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Search Results (1,377)

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Keywords = Staphylococcus aureus biofilm

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16 pages, 1827 KiB  
Article
Mixed Candida albicansStaphylococcus aureus Biofilm Is Reduced by Light-Activated Nanocomposite with Phloxine B
by Jarmila Czucz Varga, Juraj Bujdák and Helena Bujdáková
J. Fungi 2025, 11(8), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11080582 (registering DOI) - 5 Aug 2025
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause life-threatening infections. This study focused on using photodynamic inactivation (PDI) to eliminate mixed biofilms of C. albicans–S. aureus formed on poly (urethane) (PU) discs functionalized with a nanocomposite layer containing phloxine B (PhB). [...] Read more.
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are opportunistic pathogens that cause life-threatening infections. This study focused on using photodynamic inactivation (PDI) to eliminate mixed biofilms of C. albicans–S. aureus formed on poly (urethane) (PU) discs functionalized with a nanocomposite layer containing phloxine B (PhB). Additionally, the effect of PDI on the ALS3 and HWP1 genes of C. albicans was examined in mixed biofilms. Spectral analysis showed a continuous release of PhB from the nanocomposite in Mueller–Hinton broth within 48 h, with a released amount of PhB < 5% of the total amount. The anti-biofilm effectiveness of the light-activated nanocomposite with PhB showed a reduction in the survival rate of biofilm cells to 0.35% and 31.79% for S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively, compared to the control biofilm on PU alone. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the nanocomposite effectively reduced the colonization and growth of the mixed biofilm. While PDI reduced the regulation of the ALS3 gene, the HWP1 gene was upregulated. Nevertheless, the cell survival of the C. albicansS. aureus biofilm was significantly reduced, showing great potential for the elimination of mixed biofilms. Full article
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20 pages, 2168 KiB  
Article
Microbial Profiling of Buffalo Mozzarella Whey and Ricotta Exhausted Whey: Insights into Potential Probiotic Subdominant Strains
by Andrea Bonfanti, Romano Silvestri, Ettore Novellino, Gian Carlo Tenore, Elisabetta Schiano, Fortuna Iannuzzo, Massimo Reverberi, Luigi Faino, Marzia Beccaccioli, Francesca Sivori, Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello and Cristina Mazzoni
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1804; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081804 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 97
Abstract
Buffalo mozzarella cheese whey (CW) and ricotta cheese exhausted whey (RCEW) are valuable by-products of the Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO production chain. This study characterized their microbial communities using an integrated culture-dependent and -independent approach. Metabarcoding analysis revealed that the dominance of [...] Read more.
Buffalo mozzarella cheese whey (CW) and ricotta cheese exhausted whey (RCEW) are valuable by-products of the Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO production chain. This study characterized their microbial communities using an integrated culture-dependent and -independent approach. Metabarcoding analysis revealed that the dominance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Lactobacillus helveticus, alongside diverse heat-resistant yeasts such as Cyberlindnera jadinii. Culture-based isolation identified subdominant lactic acid bacteria strains, not detected by sequencing, belonging to Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus durans. These strains were further assessed for their probiotic potential. E. faecalis CW1 and E. durans RCEW2 showed tolerance to acidic pH, bile salts, and lysozyme, as well as a strong biofilm-forming capacity and antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, bile salt resistance suggests potential functionality in cholesterol metabolism. These findings support the potential use of CW and RCEW as reservoirs of novel, autochthonous probiotic strains and underscore the value of regional dairy by-products in food biotechnology and gut health applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Fermentation, Food and Food Sustainability)
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36 pages, 1730 KiB  
Review
Pharmacological Potential of Cinnamic Acid and Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review
by Yu Tian, Xinya Jiang, Jiageng Guo, Hongyu Lu, Jinling Xie, Fan Zhang, Chun Yao and Erwei Hao
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(8), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18081141 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
Cinnamic acid, an organic acid naturally occurring in plants of the Cinnamomum genus, has been highly valued for its medicinal properties in numerous ancient Chinese texts. This article reviews the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and various applications of cinnamic acid and its derivatives [...] Read more.
Cinnamic acid, an organic acid naturally occurring in plants of the Cinnamomum genus, has been highly valued for its medicinal properties in numerous ancient Chinese texts. This article reviews the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and various applications of cinnamic acid and its derivatives reported in publications from 2016 to 2025, and anticipates their potential in medical and industrial fields. This review evaluates studies in major scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, to ensure a comprehensive analysis of the therapeutic potential of cinnamic acid. Through systematic integration of existing knowledge, it has been revealed that cinnamic acid has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and hypoglycemic effects. Additionally, it has been shown to be effective against a variety of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and foodborne Pseudomonas. Cinnamic acid acts by disrupting cell membranes, inhibiting ATPase activity, and preventing biofilm formation, thereby demonstrating its ability to act as a natural antimicrobial agent. Its anti-inflammatory properties are demonstrated by improving oxidative stress and reducing inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, cinnamic acid enhances metabolic health by improving glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, showing promising results in improving metabolic health in patients with diabetes and its complications. This systematic approach highlights the need for further investigation of the mechanisms and safety of cinnamic acid to substantiate its use as a basis for new drug development. Particularly in the context of increasing antibiotic resistance and the search for sustainable, effective medical treatments, the study of cinnamic acid is notably significant and innovative. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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41 pages, 2975 KiB  
Review
Algal Metabolites as Novel Therapeutics Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Review
by Ibraheem Borie M. Ibraheem, Reem Mohammed Alharbi, Neveen Abdel-Raouf, Nouf Mohammad Al-Enazi, Khawla Ibrahim Alsamhary and Hager Mohammed Ali
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17080989 (registering DOI) - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 239
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a multidrug-resistant pathogen, poses a significant threat to global healthcare. This review evaluates the potential of marine algal metabolites as novel antibacterial agents against MRSA. We explore the clinical importance of S. aureus, the emergence of MRSA as [...] Read more.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a multidrug-resistant pathogen, poses a significant threat to global healthcare. This review evaluates the potential of marine algal metabolites as novel antibacterial agents against MRSA. We explore the clinical importance of S. aureus, the emergence of MRSA as a “superbug”, and its resistance mechanisms, including target modification, drug inactivation, efflux pumps, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. The limitations of conventional antibiotics (e.g., β-lactams, vancomycin, macrolides) are discussed, alongside the promise of algal-derived compounds such as fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. These metabolites exhibit potent anti-MRSA activity by disrupting cell division (via FtsZ inhibition), destabilizing membranes, and inhibiting protein synthesis and metabolic pathways, effectively countering multiple resistance mechanisms. Leveraging advances in algal biotechnology, this review highlights the untapped potential of marine algae to drive innovative, sustainable therapeutic strategies against antibiotic resistance. Full article
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14 pages, 8944 KiB  
Article
Nano-Hydroxyapatite-Based Mouthwash for Comprehensive Oral Care: Activity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Action
by Tomasz M. Karpiński, Magdalena Paczkowska-Walendowska and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153567 - 30 Jul 2025
Viewed by 413
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The growing demand for biocompatible and fluoride-free alternatives in oral care has led to the development of formulations containing nano-hydroxyapatite (nanoHAP). This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of a novel mouthwash containing nanoHAP, zinc lactate, D-panthenol, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The growing demand for biocompatible and fluoride-free alternatives in oral care has led to the development of formulations containing nano-hydroxyapatite (nanoHAP). This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of a novel mouthwash containing nanoHAP, zinc lactate, D-panthenol, licorice extract, and cetylpyridinium chloride, with particular focus on its efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and its biofilm on various dental materials. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of the mouthwash KWT0000 and control product ELM were assessed via minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida fungi. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated using fluorescence and digital microscopy following 1-h exposure to biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The efficacy was compared across multiple dental materials, including titanium, zirconia, and PMMA. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay, and anti-inflammatory potential via hyaluronidase inhibition. Results: KWT0000 exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans (MICs: 0.2–1.6%) and moderate activity against Gram-negative strains. Fluorescence imaging revealed significant biofilm disruption and bacterial death after 1 h. On metallic surfaces, especially polished titanium and zirconia, KWT0000 reduced S. aureus biofilm density considerably. The formulation also demonstrated superior antioxidant (55.33 ± 3.34%) and anti-inflammatory (23.33 ± 3.67%) activity compared to a fluoride-based comparator. Conclusions: The tested nanoHAP-based mouthwash shows promising potential in antimicrobial and antibiofilm oral care, particularly for patients with dental implants. Its multifunctional effects may support not only plaque control but also soft tissue health. Full article
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17 pages, 3410 KiB  
Article
Squama Manitis Extract Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Activity Through Energy and DNA Disruption Mechanisms
by Li Chen, Kunping Song, Mengwei Cheng, Aloysius Wong, Xuechen Tian, Yixin Yang, Mia Yang Ang, Geok Yuan Annie Tan and Siew Woh Choo
Biology 2025, 14(8), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14080949 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis demands innovative strategies to combat bacterial infections, including those caused by drug-sensitive pathogens that evade treatment through biofilm formation or metabolic adaptations. Here, we demonstrate that Squama Manitis extract (SME)—a traditional Chinese medicine component—exhibits broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against [...] Read more.
The global antimicrobial resistance crisis demands innovative strategies to combat bacterial infections, including those caused by drug-sensitive pathogens that evade treatment through biofilm formation or metabolic adaptations. Here, we demonstrate that Squama Manitis extract (SME)—a traditional Chinese medicine component—exhibits broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against clinically significant pathogens, including both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) species (MIC = 31.25 mg/mL), achieving significant reduction in bacterial viability within 24 h. Through integrated multi-omics analysis combining scanning electron microscopy and RNA sequencing, we reveal SME’s unprecedented tripartite mechanism of action: (1) direct membrane disruption causing cell envelope collapse, (2) metabolic paralysis through coordinated suppression of TCA cycle and fatty acid degradation pathways, and (3) inhibition of DNA repair systems (SOS response and recombination downregulation). Despite its potent activity, SME shows low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells (>90% viability) and can penetrate Gram-negative outer membranes. These features highlight SME’s potential to address drug-resistant infections through synthetic lethality across stress response, energy metabolism, and DNA integrity pathways. While advocating for synthetic alternatives to endangered animal products, this study establishes SME as a polypharmacological template for resistance-resilient antimicrobial design, demonstrating how traditional knowledge and modern systems biology can converge to guide sustainable anti-infective development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)
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12 pages, 1671 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Marine Streptomyces sp. NBUD24-Derived Anthraquinones Against MRSA
by Yuxin Yang, Zhiyan Zhou, Guobao Huang, Shuhua Yang, Ruoyu Mao, Lijian Ding and Xiao Wang
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080298 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 326
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health crisis, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) representing one of the most clinically significant multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this study, three structurally unique anthracycline derivatives—keto-ester (1), 4-deoxy-ε-pyrromycinone (2), and misamycin (3 [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health crisis, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) representing one of the most clinically significant multidrug-resistant pathogens. In this study, three structurally unique anthracycline derivatives—keto-ester (1), 4-deoxy-ε-pyrromycinone (2), and misamycin (3)—were first isolated and characterized from the fermentation broth of the marine-derived Streptomyces tauricus NBUD24. These compounds exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy against MRSA, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 16 to 32 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed their safety profile at therapeutic concentrations. The biofilm formation assay demonstrated that 4-deoxy-ε-pyrromycinone inhibited biofilm formation of MRSA ATCC43300, with an inhibition rate of 64.4%. Investigations of antibacterial mechanisms revealed that these compounds exert antibacterial effects primarily through disruption of bacterial cell wall integrity and destruction of DNA structure. These findings underscore the potential of marine-derived microbial metabolites as promising scaffolds for developing next-generation antimicrobial candidates to combat drug-resistant infections. Full article
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19 pages, 2029 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Master Switch: Pyruvate Carboxylase Fuels Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus
by Zifeng Mai, Jiahui Li, Zeqiang Zhan, Xiaorong Tian, Wanwan Hou, Mu He and Chunlei Shi
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2566; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152566 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 171
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of foodborne illness globally, presents significant challenges due to its multidrug resistance and biofilm-forming capabilities. Pyruvate carboxylase (PycA), a metabolic master switch linking glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a potential target for controlling S. [...] Read more.
Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of foodborne illness globally, presents significant challenges due to its multidrug resistance and biofilm-forming capabilities. Pyruvate carboxylase (PycA), a metabolic master switch linking glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a potential target for controlling S. aureus. In this study, a pycA mutant was constructed and analyzed using phenotypic assays and proteomics to investigate its role in virulence and antimicrobial resistance. The results showed that deletion of pycA in the foodborne methicillin-resistant strain ATCC BAA1717 resulted in a 4- to 1024-fold reduction in resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and macrolides; a 23.24% impairment in biofilm formation; and a 22.32% decrease in staphyloxanthin production, a key antioxidant essential for survival in oxidative food environments. Proteomic analysis revealed downregulation of the TCA cycle, purine biosynthesis, surface adhesins (FnbA/B, SasG), and β-lactamase (BlaZ), linking PycA-mediated metabolism to phenotypes relevant to food safety. These findings underscore the importance of PycA as a metabolic regulator crucial for S. aureus resilience in food systems, suggesting novel strategies to combat foodborne staphylococcal infections through metabolic interference. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
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15 pages, 3300 KiB  
Article
Study of Class 1, 2, and 3 Integrons, Antibiotic Resistance Patterns, and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Hospital-Acquired Infections
by Eman E. Hegazy, Wageih Salem ElNaghy, Marwa M. Shalaby, Sarah M. Shoeib, Nashwa S. M. Abdeen, Mohamed H. Fouda, Ola A. Elshora, Mohammed H. Elnaggar, Waleed Elrefaey, Rasha Youssef Hagag, Ahmed A. Elhadidy, Mohamed A. Elsebaey, Mohamed A. Eltomey, Ahmed Mohamed El Nakib, Mai Nabil Ageez and Maha S. Elnady
Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070705 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 389
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation complicate Staphylococcus aureus infections, raising concerns for global health. Understanding antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in these pathogens is essential for effective infection management. The current research aimed to assess antibiotic resistance patterns, biofilm formation, and the occurrence [...] Read more.
Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation complicate Staphylococcus aureus infections, raising concerns for global health. Understanding antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in these pathogens is essential for effective infection management. The current research aimed to assess antibiotic resistance patterns, biofilm formation, and the occurrence of integron classes 1, 2, and 3 in clinical S. aureus isolates. The disc diffusion method tested antibiotic susceptibility. MRSA strains were identified by cefoxitin disc diffusion, and the mecA gene by PCR. The D-test also assessed macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B. A microtiter plate assay assessed biofilm formation. By PCR, integron classes were examined. Of the 63 S. aureus isolates, 25 were MSSA and 38 were MRSA. Pus (39.5%) was the most prevalent clinical source of MRSA isolates, while blood (24%) was the predominant source of MSSA isolates. MRSA isolates were more resistant to clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and doxycycline than MSSA isolates. In total, 76.2% of the isolates produced biofilm. Biofilm-producing isolates were more resistant to cefoxitin and clindamycin. The isolates had 33.3% cMLSB resistance. The intI1 gene was found in 21 S. aureus isolates (33.3%), whereas the intI2 or intI3 genes were not detected. Our findings demonstrate the need for strict infection control to prevent the spread of resistant bacteria. Full article
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17 pages, 6691 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic-Coated Melt Electrowritten Polycaprolactone Meshes: Fabrication and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation
by Joana Pinheiro Martins, Ana Sofia de Sousa, Sofia Costa de Oliveira, António Augusto Fernandes and Elisabete Teixeira da Silva
Macromol 2025, 5(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5030033 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 300
Abstract
In recent years, pelvic organ prolapse (POP) cases have been rising, affecting women’s quality of life. Synthetic surgical transvaginal meshes used for POP treatment were withdrawn from the United States market in 2019 due to high risks, including infection, vaginal mesh erosion, and [...] Read more.
In recent years, pelvic organ prolapse (POP) cases have been rising, affecting women’s quality of life. Synthetic surgical transvaginal meshes used for POP treatment were withdrawn from the United States market in 2019 due to high risks, including infection, vaginal mesh erosion, and POP reoccurrence. Biodegradable mesh implants with three-dimensional printing technology have emerged as an innovative alternative. In this study, polycaprolactone (PCL) meshes for POP repair were fabricated using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) and mechanically evaluated through uniaxial tensile tests. Following this, they were coated with antibiotics—azithromycin, gentamicin sulfate, and ciprofloxacin—commonly used for genitourinary tract infections. Zone inhibition and biofilm assays evaluated antibiotic effectiveness in preventing mesh infections by Escherichia coli, and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) Staphylococcus aureus. The meshes presented a mechanical behavior closer to vaginal tissue than commercially available meshes. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed antibiotic incorporation. Ciprofloxacin demonstrated antibacterial activity against MRSA, with a 92% reduction in metabolic activity and a 99% biomass reduction. Gentamicin and ciprofloxacin displayed inhibitory activity against MSSA and E. coli. Scanning electron microscopy images support these conclusions. This methodology may offer a more effective, patient-friendly solution for POP repair, improving healing and the quality of life for affected women. Full article
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19 pages, 1413 KiB  
Article
Rubus caesius L. (European Dewberry) Extracts as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against MRSA Strains
by Yahor Ivashchanka, Anna Hering, Alina Kastsevich, Justyna Stefanowicz-Hajduk and Rafał Hałasa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6754; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146754 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 465
Abstract
Increased bacterial resistance to current antibiotics leads to a depletion of therapeutic options in medicine. One of the problems of current therapy is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which, in addition to resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, is multidrug-resistant. Some strains can also produce biofilms, [...] Read more.
Increased bacterial resistance to current antibiotics leads to a depletion of therapeutic options in medicine. One of the problems of current therapy is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which, in addition to resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, is multidrug-resistant. Some strains can also produce biofilms, a multicellular structure that is resistant or tolerant to various antibiotics. In hospitals worldwide, about 15% of invasive infections are caused by MRSA. Extracts of Rubus caesius (dewberry) contain high concentrations of compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins, which have potential antibacterial properties. This study is the first to demonstrate the activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dewberry leaves (LH2O, LEtOH) and stems (SH2O, SEtOH) against S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The most active extracts were LEtOH (MIC 0.16 ± 0.40–1.56 ± 0.23 mg/mL) and LH2O (MIC 0.16 ± 0.20–10 mg/mL). The study showed that LEtOH, SEtOH and LH2O extracts inhibited biofilm formation by clinical strains MRCN (methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci) and MRSA (biofilm biomass reduction from 40 to 100%). Furthermore, 3,3′—dipropylthiacarbocyanine (DiSC3(5)) and N-phenyl-naphthylamine (NPN) were used to show that LEtOH and SEtOH caused the membrane depolarization of the strains studied. We also showed that the extracts acted synergistically and additively with cefoxitin and amikacin, reducing the MIC values of the antibiotics used by 8- to 16-fold and of the extracts tested by 4- to 8-fold. This study provides new data on potential antibacterial drugs of therapeutic importance. Full article
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17 pages, 3865 KiB  
Article
Epoxy Resin/Ionic Liquid Composite as a New Promising Coating Material with Improved Toughness and Antibiofilm Activity
by Sergiy Rogalsky, Olena Moshynets, Oleg Dzhuzha, Yevheniia Lobko, Anastasiia Hubina, Alina Madalina Darabut, Yaroslav Romanenko, Oksana Tarasyuk and Geert Potters
Coatings 2025, 15(7), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070821 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 900
Abstract
Long-chain imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) possess a broad-spectrum biological activity and are considered promising antifouling agents for protective coatings. A new hydrophobic IL, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (C12C1IM-DBS), has been synthesized, and a modified epoxy coating material containing 10, 20, and [...] Read more.
Long-chain imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) possess a broad-spectrum biological activity and are considered promising antifouling agents for protective coatings. A new hydrophobic IL, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (C12C1IM-DBS), has been synthesized, and a modified epoxy coating material containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% of this IL was prepared by dissolution of C12C1IM-DBS in commercial DER 331 epoxy resin, followed by a curing phase with diethylenetriamine. Infrared analysis revealed physicochemical interactions between the hydroxyl groups of the resin and the IL. Spectrophotometric studies showed no release of C12C1IM-DBS after 30 days of exposure of the modified coatings to water. The plasticizing effect of the IL on the epoxy resin was established by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The introduction of 10 and 20% C12C1IM-DBS into DER 331 reduced its glass transition temperature from 122.8 °C to 109.3 and 91.5 °C, respectively. The hardness of epoxy resin decreased by approximately 26% after the introduction of the IL. Moreover, DER 331/C12C1IM-DBS coatings on steel substrates showed significantly improved impact resistance compared to neat resin. The antibiofilm efficiency of DER 331/C12C1IM-DBS coatings was evaluated by assessing the capability of two biofilm-forming model strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, to form attached biofilms on the surface. The IL effectively inhibited S. aureus surface-associated biofilm development even at the lowest content of 10%. On the contrary, an approximately 50% inhibition of biofilm metabolic activity was detected for DER 331/C12C1IM-DBS coatings containing 20% and 30% of the IL. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the hydrophobic IL C12C1IM-DBS is an efficient modifying additive for epoxy resins, which can significantly improve their operational properties for various industrial applications. Full article
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11 pages, 1964 KiB  
Article
pH-Responsive Nanophotosensitizer Boosting Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy by Hydroxyl Radical Generation
by Peilin Tian, Xianyue Bai, Jing Feng, Luyao Xu, Shihao Xu, Xiaoya Yu, Caiju Fan, Qian Su, Jiaxing Song and Cuixia Lu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141075 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
In this study, a pH-responsive nanophotosensitizer (MT@Ce6) was rationally developed by strategic integration of MIL-101 (Fe)-NH2 metal–organic framework with tannic acid (TA) and chlorin e6. This nanocomposite exhibits pH-responsive degradation in acidic microenvironments, facilitating Fe3+ release and subsequent reduction to Fe [...] Read more.
In this study, a pH-responsive nanophotosensitizer (MT@Ce6) was rationally developed by strategic integration of MIL-101 (Fe)-NH2 metal–organic framework with tannic acid (TA) and chlorin e6. This nanocomposite exhibits pH-responsive degradation in acidic microenvironments, facilitating Fe3+ release and subsequent reduction to Fe2+ that catalyzes Fenton reaction-mediated hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation. This cascade reaction shifts reactive oxygen species (ROS) predominance from transient singlet oxygen (1O2) to the long-range penetrative •OH, achieving robust biofilm disruption and over 90% eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under 660 nm irradiation. In vivo evaluations revealed accelerated wound healing with 95% wound closure within 7 days, while species-selective antibacterial studies demonstrated a 2.3-fold enhanced potency against Gram-positive bacteria due to their unique peptidoglycan-rich cell wall architecture. These findings collectively establish a microenvironment-adaptive nanoplatform for precision antimicrobial interventions, providing a translational strategy to address drug-resistant infections. Full article
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21 pages, 3752 KiB  
Article
Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors-Associated Skin Lesions
by Mara-Mădălina Mihai, Iuliana Anghelescu, Alina Maria Holban, Irina Gheorghe-Barbu, Mariana-Carmen Chifiriuc, Lia-Mara Dițu, Cornelia-Ioana Ilie, Dan Anghelescu and Beatrice Bălăceanu-Gurău
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146595 - 9 Jul 2025
Viewed by 390
Abstract
Cutaneous adverse reactions (CARs) are common complications of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy, with papulopustular eruptions and paronychia being the most frequent. Growing scientific evidence implies that Staphylococcus aureus is involved in the pathogenesis of these reactions. This observational prospective study [...] Read more.
Cutaneous adverse reactions (CARs) are common complications of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy, with papulopustular eruptions and paronychia being the most frequent. Growing scientific evidence implies that Staphylococcus aureus is involved in the pathogenesis of these reactions. This observational prospective study characterized 42 S. aureus strains isolated from CARs, analyzing antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, soluble virulence factors, and virulence/resistance genes using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). S. aureus was identified in 90% of lesions; in 33% of cases, nasal and skin isolates were genetically identical. High resistance rates were noted for penicillins (85%) and tetracyclines (57%), while all strains remained susceptible to fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and rifampicin. All isolates formed biofilms, and DNase/esculinase production significantly correlated with CAR severity. An enzymatic score based on these markers was associated with an 18-fold increased risk of severe reactions. Genotypically, clfA and clfB were prevalent (85.7%), while exotoxin genes were less common. These findings support a key role for S. aureus in exacerbating CARs via antibiotic resistance, biofilm production, and the expression of virulence factor. Additionally, we emphasize the role of routine microbial screening—including nasal swabs—and therapy guided by antibiograms. Furthermore, the enzymatic score may further be validated as a predictive biomarker. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Skin Diseases (Second Edition))
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21 pages, 750 KiB  
Review
Targeting Ocular Biofilms with Plant-Derived Antimicrobials in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance
by Monika Dzięgielewska, Michał Tomczyk, Adrian Wiater, Aleksandra Woytoń and Adam Junka
Molecules 2025, 30(13), 2863; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30132863 - 5 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 678
Abstract
Microbial biofilms present a formidable challenge in ophthalmology. Their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and evasion of host immune defenses significantly complicate treatments for ocular infections such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, and endophthalmitis. These infections are often caused by pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, [...] Read more.
Microbial biofilms present a formidable challenge in ophthalmology. Their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics and evasion of host immune defenses significantly complicate treatments for ocular infections such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, and endophthalmitis. These infections are often caused by pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, particularly in patients using contact lenses or intraocular implants—devices that serve as surfaces for biofilm formation. The global rise in antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative treatment modalities. In this regard, plant-derived antimicrobials have emerged as promising candidates demonstrating broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity through different mechanisms from those of conventional antibiotics. These mechanisms include inhibiting quorum sensing, disrupting established biofilm matrices, and interfering with microbial adhesion and communication. However, the clinical translation of phytochemicals faces significant barriers, including variability in chemical composition due to environmental and genetic factors, difficulties in standardization and reproducibility, poor water solubility and ocular bioavailability, and a lack of robust clinical trials evaluating their efficacy and safety in ophthalmic settings. Furthermore, regulatory uncertainties and the absence of unified guidelines for approving plant-derived formulations further hinder their integration into evidence-based ophthalmic practice. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the pathogenesis and treatment of biofilm-associated ocular infections, critically evaluating plant-based antimicrobials as emerging therapeutic agents. Notably, resveratrol, curcumin, abietic acid, and selected essential oils demonstrated notable antibiofilm activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. These findings support the potential of phytochemicals as adjunctive or alternative agents in managing biofilm-associated ocular infections. By highlighting both their therapeutic promise and translational limitations, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable, innovative approaches to managing antibiotic-resistant ocular infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of New Antimicrobial Drugs)
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