Search Results (489)

This study investigates the wear characteristics and optimization of a centrifugal pump (Q = 25 m³/h, H = 50 m, n = 2900 r/min) applied in sediment-laden waters of Southern Xinjiang irrigation systems. A numerical framework integrating the Realizable $k-\epsilon$ turbulence model, Discrete Phase Model (DPM), and Oka erosion model was established to analyze wear patterns under varying parameters (particle size, density, and mass flow rate). Results indicate that the average erosion rate peaks at 0.92 kg/s mass flow rate. Subsequently, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-based optimization was implemented: (1) Plackett–Burman (PB) screening identified the inlet placement angle (A), inlet diameter (C), and outlet width (E) as dominant factors; (2) Full factorial design (FFD) revealed significant interactions (e.g., A × C, C × E); (3) Box–Behnken Design (BBD) generated quadratic regression models for head, efficiency, shaft power, and wear rate (R² > 0.94). Optimization reduced the average erosion rate by 31.35% (from 1.550 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.064 × 10⁻⁴ kg·m⁻²·s⁻¹). Experimental validation confirmed the numerical model’s accuracy in predicting wear localization (e.g., impeller outlet). This work provides a robust methodology for enhancing the wear resistance of centrifugal pumps for agricultural irrigation in water with high fine sediment concentration environments. Full article

Mango seed kernels, an underutilized by-product of the mango pulping industries, are a rich supplier of metabolites, specifically phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These compounds have potential health benefits. The present study aims to optimize the solvent-assisted conditions for polyphenol extraction from mango seed kernels by using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, the effect of the solvent-to-solid ratio (5:1 to 25:1, mL/g), extraction temperature (30–70 °C), and extraction time (60–120 min) on the polyphenol yield was investigated. The optimal conditions of a solvent-to-solid ratio of 12 (mL/g), extraction temperature of 53 °C, and extraction time of 97 min showed the maximum yield of dried extract. In optimal conditions, the extract contained a total phenolic content of 110.02 ± 0.50 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, total flavonoids of 24.58 ± 0.09 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, 64.21 ± 0.12% inhibition of DPPH, and 53.25 ± 0.23% ABTS radical scavenging. Moreover, the extract at 500 mg/mL concentration showed the highest anti-bacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Gallic acid, mangiferin, rutin, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, and quercetin were noted in mango seed kernel extract obtained at optimal extraction conditions. Overall, a rapid and optimal methodology is reported for extracting, identifying, and quantifying polyphenols from mango seed kernels. Full article

Harvesting of laver is an important link in the laver culture chain, and a new type of corrugated harvesting blade with a curved edge angle was designed to solve the problems of low cutting ratio in laver harvesting. The mechanical model of the corrugated blade cutting laver was established to elucidate the dynamic characteristics of laver cutting under single-point support. Based on the measured biomechanical characteristic parameters of Porphyra yezoensis, a rigid-flexible coupling model of laver harvesting was established based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA2022R2. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) test method was used to study the influence of the main structural parameters of the corrugated blade on the harvesting of laver, and the optimal structural parameter combinations of the corrugated blade were determined as follows: a slip angle of 21°, blade inclination angle of 106°, and curved edge angle of 15°; the slip-cutting mowing force of the laver was 11.18 N and the tensile force was 1.4 N. A bench test was completed, and the results showed that the corrugated blade could be used for harvesting laver. The results showed that the average loss rate of the harvesting equipment was 1.85% and the average net recovery rate was 98.75% when the corrugated blade rotational speed was 900 rpm and the boat speed was 0.71 m/s; compared to the traditional straight-blade hob-type harvesting machine, the cutting force on laver has increased by 45.26%, and the tensile force has decreased by 68.35%, which satisfied the requirements of laver harvesting. This study provides theoretical and simulation model references for the design, analysis, and optimization of laver harvesting equipment. Full article

This study investigates the formulation and optimization of acid-stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate (NaCN)–xanthan gum (XG) complexes, with the aim of developing a natural biopolymer-based delivery system exhibiting controlled release behavior. The emulsions were prepared at pH 4, and the effects of NaCN concentration, XG concentration, and primary fraction (PF) on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and droplet size (DS) were systematically evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design (BBD). Microscopic and rheological analyses confirmed the formation of a rigid interfacial film around the droplets, leading to improved emulsion stability over one month of storage at 4, 25, and 40 °C. The release kinetics of chlortetracycline (CTC), used as a model drug, followed a Fickian diffusion mechanism, indicating efficient control of the release rate by the NaCN/XG interfacial complex. The optimized formulation (NaCN = 0.652%, XG = 0.339%, PF = 10%) yielded an encapsulation efficiency of 87.7% and a mean droplet size of 24.83 µm, demonstrating excellent predictive accuracy of the statistical model. The results highlight the potential of NaCN/XG complexes to produce acid-stable, biopolymer-based double emulsions capable of sustained release of bioactive compounds, making this system promising for food and pharmaceutical delivery applications. Full article

Sulfanilic acid (SA) is a representative sulfonated aromatic amine commonly found in industrial effluents, posing significant risks to both human health and the ecosystem. Efficient and cost-effective treatment of SA-containing wastewater is crucial for sustainable environmental management. This study investigates the performance of the photo-Fenton process in degrading SA-containing wastewater. Three process variables are selected to study their effects on percent total organic carbon (%TOC) removal and final pH (pH_Final): initial total organic carbon concentration (TOC₀) (150–250 mg/L), Fe²⁺ concentration (15–85 mg/L), and H₂O₂ concentration (1000–1500 mg/L). A combination of response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) is applied to examine both the individual and interactive effects of these variables. A total of 15 experimental trials are conducted, with the center point repeated three times. The results indicate significant interaction effects between Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂ concentrations on %TOC removal, while the interaction between TOC₀ and H₂O₂ concentration notably influences pH_Final. The optimal operating parameters to maximize %TOC removal within 45 min of operation are determined as a TOC₀ of 54.2 mg/L, an Fe²⁺ catalyst concentration of 33.7 mg/L, and an H₂O₂ concentration of 1403 mg/L. Under these conditions, the predicted %TOC removal and pH_Final were 89.2% and 2.93, respectively, which confirmed through validation experiments. Additionally, a correlation between pH_Final, TOC₀, and final TOC concentration (TOC_Final) is observed, leading to the development of a linear model capable of predicting TOC_Final based on TOC₀ and ${\mathrm{p}\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{F}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}}$ within the experimental space. The latter finding facilitates online monitoring of the process progress. Full article

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are efficient nanofillers for improving the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resins due to their high stiffness, aspect ratio, and interfacial reinforcement ability. This study employs a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to investigate the combined effect of GNP content (0.5–3.5 wt.%), hardener concentration (9–17 phr), and post-curing temperature (30–120 °C) on DGEBA/TETA epoxy nanocomposites. Mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical, and morphological characterizations (flexural testing, DMA, TGA, DSC, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and AFM) established structure–property correlations. The optimized formulation (2.0 wt.% GNP, 9 phr hardener, and 120 °C post-curing) exhibited superior reinforcement, with flexural strength of 322.0 ± 12.8 MPa, flexural modulus of 9.7 ± 0.5 GPa, and strain at break of 4.4 ± 0.2%, corresponding to increases of 197%, 155%, and 91% compared with neat epoxy. DMA confirmed a rise in storage modulus from 2.9 to 7.5 GPa and a Tg of 143 °C, while TGA showed a 15 °C improvement in thermal stability. Statistical analysis identified post-curing temperature as the dominant factor governing Tg, stiffness, and thermal stability, with synergistic contributions from GNP content and hardener concentration to the overall network performance. These results surpass those of GO- and CNT-based systems, demonstrating the superior efficiency of GNPs under optimized conditions. The proposed approach provides a robust pathway for developing epoxy nanocomposites with low filler content and enhanced multifunctional performance. Full article

Origanum dubium, mainly grown in the Mediterranean region, is one of the less extensively studied species among the oregano class. Oregano species are recognized for their significant pharmaceutical properties, primarily attributed to carvacrol and other phenolic compounds. The goal of this study was to establish a sustainable method for the extraction of carvacrol, total phenolic, and total flavonoid compounds (TPC and TFC, respectively). Pulse-mode ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UPAE) was employed, using ethanol–water mixtures as green solvents, for the extraction of the bioactive compounds from the plant material. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) coupled with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction process with respect to the extraction temperature, extraction time, ethanol-to-water ratio of the solvent and power amplitude of the ultrasonic processor. The responses of carvacrol (determined by HPLC-PDA), TPC, and TFC (determined by spectrometric methods) were evaluated by RSM. The statistical model identified the optimal extraction conditions, which were a combination of increased extraction temperature (70 °C) for 26 min with an intermediate ethanol–water ratio (60%) at the maximum processor’s power amplitude (100%). These conditions led to the optimal response of the three measured parameters. The optimized parameters represent a green and efficient approach to obtain bioactive-enriched extracts from Origanum dubium, suitable for potential applications in functional foods, preservatives, or other applications. Full article

The toxicity of anilinium-based compounds continues to increase with their prevalence in industrial effluents, posing a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems. To address this, a photocatalytic system comprising UV/H₂O₂/Ti-MOF was developed and optimized for the degradation of ionic solids (ISs). The synthesized Ti-MOF was characterized for its absorption and energy transmission capacity, morphological and elemental properties, thermal stability, and phase behavior, with UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, XRD, and TGA-DSC, respectively. The degradation experiment under UV irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and Ti-MOF illustrated an enhanced catalytic efficiency of the system when compared to blank experiments without the MOF catalyst. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was then employed to evaluate and optimize key parameters, including IS concentration (150–650 mg/mL), time (1–5 h), and H₂O₂ (1–5%), in terms of the degradation efficiency. At optimal conditions for an IS concentration of 650 mg/mL, time of 3 h, and H₂O₂ concentration of 5%, an actual degradation efficiency of 57.5% was obtained, with 55.52% predicted by the RSM model at a 95% confidence level. Analysis of variance revealed statistical significance in the response models, with a coefficient of determination (R²) greater than 0.94, in agreement with the adjusted R² value of less than 0.89. Kinetic analysis revealed that the degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, exhibiting good reusability over multiple cycles. The study shows the potential of the UV/H₂O₂/Ti-MOF system as a sustainable and highly efficient approach to treating recalcitrant IS pollutants in wastewater. Full article

Sinomenine (SIN), as a potential therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), exhibits advantages such as non-addictiveness. However, its low aqueous solubility and poor membrane permeability result in limited bioavailability, which compromises its therapeutic efficacy in conventional formulations. To address these limitations, this study developed nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) with optimized formulations and evaluated their pharmacodynamic performance. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to screen excipients and analyze the blending system. SIN-loaded NLCs (SIN-NLCs) were prepared using high-pressure homogenization. Single-factor experiments were performed to optimize the processing conditions of SIN-NLCs. A three-factor, three-level experimental design was established using Design Expert 13 software and further refined through Box–Behnken design (BBD) response surface methodology. This approach enabled cross-validation between molecular dynamics simulations and conventional experiments. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine morphology, while X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed to characterize the physicochemical state of SIN in NLCs. Pharmacodynamic evaluation was performed in a RA model, supplemented by single-pass intestinal perfusion study (SPIP). Initially, MD simulations were employed to evaluate drug–excipient compatibility, thereby identifying suitable formulation excipients: stearic acid and oleic acid as lipid components, and Poloxamer 188 as the surfactant. Subsequently, single-factor experiments combined with the BBD response surface methodology were employed to optimize preparation parameters, establishing the ideal process conditions: drug-to-lipid ratio of 1:42, solid-to-liquid lipid ratio of 5.58:4.42, and Poloxamer 188 concentration of 1.20%. The optimized SIN-NLCs exhibited spherical particles with uniform dispersion and no agglomeration. The average particle size was 173.90 ± 1.97 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.18 ± 0.01, a zeta potential of −22.65 ± 0.60 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 91.27% ± 0.01. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed that SIN existed in an amorphous state and was successfully encapsulated within the lipid matrix. In vivo, SIN-NLCs significantly reduced paw swelling and arthritis scores in model rats, promoted synovial cell proliferation, and suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration. The intestinal perfusion study demonstrated that SIN-NLCs were primarily absorbed in the small intestine and markedly enhanced drug permeability. SIN-NLCs represent an effective delivery system to enhance the solubility and permeability of SIN. This study provides a novel strategy and methodology for the formulation of hydrophobic drugs, offering valuable insights for future pharmaceutical development. Full article

A critical challenge in the design optimization of subsoiling and deep-fertilization implements for root pruning during the regreening stage of winter wheat lies in the lack of a validated root–soil discrete element (DEM) model. This study analyzed and measured the geometric morphology of winter wheat root systems in soil during the regreening stage and constructed corresponding geometric models. Based on the DEM framework, a Hertz–Mindlin with bonding model (HMBM) for the wheat root system was developed. The parameters of this model were calibrated using Plackett–Burman (PB) and Box–Behnken design (BBD) methods. Soil particles were simplified to spherical shapes according to particle size distribution analysis, and a discrete element model of soil particles using the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) contact model was established. Soil model parameters at three different moisture contents were calibrated with the angle of repose (AOR) as the target response. The accuracy of the root bonding model and parameters, as well as the root–soil contact model and parameters, was verified through pull-out tests and corresponding DEM simulations of single roots in soil. Comparison between experimental and simulated pull-out results confirmed the validity of the developed root–soil DEM model for winter wheat during the regreening stage. This study provides a solid theoretical and experimental basis for future research on root cutting and tillage operations in winter wheat. Full article

Cocoa pod husk (CPH) is a potential material to produce value-added products. The objective of this study was to optimize the microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment (MA-HTP) of CPH and CPH hemicellulose (HMC-CPH) using only water as the extraction medium, in combination with response surface analysis (RSA), Box–Behnken design (BBD), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance identification and quantification (¹H NMR Qu) to provide an efficient protocol for the extraction of mono- and disaccharides, as a novel method for which no precedent was found. The methodology consisted of 15 CPH MA-HTPs and 15 HMC-CPH MA-HTPs (triplicate) designed by RSA-BBD; the experimental variables were time, temperature, and power, and the response was the concentration of extraction products. Glucose, sucrose, and fructose were identified as products of the extractions by ¹H NMR. With 95% confidence, higher sucrose content was determined for CPH (45.62%) compared to HMC-CPH (17.34%), high fructose content for both CPH and HMC-CPH (37.88% and 35.37%, respectively), and minimal glucose concentrations were obtained in both CPH and HMC-CPH (4.57% and 0.93%, respectively). Using RSA-BBD, optimal temperature, power, and time points were predicted for glucose CPH: 135.4 °C, 180.6 W, and 5.8 min; sucrose: 154.3 °C, 256.3 W, and 20. 2 min; fructose 129.5 °C, 173.8 W, and 5.27 min. For HMC-CPH, the optimal conditions were as follows: glucose: 142.2 °C, 204.4 W, and 10.5 min; sucrose: 148.8 °C, 215.6 W, and 14.3 min; fructose: 151.6 °C, 231.6 W, and 13 min. Full article

Hydroponic systems represent a sustainable, soil-less alternative to conventional agriculture, offering high water-use efficiency and reduced land demand. However, the resulting hydroponic wastewater solution (HWS) requires proper treatment to prevent environmental contamination and enable nutrient recovery. This study systematically optimized the electrocoagulation (EC) process for nitrate and phosphate removal from HWS using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken Design (BBD). The effects of three key factors—applied current (0.03–0.80 A), electrolysis time (10–60 min), and number of aluminum electrodes (2, 4, 6)—were examined to maximize nutrient removal efficiency while minimizing energy consumption. Statistical modeling in Minitab software 2021, confirmed the strong influence of these parameters on removal performance (p < 0.05, high R² values). Phosphate removal was highly efficient, reaching 99.7% under optimal conditions (0.415 A, four-electrode configuration, 35–60 min). However, nitrate removal was low at lower levels of applied current (0.03 A), with the best performance (Greater than 95%) achieved at 0.8 A and 60 min using six electrodes. Higher current and electrode numbers improved removal efficiency, though excessive current occasionally caused electrode passivation. Energy analysis showed that increasing the current and electrode number enhanced removal efficiency but also elevated power consumption. Overall, the results demonstrate that fine-tuning current intensity and electrolysis duration is critical to balance removal performance and energy demand. The study concludes that electrocoagulation is an effective and treatment option for nutrient recovery and decentralized management of hydroponic wastewater. Full article

The heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ were fabricated using maize straw as template (MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄) by calcination followed by the hydrothermal method. The characterization showed that higher Fe₃O₄ particle dispersion, closer interaction between TiO₂ and Fe₃O₄, stronger electron transfer ability, and lower leaching of Fe ions of MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ catalyst resulted in higher catalytic activity towards the degradation of tetracycline (TC) compared to pure Fe₃O₄. The best conditions for TC degradation were initial pH = 6.74, 11.52 mmol/L of H₂O₂, 0.38 g/L of MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄, and a reaction time of 56.63 min according to the response surface methodology (RSM) result based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The quadratic model was well-fitted to the experimental data with R2 (0.9843) and adj-R2 (0.9660) by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Under the optimum reaction conditions, a maximum removal rate of 98.67% was achieved. The findings of the present study revealed that heterogeneous UV–Fenton process catalyzed by MST-TiO₂/Fe₃O₄ was a suitable way for the degradation of TC from aqueous environment. Full article

Medicinal plants play an essential role in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to their ability to prevent and treat diseases. In this study, a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to maximize the conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from matico and chacruna leaves in terms of total extraction yield (TEY), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) using ABTS and DPPH assays. The effect of methanol concentration (X1: 25%, 50%, and 75%), time (X2: 3, 6, and 9 min), and power (X3: 90, 270, and 450 W) was evaluated as independent variables. The experimental results were fitted to second-order polynomial models, and multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were used to determine the suitability of the models, using which 3D response surface plots were generated. Considering the multivariable optimization, the best extraction conditions were 73.68% v/v methanol, 9 min, 269.32 W for matico, and 64.84% v/v methanol, 3 min, 344.44 W for chacruna. Under these conditions, the maximum value of 18.33 and 20.83% for TEY, 7.16 and 40.86 mg GAE/g dm for TPC, 56.88 and 526.38 µmol TE/g dm for DPPH were predicted for matico and chacruna, respectively. Practical Applications: This research focused on the modeling by response surface methodology (RSM) of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of bioactive compounds from matico and chacruna, Peruvian plants used in traditional medicine. The methodologies used allow the maximization of bioactive extraction, which presented a high recovery of phenolics with high antioxidant activity. These results highlight the use of Amazon plants in traditional medicine and their possible use in other industries such as cosmetic or food safety. Full article

In this present study, the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in increasing the yields of extraction of starch and polyphenols from Canna indica L. (Canna) rhizomes were analyzed, along with its influence on the physiochemical properties of the extracted compounds. Extraction parameters (temperature, time, and solid-to-liquid ratio) were optimized through Box–Behnken response surface design (BBD). The physiochemical and functional properties of starch and polyphenols were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the swelling and solubility index, oil and water absorption index, total polyphenol yield, and antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and ORAC). The starch yield obtained from Canna at the optimum extraction conditions (temperature 40 °C, time 10 min, and solid-to-liquid ratio 1:30 g/mL) was 19.81%. The obtained starch yield was found to be significantly higher than the yield attained through the conventional extraction method without adverse changes in the physicochemical and functional properties. The total polyphenol extraction yield from the Canna rhizome, through UAE, was significantly higher (1061.72 mg GAE/100 g) than that of the conventional method. The antioxidant activity of bioactive compounds was proportional to the attained polyphenol yield. Our results suggest that UAE optimized conditions efficiently and improved Canna starch and polyphenol extraction yields while preserving their functional properties. Full article