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Keywords = Marc-145 cells

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17 pages, 2789 KiB  
Article
Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 (IFITM3) Restricts PRRSV Replication via Post-Entry Mechanisms
by Pratik Katwal, Shamiq Aftab, Eric Nelson, Michael Hildreth, Shitao Li and Xiuqing Wang
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1737; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081737 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 337
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a member of the family of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that inhibits a diverse array of enveloped viruses which enter host cells by endocytosis. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped RNA virus causing significant [...] Read more.
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a member of the family of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that inhibits a diverse array of enveloped viruses which enter host cells by endocytosis. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped RNA virus causing significant economic losses to the swine industry. Very little is known regarding how IFITM3 restricts PRRSV. In this study, the role of IFITM3 in PRRSV infection was studied in vitro using MARC-145 cells. IFITM3 over-expression reduced PRRSV replication, while the siRNA-induced knockdown of endogenous IFITM3 increased PRRSV RNA copies and virus titers. The colocalization of the virus with IFITM3 was observed at both 3 and 24 h post infection (hpi). Quantitative analysis of confocal microscopic images showed that an average of 73% of IFITM3-expressing cells were stained positive for PRRSV at 3 hpi, while only an average of 27% of IFITM3-expressing cells were stained positive for PRRSV at 24 hpi. These findings suggest that IFITM3 may restrict PRRSV at the post-entry steps. Future studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which this restriction factor inhibits PRRSV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Porcine Virus: From Pathogenesis to Control Strategies)
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16 pages, 4677 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Biological Characteristics Study of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus GZ2022 Strain
by Xinmei Yang, Bin Yu, Qing Li, Hailong Ma, Zhengjun Yu, Pei Ma, Shengnan Ruan, Xuexiang Yu, Qigai He and Wentao Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070651 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
PRRSV continues to evolve, complicating its epidemiological landscape in China. In this study, we isolated a novel PRRSV strain, GZ2022, from a swine farm in Guizhou Province. Subsequent analyses performed on this isolate included complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, recombination assessment, and characterization [...] Read more.
PRRSV continues to evolve, complicating its epidemiological landscape in China. In this study, we isolated a novel PRRSV strain, GZ2022, from a swine farm in Guizhou Province. Subsequent analyses performed on this isolate included complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, recombination assessment, and characterization of its biological properties. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GZ2022 clusters within Lineage 1 (NADC30-like) and features a 131-amino-acid deletion in NSP2, consistent with NADC30-derived strains. Recombination analysis identified NADC30 as the major parental strain (75% genomic contribution), with a minor recombinant region (25%) derived from the highly pathogenic HuN4 strain. In vitro growth kinetics revealed peak viral titers in Marc-145 cells at 72 h post infection (hpi). Pathogenicity was evaluated in 21-day-old piglets infected with GZ2022, the highly pathogenic PRRSV strain WUH3, or negative controls. Both infected groups exhibited typical PRRS clinical signs (fever, respiratory distress) and histopathological lesions (interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary consolidation). However, GZ2022-infected piglets exhibited attenuated virulence compared to WUH3, with reduced pulmonary hemorrhage and 0% mortality compared to 80% in the WUH3 group. Seroconversion (N-protein antibodies) was observed at 14 dpi (days post inoculation) in GZ2022-infected animals, persisting throughout the 28-day trial. Viral shedding dynamics aligned with moderate pathogenicity. These findings classify GZ2022 as a moderately virulent NADC30-like recombinant strain with partial HuN4-derived genomic regions. The emergence of such strains underscores the need for sustained surveillance of PRRSV genetic diversity and systematic evaluation of the biological properties of novel variants to refine control measures and inform vaccine development. Full article
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13 pages, 1276 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Capacity of a White Grape Marc Extract Through Gastrointestinal Digestion
by Lorena G. Calvo, María Celeiro, Rosa-Antía Villarino, Ana G. Abril, Sandra Sánchez, José Luis R. Rama and Trinidad de Miguel
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6390; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126390 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
Polyphenols are extensively studied for their antimicrobial and prebiotic properties, but concerns about their stability persist. In order to elucidate the antimicrobial stability of such molecules in the gastrointestinal environment and their potential effect as antimicrobials and microbiota modulators, a white grape marc [...] Read more.
Polyphenols are extensively studied for their antimicrobial and prebiotic properties, but concerns about their stability persist. In order to elucidate the antimicrobial stability of such molecules in the gastrointestinal environment and their potential effect as antimicrobials and microbiota modulators, a white grape marc extract from the variety Albariño has been exposed to simulated digestions. In vitro digestions were performed following the INFOGEST protocol and samples were taken after each digestive phase and submitted to bacterial resazurin viability assays. The results reveal that the extract presents a potential antimicrobial effect against foodborne pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica, which is enhanced during the intestinal phase. Modulation of the bacterial growth at concentrations below 2% (v/v) of the extract against pathogenic bacteria was observed. Although gastrointestinal digestion reduces the extract’s polyphenolic content, with procyanidin and quercetin-3-glucoside identified as the most unstable compounds, cell viability assays confirmed that its antimicrobial efficacy is maintained. In conclusion, the Albariño marc extract demonstrates a promising microbial modulation capacity, which persists during the digestive process despite variations in the polyphenolic composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Food Safety and Microbial Control)
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18 pages, 3490 KiB  
Article
Cinnamaldehyde Inhibits the Replication of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Type 2 In Vitro
by Junzhu Song, Jingyu Zhang, Jian Chen, Songbiao Chen, Zuhua Yu, Lei He, Ke Ding and Ying Wei
Viruses 2025, 17(4), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040506 - 31 Mar 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Globally, the swine industry suffers significant economic losses due to the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Unfortunately, existing vaccines fail to offer adequate protection against the various strains of PRRSV, and there are currently no specific treatments available for [...] Read more.
Globally, the swine industry suffers significant economic losses due to the presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Unfortunately, existing vaccines fail to offer adequate protection against the various strains of PRRSV, and there are currently no specific treatments available for this virus. In this study, we screened four natural products and identified cinnamaldehyde (CA) as an effective inhibitor of PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells. CA could achieve an inhibition rate of up to 93% on PRRSV N protein at 160 μM. Mechanistically, CA exerted anti-PRRSV ability in different treatment modes. CA could directly interact with PRRSV particles. Cinnamaldehyde blocks the binding, entry, replication, and release of PRRSV. Furthermore, a significant reduction in dsRNA levels was observed in the CA-treated groups compared to the control groups. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that CA could inhibit essential stages of the PRRSV lifecycle: binding, entry, replication, and release. CA could directly interact with PRRSV. Additionally, CA disrupted the expression of dsRNA during viral replication, thereby suppressing in vitro PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells. This study provides crucial perspectives on the potential application of CA for the prevention and treatment of PRRS. Full article
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15 pages, 5071 KiB  
Article
A Live-Attenuated Chimeric Vaccine Candidate Against the Emerging NADC34-Like PRRSV
by Zhengqin Ye, Zhendong Zhang, Zhenbang Zhu, Zhe Sun, Kegong Tian and Xiangdong Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(3), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12030290 - 19 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 712
Abstract
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been circulating in China for several years, causing substantial economic losses to the local pig industry. Current commercial vaccines have failed to provide complete protection against NADC34-like PRRSV infection. Additionally, the poor adaptation of [...] Read more.
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been circulating in China for several years, causing substantial economic losses to the local pig industry. Current commercial vaccines have failed to provide complete protection against NADC34-like PRRSV infection. Additionally, the poor adaptation of NADC34-like strains to Marc-145 cells presents a considerable challenge for developing effective vaccines against these strains. This study addresses these challenges by developing a novel vaccine candidate against NADC34-like PRRSV. We engineered a recombinant PRRSV, rNADC34-CHSps, by replacing the structural protein region of the JS2021NADC34 strain with that of the CHR6 strain to improve its adaptation to Marc-145 cells. The rescued strain could proliferate well in Marc-145 cells, maintaining high titers and stable growth kinetics even at high passage numbers. Piglets were vaccinated with rNADC34-CHSps at passage 80 and then challenged with the virulent NADC34-like PRRSV strain, JS2021NADC34, at 28 days post-vaccination. All vaccinated piglets developed specific antibodies against PRRSV at 14 dpv and showed no significant clinical symptoms, even after exposure to PRRSV JS2021NADC34. Furthermore, the vaccinated piglets gained significantly more weight, displayed much less severe pathological lesions, and reduced viremia compared to the challenge control piglets. These results indicate that rNADC34-CHSps is a promising vaccine candidate against NADC34-like PRRSV infection, highlighting the potential of targeted genomic modifications to enhance vaccine efficacy. Full article
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22 pages, 5343 KiB  
Article
Mechanisms and Management Strategies for Satsuma Mandarin Fruit Cracking
by Yongjie Li, Guoqiang Jin, Mingxia Wen, Xiaoting Zhu and Yongqiang Zheng
Agronomy 2025, 15(3), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15030698 - 13 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909
Abstract
The Satsuma mandarin, a prominent fresh citrus variety cultivated in Asia, is susceptible to fruit cracking, a physiological disorder that significantly impacts yield and economic efficiency. This phenomenon occurs during the fruit expansion phase. The present study sought to further elucidate the correlation [...] Read more.
The Satsuma mandarin, a prominent fresh citrus variety cultivated in Asia, is susceptible to fruit cracking, a physiological disorder that significantly impacts yield and economic efficiency. This phenomenon occurs during the fruit expansion phase. The present study sought to further elucidate the correlation between citrus fruit cracking and fruit peel development or mineral elements, as well as to propose efficacious management measures. The present experiment was conducted on Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. ‘Miyagawa Wase’ over two successive seasons—2022 and 2023. The dynamic changes in fruit morphology were recorded using calipers, and the peel strength was assessed via a Plus Texture Analyzer. Paraffin sectioning technology was used to observe the morphological structure of peel cells. At 10 days after full bloom (DAFB), the peel cells exhibited vigorous proliferation, and the fruit and peel thicknesses underwent rapid expansion. At 50–60 d after full bloom, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruit exhibited a marked increase in the growth rate of the former over the latter. At 80 d after full bloom, both the peel thickness change and the fruit growth rate exhibited a marked deceleration, and the albedo layer cells began to show signs of perforation. The following two time points were preliminarily proposed as the key points for the control of citrus fruit cracking: key point one was 50–60 days after full bloom; and key point two was 80–90 days after full bloom. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents in the different orchards were measured via the semi-micro Kjeldahl nitrogen method, the molybdenum–antimony colorimetric method, and flame photometry, respectively. The determination of other mineral elements was conducted by means of inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Principal component analysis was employed to analyze the 21-parameter indices of mineral elements in soil and leaf samples from the three orchards with different levels of fruit cracking. The study found that high concentrations of leaf Fe, P, and soil Cu, as well as organic matter content, contributed negatively to the extent of fruit cracking. The impact of diverse control measures on the incidence of fruit cracking was subsequently observed, following the implementation of tree crown spray treatments. The application of 0.5% calcium superphosphate and 0.006% EDTA-Fe, in combination with 10 ppm GA3 sprayed during two critical periods, significantly reduced fruit cracking and did not adversely affect the internal or external quality of the fruits. The study emphasises the necessity of customising management measures according to the developmental characteristics of citrus fruits, given the observed varietal and regional distinctions in susceptibility to cracking. These findings are pivotal for advancing research in the field of fruit cracking and promoting the healthy development of the industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
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28 pages, 2752 KiB  
Article
Insight into the Phenolic Composition of Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevine Berries During Fermentation—Towards the Application of Winery By-Products for Antibacterial Purposes
by Okba Hatem, Anita Seres-Steinbach, György Schneider, Éva Szabó and László Kőrösi
Antibiotics 2025, 14(3), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14030236 - 25 Feb 2025
Viewed by 943
Abstract
Background: Wine production generates significant amounts of grape marc, which can serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the polyphenol content of skin and seeds separated from grape marc, and test their [...] Read more.
Background: Wine production generates significant amounts of grape marc, which can serve as a potential source of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the polyphenol content of skin and seeds separated from grape marc, and test their extracts against two significant bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes (LM) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA). Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the phenolic composition in the skin, seeds, and juice/wine derived from Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries was conducted over an 18-day fermentation period. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to identify and quantify the main flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanins, and stilbenes. In addition, the total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Results: The TPC of both seeds and skins significantly decreased over time. In parallel, the TPC in the wine gradually increased, indicating a release of phenolic compounds into the wine. We found that the TPC in seeds was consistently higher than in the skin at all examined time points. The main flavonoids in seeds were flavan-3-ols (catechin and epicatechin), while anthocyanins (delphinidin-, cyanidin-, petunidin-, peonidin-, and malvidin-3-O-glucoside) were the predominant ones in skins. Crude seed and skin extracts enriched in phenolics were prepared, of which only the crude seed extract was proven effective against LM and SA. Following the time-kill assay, our findings revealed that the minimal bactericidal concentration of the crude seed extract against LM was 5.02 mg/mL after 12 h incubation, demonstrating the eradication of the living bacterial cell number by ~6 log. A 24 h exposure time was required for complete inactivation of SA, but a lower concentration was sufficient (2.54 mg/mL). Conclusions: Grape waste remains a valuable source of polyphenols, with grape seeds, in particular, exhibiting significant antimicrobial activity against certain foodborne pathogens. Full article
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24 pages, 18933 KiB  
Article
Hesperetin Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Downregulating the P38/JUN/FOS Pathway In Vitro
by Ruiheng Gu, Feike Zhao, Quanying Li, Limin Hou, Guochang Liu, Xueyan Sun, Junyuan Du and Binghu Fang
Microorganisms 2025, 13(2), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020450 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a persistent pathogen that causes significant economic losses to the global swine industry. Commercial vaccines provide only partial protection, and no effective therapeutic treatments are currently available. In this study, we demonstrate that hesperetin (Hst), [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a persistent pathogen that causes significant economic losses to the global swine industry. Commercial vaccines provide only partial protection, and no effective therapeutic treatments are currently available. In this study, we demonstrate that hesperetin (Hst), a flavonoid glycoside derived from orange and tangerine peels, inhibits PRRSV replication in a dose-dependent manner in Marc-145 and PAMs cells. Transcriptome analysis further reveals that the anti-PRRSV effects of Hst are associated with the suppression of the P38 MAPK pathway, as Hst significantly downregulates key genes, including NRA41, JUN, FOS, and DUSP1. Subsequent investigations show that Hst inhibits PRRSV replication by downregulating the P38/JUN/FOS signaling cascade. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies against PRRSV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infection on Swine: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Control)
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14 pages, 6635 KiB  
Article
Slope Calculation Analysis Based on Arbitrary Polygonal Hybrid Stress Elements Considering Gravity
by Chang Liu, Jingjie Tian, Changhao Hu, Fan Xia, Runjie Wang, Xuyang Wei and Ying Xu
Symmetry 2025, 17(2), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17020265 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 616
Abstract
This article proposes an arbitrary polygonal hybrid stress element considering gravity. It derives an arbitrary polygonal hybrid stress element considering gravity alone for slope stability related engineering analysis. In the stability analysis of slopes, slope disasters caused by gravity erosion have recently become [...] Read more.
This article proposes an arbitrary polygonal hybrid stress element considering gravity. It derives an arbitrary polygonal hybrid stress element considering gravity alone for slope stability related engineering analysis. In the stability analysis of slopes, slope disasters caused by gravity erosion have recently become an urgent problem to be solved through engineering. The traditional finite element analysis of slope stability faces problems such as a large number of divided elements and slow calculation efficiency. By introducing high-order stress fields through stress hybridization elements, accurate results can be simulated using a small number of elements. When dividing the mesh, most of the cell shapes are asymmetric, and the shape of the cell can be any polygon, which can simulate the geometric shape of complex slopes well and more accurately calculate the stress distribution in different parts, thus accurately simulating the stability situation in engineering. By comparing with the corresponding commercial software MARC 2020, the effectiveness and efficiency of the element were verified. It has been proven that any polygonal hybrid stress element has the advantage of flexible mesh division, which can obtain high-order stress fields and stress concentration phenomena with fewer elements. Applying this element to practical problems of slopes in engineering has also achieved good calculation results. Full article
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14 pages, 3042 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 from Severely Diseased Piglets in China in 2024
by Shuai Yang, Meng Cui, Chen Li, Ming Qiu, Xiaoyang Zhu, Yanhan Lin, Yifan Meng, Yuejia Qiu, Wenhao Qi, Hong Lin, Wanglong Zheng, Jianzhong Zhu, Kewei Fan and Nanhua Chen
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010061 - 15 Jan 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1343
Abstract
Since the first isolation of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) BJEU06-1 strain from a Beijing pig farm in 2006, more and more PRRSV-1 isolates have been identified in China. In this study, we performed the routine detection of PRRSV-1 [...] Read more.
Since the first isolation of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) BJEU06-1 strain from a Beijing pig farm in 2006, more and more PRRSV-1 isolates have been identified in China. In this study, we performed the routine detection of PRRSV-1 using 1521 clinical samples collected in 12 provinces/cities from February 2022 to May 2024. Only three lung samples from severely diseased piglets collected in January 2024 were detected as PRRSV-1-positive (0.197%, 3/1521). A PRRSV-1 strain (AHEU2024-2671) was successfully isolated in primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) but not in Marc-145 cells. Genome sequencing showed that the AHEU2024-2671 isolate shared the highest genome similarity (90.67%) with the SC2020-1 isolate but only 84.01% similarity with the predominant BJEU06-1 strain. Noticeably, the AHEU2024-2671-like isolates not only contained deletions in nsp2 and the GP3-GP4 overlap region, but also contained a unique 6 nt deletion between nsp12 and the ORF2 gene. Furthermore, a genome-based phylogenetic tree supported that the AHEU2024-2671-like isolates form a novel subgroup within subtype 1. Overall, this study not only supported the idea that PRRSV-1 is rapidly evolving in Chinese swine herds, but also pulled the alarm that novel PRRSV-1 isolates with potentially increased pathogenicity might already exist in China, although they are still rarely detected among Chinese pigs. Full article
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12 pages, 1930 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Tongue Fluid Sampling and Testing Protocols for Enhanced PRRSV Isolation from Perinatal Swine Mortalities
by Onyekachukwu Henry Osemeke, Isadora Machado, Elisa De Conti, Mariah Musskopf, Mafalda Pedro Mil-Homens, Samuel Stutzman, Baoqing Guo, Thomas Petznick, Gustavo De-Sousa-E Silva, Phillip Gauger, Jianqiang Zhang and Daniel C. L. Linhares
Viruses 2025, 17(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010102 - 14 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1250
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major concern for swine health. Isolating PRRSV is essential for identifying infectious viruses and for vaccine formulation. This study evaluated the potential of using tongue fluid (TF) from perinatal piglet mortalities for PRRSV isolation. [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major concern for swine health. Isolating PRRSV is essential for identifying infectious viruses and for vaccine formulation. This study evaluated the potential of using tongue fluid (TF) from perinatal piglet mortalities for PRRSV isolation. Four collection protocols were tested: extracting TF from fresh tissues using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS group), extracting TF from fresh tissues using virus transportation medium (VTM group), extracting TF from freeze-thawed tissue (freeze-thaw group), and using tissue homogenates (homogenate group). Two cell lines (ZMAC and MARC-145) and primary alveolar macrophages (PAM) were evaluated for their effect on successful PRRSV isolation. An eligible PRRSV-positive unstable breeding herd in Midwestern USA was chosen for the study. Tongues were collected in 20 batches (~30 mortalities per batch). Within each batch, each tongue tissue was cut into four quarters, with each quarter randomly assigned to one of the four collection protocols and RT-qPCR tested. Virus isolation (VI) was attempted on 10 batches. The mean RT-qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values for the PBS, VTM, freeze-thaw, and homogenate groups were 21.9, 21.8, 22.6, and 24.8, respectively. The VI success rate was 22.6%, 12.1%, 2.8%, and 2.8% in the PBS, VTM, freeze-thaw, and homogenate groups, respectively. The probability of successful VI was 3.1% and 21.0% in the MARC-145 and ZMAC cell lines, respectively, and 4.8% in the PAM cells. TF from perinatal mortalities is an option for PRRS VI, aiding in PRRSV monitoring and control programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Diseases of Livestock and Diagnostics, 2nd Edition)
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11 pages, 2412 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication in Nsp4- or Nsp2-Overexpressed Marc-145 Cell Lines
by Zhengqin Ye, Zhenbang Zhu, Liangzheng Yu, Zhendong Zhang and Xiangdong Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12010052 - 13 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1215
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. The killed PRRSV vaccine has been reported to be safe and could elicit humoral responses. The killed PRRSV vaccine with a high viral antigen load combined with robust adjuvants [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry. The killed PRRSV vaccine has been reported to be safe and could elicit humoral responses. The killed PRRSV vaccine with a high viral antigen load combined with robust adjuvants could provide good protection against the infection. However, the high virus titer of PRRSV on the successive production cell lines is the prerequisite for this strategy. In this study, we explored PRRSV production in two recombinant Marc-145 cell lines expressing Nsp2 or Nsp4 through a lentivirus system. The results demonstrated that either Nsp2 or Nsp4 expressing Marc-145 cells did not affect cell morphology and growth kinetics but significantly enhanced PRRSV replication. Overall, our exploration may enable the production of high-yield PRRSV and offer a potential tool for developing safer and more effective PRRSV vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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18 pages, 730 KiB  
Article
Recovery of Polysaccharides from Red Grape Marc and White Grape Pomace by Degradation of Cell Walls by Enzymes with Different Activities
by Ekhiñe Garaigordobil, Leticia Martínez-Lapuente, Zenaida Guadalupe, Silvia Pérez-Magariño and Belén Ayestarán
Molecules 2025, 30(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30020213 - 7 Jan 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1152
Abstract
The recovery of polysaccharides (PS) from red grape marc and white grape pomace by enzymatic degradation of their cell walls is an interesting green extraction technique that preserves the structure and bioactivity of PS. The type and dose of enzyme, and the liquid/solid [...] Read more.
The recovery of polysaccharides (PS) from red grape marc and white grape pomace by enzymatic degradation of their cell walls is an interesting green extraction technique that preserves the structure and bioactivity of PS. The type and dose of enzyme, and the liquid/solid (L/S) ratio in PS extraction were studied using four commercial enzymes. Four different doses per enzyme were used, with tartaric acid as solvent and L/S ratios of 1.3/1 and 4/1 for 24 h at 20 °C, compared with a control. The highest dose of enzyme E1, polygalacturonase + pectin lyase + pectin-methyl-esterase (with the highest activity) was the most effective in the degradation of high and medium molecular weight PS. At the lower L/S ratio, the fact that the highest dose of E1 degraded a higher percentage of high and medium molecular weight PS in the marc was explained by the difference in cell wall deconstruction between pomace and marc. The highest total PS purity was achieved in pomace with E1 at the maximum dose in both ratios, and in marc at the 1.3/1 ratio. The extraction efficiency of total PS was low for all enzymes. In the future, extraction with E1 combined with other green extraction techniques will be studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wine Chemistry)
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18 pages, 5368 KiB  
Article
Mesoporous Titania Nanoparticles for a High-End Valorization of Vitis vinifera Grape Marc Extracts
by Anil Abduraman, Ana-Maria Brezoiu, Rodica Tatia, Andreea-Iulia Iorgu, Mihaela Deaconu, Raul-Augustin Mitran, Cristian Matei and Daniela Berger
Inorganics 2024, 12(10), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12100263 - 3 Oct 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1388
Abstract
Mesoporous titania nanoparticles (NPs) can be used for encapsulation polyphenols, with applications in the food industry, cosmetics, or biomedicine. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method combined with solvothermal treatment. TiO2 NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, the [...] Read more.
Mesoporous titania nanoparticles (NPs) can be used for encapsulation polyphenols, with applications in the food industry, cosmetics, or biomedicine. TiO2 NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method combined with solvothermal treatment. TiO2 NPs were characterized through X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, the N2 adsorption method, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The sample prepared using Pluronic F127 presented a higher surface area and less agglomerated NPs than the samples synthesized with Pluronic P123. Grape marc (GM), a by-product from wine production, can be exploited for preparing extracts with good antioxidant properties. In this regard, we prepared hydroethanolic and ethanolic GM extracts from two cultivars, Feteasca Neagra (FN) and Pinot Noir. The extract components were determined by spectrometric analyses and HPLC. The extract with the highest radical scavenging activity, the hydroethanolic FN extract, was encapsulated in titania (FN@TiO2) and compared with SBA-15 silica support. Both resulting materials showed biocompatibility on the NCTC fibroblast cell line in a 50–300 µg/mL concentration range after 48 h of incubation and even better radical scavenging potential than the free extract. Although titania has a lower capacity to host polyphenols than SBA-15, the FN@TiO2 sample shows better cytocompatibility (up to 700 µmg/mL), and therefore, it could be used for skin-care products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 2798 KiB  
Article
Betulonic Acid Inhibits Type-2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication by Downregulating Cellular ATP Production
by Feixiang Long, Lizhan Su, Mingxin Zhang, Shuhua Wang, Qian Sun, Jinyi Liu, Weisan Chen, Haihong Wang and Jianxin Chen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910366 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1262
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection, has been a serious threat to the pork industry worldwide and continues to bring significant economic loss. Current vaccination strategies offer limited protection against PRRSV transmission, highlighting the urgent need for [...] Read more.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection, has been a serious threat to the pork industry worldwide and continues to bring significant economic loss. Current vaccination strategies offer limited protection against PRRSV transmission, highlighting the urgent need for novel antiviral approaches. In the present study, we reported for the first time that betulonic acid (BA), a widely available pentacyclic triterpenoids throughout the plant kingdom, exhibited potent inhibition on PRRSV infections in both Marc-145 cells and primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), with IC50 values ranging from 3.3 µM to 3.7 µM against three different type-2 PRRSV strains. Mechanistically, we showed that PRRSV replication relies on energy supply from cellular ATP production, and BA inhibits PRRSV infection by reducing cellular ATP production. Our findings indicate that controlling host ATP production could be a potential strategy to combat PRRSV infections, and that BA might be a promising therapeutic agent against PRRSV epidemics. Full article
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