimensional physical metrics—including dynamic response rates, time delays, and control accuracy—into endogenous performance penalty factors. Concurrently, the lower level maximizes the individual revenues of heterogeneous ESS aggregators under a Gini coefficient-based fairness constraint to mitigate profit monopolization and promote a more sustainable market ecology. To address the computational challenges of high-dimensional non-convexity, an enhanced hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Quadratic Programming (GA-QP) solver is developed to secure robust convergence to the Stackelberg equilibrium. Comprehensive simulation results confirm that the proposed Stackelberg game-based clearing mechanism enables a highly rational, quality-driven allocation of frequency regulation capacity. By dynamically linking physical performance metrics with economic benefit factors, it successfully achieves an optimal balance of interests between heterogeneous energy storage aggregators and the overarching market. Crucially, compared to conventional purely economic models, this mechanism structurally prevents absolute technology monopoly—drastically reducing the market Gini coefficient from a hazardous 0.85 to a healthy 0.32—while sustaining multi-party equity at a negligible system cost increase of only 1.64%. Ultimately, this framework offers a highly feasible and resilient solution for the efficient clearing of multi-type energy storage in modern power systems. Full article

Background/Objectives: Hitting the wall (HTW) is a common and performance-limiting phenomenon in marathon running, traditionally attributed to glycogen depletion and reduced carbohydrate availability. However, the persistence of late-race performance collapse despite advances in fueling strategies suggests that HTW may not be explained by a single metabolic mechanism. Instead, HTW may represent a psychophysiological performance-collapse phenomenon arising from the interaction between physiological strain, perceived exertion, pacing regulation, and the athlete’s capacity to preserve function under prolonged stress. Methods: This narrative review aimed to synthesize the physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms contributing to HTW and to propose an integrative durability-based framework for understanding late-race performance deterioration during marathon running. Results: Current evidence indicates that HTW may emerge from the cumulative interaction of metabolic stress, thermoregulatory strain, dehydration, gastrointestinal dysfunction, neuromuscular fatigue, biomechanical deterioration, perceptual responses, and pacing errors. These stressors may progressively increase perceived effort, impair pace regulation, and reduce the athlete’s capacity to preserve physiological function and sustain the intended race pace. Within this framework, durability represents the ability to resist deterioration in physiological characteristics and performance capacity during prolonged exercise and may help explain why runners with similar fitness levels experience different late-race outcomes. Conclusions: HTW should therefore not be viewed simply as running out of fuel. Rather, it may represent the manifestation of reduced durability and psychophysiological dysregulation arising from multiple interacting stressors during marathon running. Strategies aimed at improving durability through marathon-specific training, optimized fueling, gastrointestinal tolerance, thermoregulatory preparation, neuromuscular resilience, pacing regulation, perceptual awareness, and individualized monitoring may reduce susceptibility to HTW. Full article

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic substantially disrupted healthcare systems worldwide, raising concerns regarding delays in diagnosis, alterations in treatment pathways, and oncological outcomes for women with advanced ovarian cancer (AOC). This study evaluated the impact of the pandemic on the management and survival of patients with AOC treated at a high-volume ESGO-accredited tertiary gynaecological oncology centre. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using a prospectively maintained database of consecutive women diagnosed with FIGO stage III–IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer between January 2017 and December 2022. Patients were divided into pre-pandemic and pandemic cohorts. Demographic characteristics, FIGO stage, treatment pathways, surgical outcomes, and overall survival were compared. Survival was analysed using Kaplan–Meier methodology and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to evaluate the independent association between the pandemic period and overall survival after adjustment for age, FIGO stage, ECOG performance status and treatment modality. Results: A total of 700 patients were included, 406 patients treated before the pandemic and 294 during the pandemic. Patients diagnosed during the pandemic had a better ECOG performance status, but 51.3% presented with FIGO stage IV disease. Overall treatment rates were maintained (84.4% vs. 87.4% pre-pandemic), although treatment strategies shifted towards increased use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (55% vs. 42.4%, p < 001), with a greater proportion of patients subsequently undergoing interval debulking surgery. Complete cytoreduction following interval debulking surgery was preserved throughout the study period, despite more advanced disease at presentation. One-year overall survival was similar between cohorts (69% vs. 72.2% pre-pandemic), whereas three-year overall survival was significantly lower among patients treated during the pandemic (36.1% vs. 45.1%). On multivariable Cox regression analysis, treatment during the pandemic remained independently associated with poorer overall survival after adjustment for clinically relevant baseline factors. Conclusions: Despite unprecedented disruption to healthcare services, specialist gynaecological oncology care has maintained access to multimodality treatment and preserved maximal effort cytoreductive surgery. Nevertheless, patients diagnosed during the pandemic experienced inferior long-term survival independent of baseline disease characteristics and treatment allocation, highlighting the broader indirect consequences of the pandemic on cancer outcomes. These findings emphasise the importance of protecting diagnostic pathways, multidisciplinary cancer services and surgical capacity during future healthcare crises. Full article

With the accelerating global population aging process, home health care (HHC) has emerged as a promising service mode to satisfy surging elderly medical care needs and alleviate the pressure of offline medical institutions. As a core operational optimization problem in the HHC service system, the home health care routing and scheduling problem (HHCRSP) has attracted extensive research attention in recent years. Different from traditional HHCRSP research, this work proposes a bi-objective mixed-integer programming model for HHC, which integrates facility location, caregiver allocation, route planning and skill-matching rules. The model simultaneously minimizes two competing objectives: total operational cost and total penalty incurred from time window violations. To tackle the high-complexity NP-hard characteristics of this integrated optimization problem, an enhanced non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (E-NSGA) is designed by introducing dedicated local search operators to improve solution quality. Comparative numerical experiments are carried out on 12 test instances extended from the classic Vidal benchmark, covering four patient scales of 70, 80, 90 and 100 patients. Four state-of-the-art multi-objective metaheuristics, i.e., MOEA/D, MOGWO, NSGA-II and NSGAII-MLS, are selected as baseline comparison algorithms. Experimental results reveal prominent performance advantages of E-NSGA over all comparison methods. In terms of the IGD metric, E-NSGA achieves IGD reductions of 20.19%, 86.30%, 24.98% and 37.72% against MOEA/D, MOGWO, NSGA-II and NSGAII-MLS, respectively. In terms of the Hypervolume metric, E-NSGA obtains performance improvements of 6.22%, 2019.42%, 10.36% and 18.04% relative to the four baseline algorithms. Such quantitative evidence verifies the strong comprehensive optimization capacity of the proposed E-NSGA for addressing the investigated problem. Full article

Lead (Pb²⁺) pollution poses a severe threat to the ecological environment and human health due to its high toxicity, bioaccumulation, and refractory nature. Traditional treatment technologies for lead-contaminated wastewater, such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, and membrane separation, often face limitations, including secondary pollution, high costs, and high energy consumption. In contrast, adsorption has emerged as a promising alternative technology with advantages such as a simple process, high efficiency at low concentrations, and renewability. Biomass-based hydrogels and their composite systems, as novel green adsorbent materials, combine the abundant functional groups of natural biomass with the structural stability, high porosity, and recoverability of hydrogels through a three-dimensional cross-linked network, offering unique advantages for lead ion adsorption. Depending on their composition, these systems range from fully biodegradable pure biopolymer networks to partly biodegradable or biomass-containing composites incorporating inorganic, carbon-based, or metal–organic framework (MOF) materials. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress on cellulose, lignin, sodium alginate, chitosan, starch-based hydrogels, and their composite systems for lead (Pb²⁺) adsorption. First, the structural characteristics, cross-linking mechanisms, and functional modification strategies of various biomass hydrogels are introduced. Then, the adsorption mechanisms of Pb²⁺, including multiple modes of action such as coordination complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, and physical adsorption, are systematically analyzed. The adsorption performance of different material systems is compared in detail. The regeneration and recycling performance, as well as the potential practical applications, of the materials are evaluated. On this basis, the main challenges in current research are summarised: balancing adsorption capacity and mechanical strength, achieving selective adsorption in actual wastewater, improving regeneration efficiency, and optimizing costs. In addition, future development directions for biomass hydrogel adsorbent materials are discussed, including the design of multi-functional composite materials, the development of intelligent, responsive hydrogels, engineering-scale-up, and life-cycle assessment. This review aims to provide a theoretical framework and technical roadmap for the rational design of high-performance, sustainable hydrogel adsorbents and to promote their engineering application for the treatment of lead-contaminated wastewater. Full article

There is currently a need for high-value applications of vinegar residue, a major byproduct generated during vinegar production, in order to benefit the environment and economic development. Melanoidins exist in vinegar residue as brown and bioactive macromolecules which are produced during the vinegar brewing process. However, the physicochemical characteristics and potential immunomodulatory activity of melanoidins from vinegar residue (VRM) have yet to be clarified. In this study, VRM exhibited structural heterogeneity, with a molecular weight of 9005.42 Da. Carbohydrates were the dominant component, accounting for 57.86 ± 3.36% (w/w), and xylose was the primary monosaccharide, with molar ratios of 53.15%. In addition, microstructural observations showed clear edges and a relatively smooth surface in VRM samples. Spectral analysis with FTIR showed that VRM has broad-spectrum ultraviolet absorption capacity and contains hydroxyl groups and unsaturated structures. Meanwhile, VRM exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than vinegar melanoidins according to ABTS and FRAP. Furthermore, the effects of VRM on immunomodulation were investigated in macrophages. VRM significantly induced phagocytic capacity and the secretion of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. VRM at 800 ug/mL effectively exerted an immunomodulatory effect, which was associated with the TLR4-mediated NF-κB pathway. These findings demonstrate that VRM has a polysaccharide skeleton cross-linked with proteins and polyphenols, and possesses antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. It will provide a novel and functional product for the efficient utilization of vinegar residue. Full article