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Keywords = anti-mycoplasma activity

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18 pages, 7271 KiB  
Article
ENO1 from Mycoplasma bovis Disrupts Host Glycolysis and Inflammation by Binding ACTB
by Rui-Rui Li, Xiao-Jiao Yu, Jia-Yin Liang, Jin-Liang Sheng, Hui Zhang, Chuang-Fu Chen, Zhong-Chen Ma and Yong Wang
Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081107 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen that is associated with respiratory diseases, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle, leading to significant economic losses in the global cattle industry. Most notably in this study, we pioneer the discovery that its secreted effector ENO1 (α-enolase) directly [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen that is associated with respiratory diseases, mastitis, and arthritis in cattle, leading to significant economic losses in the global cattle industry. Most notably in this study, we pioneer the discovery that its secreted effector ENO1 (α-enolase) directly targets host cytoskeletal proteins for metabolic–immune regulation. Using an innovative GST pull-down/mass spectrometry approach, we made the seminal discovery of β-actin (ACTB) as the primary host target of ENO1—the first reported bacterial effector–cytoskeleton interaction mediating metabolic reprogramming. ENO1–ACTB binding depends on a hydrogen bond network involving ACTB’s 117Glu and 372Arg residues. This interaction triggers (1) glycolytic activation via Glut1 upregulation, establishing Warburg effect characteristics (lactic acid accumulation/ATP inhibition), and (2) ROS-mediated activation of dual inflammatory axes (HIF-1α/IL-1β and IL-6/TNF-α). This work establishes three groundbreaking concepts: (1) the first evidence of a pathogen effector hijacking host ACTB for metabolic manipulation, (2) a novel ‘glycolysis–ACTB–ROS-inflammation’ axis, and (3) the first demonstration of bacterial proteins coordinating a Warburg effect with cytokine storms. These findings provide new targets for anti-infection therapies against Mycoplasma bovis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Carbohydrates)
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19 pages, 18888 KiB  
Article
Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum-Fermented Feed on Growth and Intestinal Health in Haliotis discus hannai
by Ling Ke, Chenyu Huang, Song Peng, Mengshi Zhao, Fengqiang Lin and Zhaolong Li
Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071603 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
This study multidimensionally investigates the comprehensive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)-fermented feed on growth performance, intestinal health, and metabolic regulation in Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The results demonstrate that LP fermentation significantly alters feed’s physical properties and nutritional profile, softening [...] Read more.
This study multidimensionally investigates the comprehensive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)-fermented feed on growth performance, intestinal health, and metabolic regulation in Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The results demonstrate that LP fermentation significantly alters feed’s physical properties and nutritional profile, softening texture, increasing viscosity, and emitting an acidic aroma. Notably, it enhanced contents of cis-9-palmitoleic acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA), and functional amino acids (GABA, L-histidine, and L-asparagine), indicating that fermentation optimized ω-3 fatty acid accumulation and amino acid profiles through the modulation of fatty acid metabolic pathways, thereby improving feed biofunctionality and stress-resistant potential. Further analyses revealed that fermented feed markedly improved intestinal morphology in abalone, promoting villus integrity and upregulating tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin) to reinforce intestinal barrier function. Concurrently, it downregulated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-16) while upregulating anti-inflammatory factors (TLR4) and antioxidant-related genes (NRF2/KEAP1 pathway), synergistically mitigating intestinal inflammation and enhancing antioxidant capacity. Sequencing and untargeted metabolomics unveiled that fermented feed substantially remodeled gut microbiota structure, increasing Firmicutes abundance while reducing Bacteroidetes, with the notable enrichment of beneficial genera such as Mycoplasma. Metabolite profiling highlighted the significant activation of lipid metabolism, tryptophan pathway, and coenzyme A biosynthesis. A Spearman correlation analysis identified microbiota–metabolite interactions (such as Halomonas’ association with isethionic acid) potentially driving growth performance via metabolic microenvironment regulation. In conclusion, LP-fermented feed enhances abalone growth, immune response, and aquaculture efficiency through multi-dimensional synergistic mechanisms (nutritional optimization, intestinal homeostasis regulation, microbiota–metabolome crosstalk), providing critical theoretical foundations for aquafeed development and probiotic applications in aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome in Fish and Their Living Environment)
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17 pages, 3221 KiB  
Article
An mRNA Vaccine Targeting the C-Terminal Region of P1 Protein Induces an Immune Response and Protects Against Mycoplasma pneumoniae
by Fenglian Zhang, Chengwei Li, Yanan Wu, Hongyun Chuan, Shaohui Song, Yun Xie, Qi Zhu, Qianqian Chen, Fei Tong, Runfang Zhang, Guangbo Yuan, Xiaoyan Wu, Jian Zhou and Guoyang Liao
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6536; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136536 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 526
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a cell wall-deficient pathogen, primarily affects children and adolescents, causing Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Following the relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) post COVID-19, there has been a global increase in MPP cases and macrolide-resistant strains. Vaccination against M. pneumoniae is [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a cell wall-deficient pathogen, primarily affects children and adolescents, causing Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Following the relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) post COVID-19, there has been a global increase in MPP cases and macrolide-resistant strains. Vaccination against M. pneumoniae is being explored as a promising approach to reduce infections, limit antibiotic misuse, and prevent the emergence of drug-resistant variants. We developed an mRNA vaccine, mRNA-SP+P1, incorporating a eukaryotic signal peptide (tissue-type plasminogen activator signal peptide) fused to the C-terminal region of the P1 protein. Targeting amino acids 1288 to 1518 of the P1 protein, the vaccine was administered intramuscularly to BALB/c mice in a three-dose regimen. To evaluate immunogenicity, we quantified anti-P1 IgG antibody titers using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and assessed cellular immune responses by analyzing effector memory T cell populations using flow cytometry. We also tested the functional activity of vaccine-induced sera for their ability to inhibit adhesion of the ATCC M129 strain to KMB17 cells. The vaccine’s protective efficacy was assessed against the ATCC M129 strain and its cross-protection against the ST3-resistant strain. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to investigate gene expression changes in peripheral blood, aiming to uncover mechanisms of immune modulation. The mRNA-SP+P1 vaccine induces P1 protein-specific IgG antibodies and an effector memory T-cell response in BALB/c mice. Adhesion inhibition assays demonstrated that serum from vaccinated mice attenuatesthe adhesion ability of ATCC M129 to KMB17 cells. Furthermore, three doses of the vaccine confer significant and long-lasting, though partial, protection against the ATCC M129 strain and partial cross-protection against the ST3 drug-resistant strain. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant gene expression changes in peripheral blood, confirming the vaccine’s capacity to elicit an immune response from the molecular level. Our results indicate that the mRNA-SP+P1 vaccine appears to be an effective vaccine candidate against the prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
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10 pages, 1756 KiB  
Essay
Mycoplasma synoviae Induces Apoptosis in Chicken Oviduct Cells
by Xudong Zhang, Xiaochun Wu, Yuting Zhang, Yulu Chen, Tingwen Li, Yuan Shi and Shijun Bao
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120639 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1261
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen that can cause respiratory diseases in poultry and birds, leading to serious economic losses in the world and impacting the development of the poultry industry. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of MS infection are still unclear, resulting [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen that can cause respiratory diseases in poultry and birds, leading to serious economic losses in the world and impacting the development of the poultry industry. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of MS infection are still unclear, resulting in a lack of effective diagnosis and treatment strategies. This study aimed to uncover the infection effect caused by MS in chicken oviduct cells. MS-infected chicken oviduct cells with different infection times and doses were collected, and DAPI staining was performed to monitor the morphological changes of cell nuclei. Cell viability was detect by CCK-8 assay. The expression of marker genes of cell apoptosis was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blotting assay, respectively. The results showed that MS infection significantly inhibited the growth of chicken oviduct cells, caused the nuclear shrinkage and rupture, activated the expression of apoptosis marker genes Caspase 3 and Beclin-1, and increased the apoptosis rate. These results indicated that MS infection inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in chicken oviduct cells, which provided a basis for further revealing the MS pathogenic mechanism and provided a foundation for the future development of anti-infection strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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18 pages, 12875 KiB  
Article
Structure-Based Virtual Screening, ADMET Properties Prediction and Molecular Dynamics Studies Reveal Potential Inhibitors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae HPrK/P
by Shen Li, Ying Zhou, Yujuan Yan, Yinying Qin, Qilu Weng and Litao Sun
Life 2024, 14(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14060657 - 22 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2238
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The incidence of childhood pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae infection has been rapidly increasing worldwide. M. pneumoniae is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to its lack of a [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The incidence of childhood pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae infection has been rapidly increasing worldwide. M. pneumoniae is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to its lack of a cell wall. Macrolides and related antibiotics are considered the optimal drugs for treating M. pneumoniae infection. However, clinical resistance to macrolides has become a global concern in recent years. Therefore, it is imperative to urgently identify new targets and develop new anti-M. pneumoniae drugs to treat MMP. Previous studies have shown that deficiencies in HPrK/P kinase or phosphorylase activity can seriously affect carbon metabolism, growth, morphology, and other cellular functions of M. pneumoniae. To identify potential drug development targets against M. pneumoniae, this study analyzed the sequence homology and 3D structure alignment of M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Through sequence and structure analysis, we found that HPrK/P lacks homologous proteins in the human, while its functional motifs are highly conserved in bacteria. This renders it a promising candidate for drug development. Structure-based virtual screening was then used to discover potential inhibitors among 2614 FDA-approved drugs and 948 bioactive small molecules for M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Finally, we identified three candidate drugs (Folic acid, Protokylol and Gluconolactone) as potential HPrK/P inhibitors through molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations, and ADMET predictions. These drugs offer new strategies for the treatment of MPP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Microbiology 2024)
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19 pages, 6520 KiB  
Article
Quercetin and AMPK: A Dynamic Duo in Alleviating MG-Induced Inflammation via the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB Pathway
by Ziyin Lu, Haozhen Wang, Muhammad Ishfaq, Yufang Han, Xiujin Zhang, Xiang Li, Baoqi Wang, Xiuli Lu and Bing Gao
Molecules 2023, 28(21), 7388; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28217388 - 2 Nov 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4060
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is recognized as a principal causative agent of avian chronic respiratory disease, inflicting substantial economic losses upon the poultry industry. However, the extensive use of conventional antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug resistance and various challenges in their [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is recognized as a principal causative agent of avian chronic respiratory disease, inflicting substantial economic losses upon the poultry industry. However, the extensive use of conventional antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of drug resistance and various challenges in their clinical application. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify effective therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of mycoplasma-induced respiratory disease in avian species. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) holds significant importance as a regulator of cellular energy metabolism and possesses the capacity to exert an anti-inflammatory effect by virtue of its downstream protein, SIRT1. This pathway has shown promise in counteracting the inflammatory responses triggered by pathogenic infections, thus providing a novel target for studying infectious inflammation. Quercetin possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has garnered attention as a potential alternative to antibiotics. However, there exists a gap in knowledge concerning the impact of this activation on MG-induced inflammatory damage. To address this knowledge gap, we employed AlphaFold2 prediction, molecular docking, and kinetic simulation methods to perform a systematic analysis. As expected, we found that both quercetin and the AMPK activator AICAR activate the chicken AMPKγ1 subunit in a similar manner, which was further validated at the cellular level. Our project aims to unravel the underlying mechanisms of quercetin’s action as an agonist of AMPK against the inflammatory damage induced by MG infection. Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of quercetin on the prevention and treatment of air sac injury, lung morphology, immunohistochemistry, AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway activity, and inflammatory factors in MG-infected chickens. The results confirmed that quercetin effectively inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, leading to improved respiratory inflammation injury. Furthermore, quercetin was shown to enhance the levels of phosphorylated AMPK and SIRT1 while reducing the levels of phosphorylated P65 and pro-inflammatory factors. In conclusion, our study identifies the AMPK cascade signaling pathway as a novel cellular mediator responsible for quercetin’s ability to counter MG-induced inflammatory damage. This finding highlights the potential significance of this pathway as an important target for anti-inflammatory drug research in the context of avian respiratory diseases. Full article
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15 pages, 4152 KiB  
Article
Total Flavonoids from Camellia oleifera Alleviated Mycoplasma pneumoniae-Induced Lung Injury via Inhibition of the TLR2-Mediated NF-κB and MAPK Pathways
by Nan Ding, Aihua Lei, Zhisheng Shi, Lin Xiang, Bo Wei and Yimou Wu
Molecules 2023, 28(20), 7077; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207077 - 13 Oct 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3042
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is an atypical bacterial pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia primarily among school-aged children and young adults. Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) has been used as a medicinal and edible plant in China for centuries, the constituents [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is an atypical bacterial pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia primarily among school-aged children and young adults. Camellia oleifera (C. oleifera) has been used as a medicinal and edible plant in China for centuries, the constituents from which possessed various bioactivities. Notably, flavonoids existing in residues of C. oleifera defatted seeds exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the impact of total flavonoids from C. oleifera (TFCO) seed extract on M. pneumoniae pneumonia. TFCO was obtained using multiple column chromatography methods and identified as kaempferol glycosides via UPLC-HRESIMS. In a M. pneumoniae pneumonia mouse model, TFCO significantly reduced the lung damage, suppressed IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production, and curbed TLR2 activation triggered by M. pneumoniae. Similarly, in RAW264.7 macrophage cells stimulated by lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs), TFCO suppressed the generation of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR2 expression. Moreover, TFCO diminished the phosphorylation of IκBα, JNK, ERK, p38, and p65 nuclear translocation in vitro. In conclusion, TFCO alleviated M. pneumoniae-induced lung damage via inhibition of TLR2-mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in M. pneumoniae-triggered lung inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products and Their Biological Activities)
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14 pages, 834 KiB  
Article
Effect of Capsaicin Addition on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Performance and Upper Respiratory Microbiota in Nursing Calves
by Minqiang Su, Yuanhang She, Ming Deng, Yongqing Guo, Yaokun Li, Guangbin Liu, Baoli Sun and Dewu Liu
Microorganisms 2023, 11(8), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081903 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1746
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) has various biological activities; it has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and stimulates intestinal development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CAP on the health of nursing calves under group housing conditions. Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves [...] Read more.
Capsaicin (CAP) has various biological activities; it has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and stimulates intestinal development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CAP on the health of nursing calves under group housing conditions. Twenty-four newborn Holstein calves were randomly assigned to three treatment groups of eight calves each. The milk replacer was supplemented with 0, 0.15 or 0.3 mL/d of CAP in each of the three treatment groups. Following a one-month clinical trial of individual-pen housing, an extended one-month trial of group housing was conducted. At the end of the trial, serum samples, rectal fecal samples and upper respiratory swab samples were collected to determine the effect of CAP addition on serum parameters, fecal fermentation parameters and upper respiratory microbiota of calves under group housing conditions. The results showed that the addition of high doses of CAP decreased calf respiratory scores (p < 0.05), increased serum glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M and interleukin-10 concentration (p < 0.05), and decreased malondialdehyde, amyloid A and haptoglobin concentration (p < 0.05). Moreover, high doses of CAP increased the rectal fecal concentration of total short-chain fatty acids, acetate and butyric acid (p < 0.05). In addition, CAP regulated the upper respiratory tract microbiota, with high doses of CAP reducing Mycoplasma abundance (p < 0.05), two doses of CAP reducing Corynebacterium abundance (p < 0.05) and a tendency to reduce Staphylococcus abundance (p = 0.06). Thus, CAP can improve calf antioxidant capacity, immune capacity and reduce inflammatory factors, stress proteins as well as improve gut fermentation and upper respiratory microbiota under group housing conditions, which is beneficial for healthy calf growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology)
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15 pages, 497 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Pharmacological Activity, and Comparison GC-ToF-MS Profiling of Extracts from Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch
by Nkoana I. Mongalo, Maropeng Vellry Raletsena and Rabelani Munyai
Life 2023, 13(3), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030728 - 8 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2544
Abstract
Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch is traditionally used in South African traditional medicine (SATM) to treat a variety of human infections. The antimicrobial activity of extracts from C. cornifolia was investigated in vitro against a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms using the microdilution assay. The [...] Read more.
Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch is traditionally used in South African traditional medicine (SATM) to treat a variety of human infections. The antimicrobial activity of extracts from C. cornifolia was investigated in vitro against a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms using the microdilution assay. The acetone extract exhibited a notable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.10 mg/mL against Mycoplasma hominis and a further MIC of 0.20 mg/mL against Candida parapsilosis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. In the antiproliferative assays, both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited a potent inhibition of the MCF-7-21 cell line. In the anti-inflammatory assays, both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited IC50 values of 15.59 and 15.78 µg/mL against Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively. Methanol extract further exhibited potent dual inhibition of both COX-2 and 15-LOX enzymes, hence, recommended to curb both related cancers, particularly breast cancer and inflammation-borne diseases. In the comparative gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS), the acetone, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract contained significantly prevalent amounts of compound 2-(2’,4’,4’,6’,6’,8’,8’-Heptamethyltetrasiloxan-2’-yloxy)-2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-nonamethylcyclopentasiloxane with % area ranging from 15.714 to 39.225. The findings in the current work validates the use of the plant species in SATM in the treatment of cancer-like infections, opportunistic infections associated with HIV-AIDS. Furthermore, the in vivo studies and the mechanisms of action still need to be explored. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)
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17 pages, 1752 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Study on the Host Response to Bivalent and Monovalent Autogenous Vaccines against Mycoplasma agalactiae in Dairy Sheep
by Hany A. Hussein, Marco Tolone, Lucia Condorelli, Paola Galluzzo, Roberto Puleio, Irene Vazzana, Maria Luisa Scatassa, Gavino Marogna, Santino Barreca, Guido Ruggero Loria, Lucia Galuppo and Sergio Migliore
Vet. Sci. 2022, 9(12), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9120651 - 22 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2035
Abstract
In Italy, dairy sheep farming represents a vital agro-industry sector, but it is still challenged by contagious agalactia (CA), which is endemic there, and vaccination is the most economical and sustainable tool for control. This study aimed to evaluate the combined Mycoplasma agalactiae [...] Read more.
In Italy, dairy sheep farming represents a vital agro-industry sector, but it is still challenged by contagious agalactia (CA), which is endemic there, and vaccination is the most economical and sustainable tool for control. This study aimed to evaluate the combined Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma)-Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) vaccine (Ma–Sa) against the Ma monovalent vaccine in ewes. Twelve primiparous Ma-free ewes were randomly grouped into three equal groups: first, the control group injected with placebo, second, the group vaccinated with the Ma monovalent vaccine, and third, the group vaccinated with Ma–Sa combined vaccine, with two S/C doses at 45-day intervals. The animals were examined for serological, hematological, and somatic cell count (SCC) changes for 17 successive weeks. A significant increase in anti-Ma antibody mean titers, leukocytes, and platelets was observed in the vaccinated animals, with the highest values in those who received the combined vaccine. Neutrophils were high only in the animals who received the combined vaccine. SCC was lower in the vaccinated animals during the first six weeks. This study concludes that the combined Ma–Sa vaccines enhance immune response and potentiate its efficacy against Ma. This improvement might be attributed to the sensitization/activation effect of S. aureus on platelets, which are recoded to act as a key regulator for the coordination of all components of the innate immune system. Even though this study included a small number of animals, its findings about the potentialities of this inactivated vaccine in the control of CA are strongly encouraging. Further confirmation might be needed through additional replicates and a challenge study is needed before proceeding with widespread use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Animal Infectious Diseases)
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9 pages, 680 KiB  
Review
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pleural Effusion in Adults
by Chang Ho Kim and Jaehee Lee
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(5), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051281 - 26 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4113
Abstract
Parapneumonic effusions often complicate Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia, contrary to the notion that they are a rare feature of MP infection. Increased research and evidence on MP parapneumonic effusions (MPPE) can help elucidate its clinical significance as one of the variable manifestations of [...] Read more.
Parapneumonic effusions often complicate Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia, contrary to the notion that they are a rare feature of MP infection. Increased research and evidence on MP parapneumonic effusions (MPPE) can help elucidate its clinical significance as one of the variable manifestations of MP infection. This article aims to summarize the existing literature about the clinical characteristics of MPPE in adults and discuss its diagnostic implications from the perspective of pleural fluid analysis. Approximately 20–25% of adult patients with MP pneumonia develop MPPE, and its frequency in children and adults seems to be similar. Although the pathogenesis of MPPE remains to be elucidated, MP-induced cell-mediated immune mechanisms might be partially associated with the development of MPPE. MPPE usually shows mononuclear leukocyte predominance with elevated adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity, similar to tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). The degree of increase in pleural fluid ADA levels and serum inflammatory biomarkers may help differentiate between MPPE and TPE. During the acute phase, a single positive IgM and positive polymerase chain reaction results allow for a precise and reliable MP infection diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is the selection of adequate anti-mycoplasma antibiotics with or without corticosteroid, based on the local epidemiologic data on macrolide resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections)
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11 pages, 1133 KiB  
Article
Anti-Mycoplasma Activity of Bacilotetrins C–E, Cyclic Lipodepsipeptides from the Marine-Derived Bacillus subtilis and Structure Revision of Bacilotetrins A and B
by Hwa-Sun Lee and Hee Jae Shin
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(10), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100528 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis most commonly causes polyserositis and arthritis in swine and is a common contaminant during the cell culture in the laboratory. In our continuing research for diverse bioactive compounds from Bacillus subtilis 109GGC020, we discovered uncommon cyclic lipotetrapeptides showing inhibitory activities against [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma hyorhinis most commonly causes polyserositis and arthritis in swine and is a common contaminant during the cell culture in the laboratory. In our continuing research for diverse bioactive compounds from Bacillus subtilis 109GGC020, we discovered uncommon cyclic lipotetrapeptides showing inhibitory activities against M. hyorhinis with similar structures to previously reported bacilotetrins A and B. Bacilotetrins C–E (13), new cyclic lipodepsipeptides, were isolated from the EtOAc extract obtained from the fermentation of marine-derived Bacillus subtilis isolated from a marine sponge sample collected from the Gageo reef, Republic of Korea. The structures of 13, consisting of three leucine residues, one glutamic acid, and a β-hydroxy fatty acid, were elucidated by detailed analysis of 1D, 2D NMR, and HR-ESIMS data. The absolute configurations of the amino acids and β-hydroxy fatty acid were established by advanced Marfey’s method and Mosher’s method, respectively. The localization of L- and D-amino acids within the compounds was determined by retention time comparison of each purchased dipeptide standard to the partial hydrolysate products using LC-MS. Compounds 13 exhibited anti-mycoplasma activity, with an MIC value of 31 μg/mL, twofold stronger than that of the positive control, BioMycoX®. Detailed analysis and comparison of the spectroscopic data between bacilotetrins A (4) and B (5) and 13 led us to revise the structures of 4 and 5. Full article
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23 pages, 1852 KiB  
Article
High Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor to Interleukin 10 Ratio and Marked Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Predominate in Symptomatic Cattle Naturally Infected with Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, Theileria orientalis, Theileria sinensis and Trypanosoma evansi
by Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina, Kim Tho Cheah, Nurul Syahirah Ahmad Sayuti, Mohd Rosly Shaari, Nur Mahiza Md Isa, Mokrish Ajat, Mohd Zamri-Saad, Mazlina Mazlan and Hazilawati Hamzah
Animals 2021, 11(8), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082235 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4157
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the serum proinflammatory (IL-12, GM-CSF & IFN-γ) to anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-4) cytokine ratio, oxidant (MDA) level and antioxidant enzyme (SOD; GPx) activities after blood parasite infections. The blood and serum samples were obtained from 130 [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to measure the serum proinflammatory (IL-12, GM-CSF & IFN-γ) to anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-4) cytokine ratio, oxidant (MDA) level and antioxidant enzyme (SOD; GPx) activities after blood parasite infections. The blood and serum samples were obtained from 130 cattle and screened for identity of the infecting blood parasites by conventional PCR. The following blood parasite species were detected: Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos (70/130); Theileria orientalis (65/130); Theileria sinensis (32/130); Anaplasma marginale (49/130); Anaplasma platys (7/130); and Trypanosoma evansi (4/130). The GM-CSF/IL-10 ratio showed significantly higher values in all the symptomatic blood parasite infected cattle groups except for symptomatic A. platys infected cattle groups. Anti-inflammatory cytokine immune responses were notable findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic cattle infected with C. M. haemobos and T. orientalis characterized by low serum IL-12:IL-10, IFN-γ:IL-10, IL-12:IL-4 and IFN-γ:IL-4 (p < 0.05). Therefore, high serum GM-CSF:IL:10 in the symptomatic blood parasite infected cattle, low serum IL-12:IL-10, IFN-γ:IL-10, IL-12:IL-4 and IFN-γ:IL-4 ratios in asymptomatic cattle, high MDA level, and increased antioxidant enzyme activities could be useful predictive tools for outcome of natural blood parasite infections in cattle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Cattle Diseases)
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23 pages, 5892 KiB  
Article
Equine Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Freeze-Dried Secretome (Lyosecretome) for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases: Production Process Validation and Batch Release Test for Clinical Use
by Michela Mocchi, Stefano Grolli, Silvia Dotti, Dario Di Silvestre, Riccardo Villa, Priscilla Berni, Virna Conti, Giulia Passignani, Francesca Brambilla, Maurizio Del Bue, Laura Catenacci, Milena Sorrenti, Lorena Segale, Elia Bari, Pierluigi Mauri, Maria Luisa Torre and Sara Perteghella
Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14(6), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14060553 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4021
Abstract
In the last decades, it has been demonstrated that the regenerative therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells is primarily due to the secretion of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, collectively known as secretome. In this context, our work described the preparation and characterization [...] Read more.
In the last decades, it has been demonstrated that the regenerative therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells is primarily due to the secretion of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, collectively known as secretome. In this context, our work described the preparation and characterization of a freeze-dried secretome (Lyosecretome) from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the therapy of equine musculoskeletal disorder. An intraarticular injectable pharmaceutical powder has been formulated, and the technological process has been validated in an authorized facility for veterinary clinical-use medicinal production. Critical parameters for quality control and batch release have been identified regarding (i) physicochemical properties; (ii) extracellular vesicle morphology, size distribution, and surface biomarker; (iii) protein and lipid content; (iv) requirements for injectable pharmaceutical dosage forms such as sterility, bacterial endotoxin, and Mycoplasma; and (v) in vitro potency tests, as anti-elastase activity and proliferative activity on musculoskeletal cell lines (tenocytes and chondrocytes) and mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, proteins putatively responsible for the biological effects have been identified by Lyosecretome proteomic investigation: IL10RA, MXRA5, RARRES2, and ANXA1 modulate the inflammatory process RARRES2, NOD1, SERPINE1, and SERPINB9 with antibacterial activity. The work provides a proof-of-concept for the manufacturing of clinical-grade equine freeze-dried secretome, and prototypes are now available for safety and efficacy clinical trials in the treatment of equine musculoskeletal diseases Full article
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Review
Viruses and Bacteria Associated with Cancer: An Overview
by Davide Zella and Robert C. Gallo
Viruses 2021, 13(6), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13061039 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 6046
Abstract
There are several human viruses and bacteria currently known to be associated with cancer. A common theme indicates that these microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to hamper the pathways dedicated to maintaining the integrity of genetic information, preventing apoptosis of the damaged cells and [...] Read more.
There are several human viruses and bacteria currently known to be associated with cancer. A common theme indicates that these microorganisms have evolved mechanisms to hamper the pathways dedicated to maintaining the integrity of genetic information, preventing apoptosis of the damaged cells and causing unwanted cellular proliferation. This eventually reduces the ability of their hosts to repair the damage(s) and eventually results in cellular transformation, cancer progression and reduced response to therapy. Our data suggest that mycoplasmas, and perhaps certain other bacteria with closely related DnaKs, may also contribute to cellular transformation and hamper certain drugs that rely on functional p53 for their anti-cancer activity. Understanding the precise molecular mechanisms is important for cancer prevention and for the development of both new anti-cancer drugs and for improving the efficacy of existing therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue In Memory of Stephen Oroszlan)
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