Search Results (1,465)

Background: Signaling pathways like those depending on cAMP/PKA, calcium/calmodulin/CaMK, MEK-1/MAPK or PI3K/Akt have been described to modulate suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neuronal signaling via influencing transcription factors like CREB. Here, we analyzed the effect of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors and structurally similar substances commonly used as autophagy modulators on a cell line stably expressing a cyclic nucleotide element-driven luciferase reporter. Methods: We used an SCN cell line stably transfected with a CRE-luciferase reporter (SCNCRE) to evaluate signaling and vitality responses to various isoform-selective PDE inhibitors and autophagy modulators to evaluate the mechanism of action of the latter. Results: In this study the different impacts of common PDE inhibitors and autophagy modulators on CRE-luciferase activity applied alone and in combination with known CRE-luciferase activating agents showed that (1) PDE3, 4 and 5 are present in SCNCRE cells, with (2) PDE3 being the most active and (3) the autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenin (3-MA) displaying PDE inhibitor-like behavior. Conclusions: Experiments provide evidence that, in addition to the extracellular signaling pathways components shown before to be involved in CRE-luciferase activity regulation like cAMP analogs, adenylate cyclase activators and beta-adrenoceptor agonists, cyclic nucleotide metabolism as realized by phosphodiesterase activity, or molecule/agents influencing processes like autophagy or inflammation, modulate transcriptional CRE-dependent activity in these cells. Specifically, we provide evidence that the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, given that PDEs are expressed, may also act as a PDE inhibitor and inducer of CRE-mediated transcriptional activity. Full article

Structural collapses caused by accidents or disasters could create unexpected radiation shielding, resulting in sharp gradients within the radiation field. Traditional radiation mapping methods often fail to accurately capture these complex variations, making the rapid and precise localization of radiation sources a significant challenge in emergency response scenarios. To address this issue, based on standard Gaussian process regression (GPR) models that primarily utilize a single Gaussian kernel to reflect the inverse-square law in free space, a novel multi-kernel Gaussian process regression (MK-GPR) model is proposed for high-fidelity radiation mapping in environments with physical obstructions. MK-GPR integrates two additional kernel functions with adaptive weighting: one models the attenuation characteristics of intervening materials, and the other captures the energy-dependent penetration behavior of radiation. To validate the model, gamma-ray distributions in complex, shielded environments were simulated using GEometry ANd Tracking 4 (Geant4). Compared with conventional methods, including linear interpolation, nearest-neighbor interpolation, and standard GPR, MK-GPR demonstrated substantial improvements in key evaluation metrics, such as MSE, RMSE, and MAE. Notably, the coefficient of determination (R²) increased to 0.937. For practical deployment, the optimized MK-GPR model was deployed to an RK-3588 edge computing platform and integrated into a mobile robot equipped with a NaI(Tl) detector. Field experiments confirmed the system’s ability to accurately map radiation fields and localize gamma sources. When combined with SLAM, the system achieved localization errors of 10 cm for single sources and 15 cm for dual sources. These results highlight the potential of the proposed approach as an effective and deployable solution for radiation source investigation in post-disaster environments. Full article

(1) Background: This study investigated changes in bioactive components and volatile compounds (VCs) during the production of red millet by comparing two varieties: Miao Xiang glutinous millet (waxy) and Jigu-42 (non-waxy). The samples were solid-state-fermented with “Red Ferment” and evaluated for bioactive components. (2) Methods: Multiple analytical methods—including principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal PLS-DA (OPLS-DA), cluster analysis, and correlation analysis—were employed to systematically compare bioactive components and VCs. (3) Results: Significant varietal differences were observed: (1) Miao Xiang glutinous millet showed higher monacolin K (MK) and fatty acid contents; (2) Jigu-42 contained significantly more polyphenols; (3) linoleic acid dominated the fatty acid profiles of two varieties; and (4) a total of twenty-seven VCs were identified, including six alcohols, four aldehydes, seven ketones (corrected from duplicated count), two aromatic hydrocarbons, three heterocycles, one acid, three furans, and one ether. (4) Conclusions: The two varieties exhibited significant differences in MK, pigment profiles, fatty acid composition, polyphenol content, and volatile-compound profiles. These findings provide scientific guidance for the selection of the appropriate millet varieties in functional food production. Full article

Accurate delineation of within-field management zones (MZs) is essential for implementing precision agriculture, particularly in spatially heterogeneous environments. This study evaluates the spatiotemporal consistency and practical value of MZs derived from three complementary data sources: electromagnetic conductivity (EM38-MK2), basic soil chemical properties (pH, humus, P₂O₅, K₂O, nitrogen), and vegetation/surface indices (NDVI, SAVI, LCI, BSI) derived from Sentinel-2 imagery. Using kriging, fuzzy k-means clustering, percentile-based classification, and Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA), MZs were generated for a five-year period (2018–2022), with 2–8 zone classes. Stability and agreement were assessed using the Cohen Kappa, Jaccard, and Dice coefficients on systematic grid samples. Results showed that EM38-MK2 and humus-weighted BSP data produced the most consistent zones (Kappa > 0.90). Sentinel-2 indices demonstrated strong alignment with subsurface data (r > 0.85), offering a low-cost alternative in data-scarce settings. Optimal zoning was achieved with 3–4 classes, balancing spatial coherence and interpretability. These findings underscore the importance of multi-source data integration for robust and scalable MZ delineation and offer actionable guidelines for both data-rich and resource-limited farming systems. This approach promotes sustainable agriculture by improving input efficiency and allowing for targeted, site-specific field management. Full article

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are known to inhibit synaptic transmission by targeting SNARE proteins, but their selectivity toward central excitatory and inhibitory pathways is not yet fully understood. In this study, the interaction of serotypes A (BoNT/A) and B (BoNT/B) with the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems has been investigated using a pharmacological approach in an animal model of inflammatory pain, i.e., the formalin test in mice. BoNTs were administered intracerebroventricularly, three days before testing, followed 15 min before testing by systemic administration of sub-analgesic doses of MK801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, or muscimol, a GABA_A receptor agonist. BoNT/A reduced the second phase of the formalin test without affecting both the first phase and the interphase, suggesting a selective action on excitatory glutamatergic circuits while sparing GABAergic inhibition. Co-administration of MK801 with BoNT/A did not enhance analgesia, and muscimol did not further reduce interphase, confirming preserved GABAergic transmission. In contrast, BoNT/B abolished the interphase, consistent with impaired GABA release. Co-administration of MK801 or muscimol with BoNT/B restored the interphase, indicating compensatory rebalancing of excitatory-inhibitory networks. These results demonstrate that BoNT/A and BoNT/B exert distinct effects on central neurotransmission and support the hypothesis that BoNT/A preferentially targets excitatory synapses, while BoNT/B targets inhibitory synapses. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of BoNTs and their selective interaction with central pain pathways. Full article

Microalage are broadly recognized as promising agents for sustainable wastewater treatment and biomass generation. However, industrial effluents such as petroleum refinery wastewater (WW) present challenges due to toxic growth inhibiting substances. Three marine microalgae species: Pseudochloris wilhelmii, Nannochloropsis gaditana and Synechococcus sp. MK568070 were examined for cultivation potential in oil refinery WW. Their performance was evaluated in terms of growth dynamics, lipid productivity, and toxicity reduction, with a focus on their suitability for largescale industrial use. N. gaditana demonstrated the highest growth rate and lipid content (37% d.w.) as well as lipid productivity (29.45 mg/(Lday)) with the N-uptake rate of 0.698 mmol/(gday). The highest specific DIN uptake rate was observed inn P. wilhelmii (0.895 mmol/(gday) along with the highest volumetric productivity (93.9 mg/L/day) and WW toxicity removal (76.5%), while Synechococcus sp. MK568070 demonstrated lower performance metrics. A simple numerical model was applied to calculate continuous operation based on empirical results of batch experiments. Sustainability of the microalgae-based WW remediation under the conditions of optimized lipid biomass production was estimated, regarding 2019–2022–2025 cost dynamics. Parameters for optimum open raceway pond cultivation were calculated, and the biomass production accumulation was estimated, with the highest biomass production noted in P. wilhelmii (171.38 t/year). Comparison of treatment costs, production costs and revenue showed that the best candidate for WW remediation is N. gaditana. Full article

In this study, 3D Mg scaffolds were obtained by the spark plasma sintering (SPS), and a calcium phosphate coating was then obtained on the samples by the plasma electrolytic oxidation. A hybrid coating with vancomycin, zoledronic acid, and menaquinone MK-7 was formed to improve biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the formed specimens were studied. According to XRD, XRF, SEM, EDS, and OSP studies obtained scaffolds have developed morphology and contain hydroxyapatite as well as bioactive substances. Formation of coatings improves the wettability of samples (contact angle decreases from 123.8 ± 3.1° to 26.9 ± 4.1°) and increases the surface roughness by more than 3 times. This makes them promising for use as a new generation of implantation materials. The results are important for the development of personalized implants with improved functional characteristics. Full article

The study focuses on optimizing the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process by implementing a cost-efficient support structure strategy. The main objective is to develop a systematic approach for analyzing structural and technological parameters considering print time, material consumption, and surface quality. The study focus is on manually designed support structures as an alternative to automatic generation, allowing for precise control over print settings. The methodology includes comparative analysis of various support strategies using a Prusa MK3S+ printer under standardized conditions. Statistical and visual evaluations confirm that the designed support structures reduce print time by up to 59 min while maintaining comparable material use and superior surface finish. The findings offer a practical framework for optimizing 3D printing processes, reducing waste, and enhancing efficiency in prototyping and small-batch production. Full article

Despite the prevalence of fucosylated IgG in plasma, specific IgGs with low core fucosylation sporadically emerge in response to virus infections and blood cell alloantigens. This low fucosylation of IgG is implicated in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue infections. In COVID-19, the presence of IgGs with low core fucosylation (afucosylated IgGs) targeting spike protein predicts disease progression to a severe form and actively mediates this progression. This study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 infection of megakaryocytes promotes the generation of pathogenic afucosylated anti-spike IgGs, leading to outcomes, such as pulmonary vascular thrombosis, acute lung injury, and mortality in FcγRIIa-transgenic mice. Platelets from mice injected with virus-infected human megakaryocytes express significant activation biomarkers, indicating a direct link between the immune response and platelet activation. Mice injected with virus-infected human megakaryocytes demonstrate an elevated rate of thrombus formation induced by FeCl₃ (4%) and a reduction in bleeding time, emphasizing the intricate interplay of viral infection, immune response, and hemostatic complications. Treatment with inhibitors targeting FcγRIIa, serotonin, or complement anaphylatoxins of mice injected with spike-expressing MKs successfully prevents observed platelet activation, thrombus formation, and bleeding abnormalities, offering potential therapeutic strategies for managing severe outcomes associated with afucosylated IgGs in COVID-19 and related disorders. Full article

Riverbed dynamics are natural processes that are strongly driven by human and climatic factors. In the last two centuries, the anthropogenic influence and impact of climate change on European rivers has resulted in significant degradation of riverbeds. This research paper aims to determine the historical evolution (1856–2021) and future trends of the Ialomița riverbed (Romania) under the influence of anthropogenic impact and climate change. The case study is a reach of 66 km between the confluences with the Ialomicioara and Pâscov rivers. The localisation in a contact zone between the Curvature Subcarpathians and the Târgoviște Plain, the active recent tectonic uplift of the area, and the intense anthropogenic intervention gives to this river reach favourable conditions for pronounced riverbed dynamics over time. To achieve the aim of the study, we developed a complex methodology which involves the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the Mann–Kendall test (MK), and R programming. The results indicate that the evolution of the Ialomița River aligns with the general trends observed across Europe and within Romania, characterised by a reduction in riverbed geomorphological complexity and a general transition from a braided, multi-thread into a sinuous, single-thread fluvial style. The main processes consist of channel narrowing and incision alternating with intense meandering. However, specific temporal and spatial evolution patterns were identified, mainly influenced by the increasingly anthropogenic local influences and confirmed climate changes in the study area since the second half of the 20th century. Future evolutionary trends suggest that, in the absence of river restoration interventions, the Ialomița riverbed is expected to continue degrading on a short-term horizon, following both climatic and anthropogenic signals. The findings of this study may contribute to a better understanding of recent river behaviours and serve as a valuable tool for the management of the Ialomița River. Full article

The research presented in this paper focuses on the utilization of 3D printing technology in the design and manufacture of a prosthetic hand, equipped with a digit replicator. The subject of this study was a young man who had undergone the amputation of two fingers on his right hand. The electronic control of the movement of the finger copy was developed using Arduino language. A concept and outline drawings were developed in ProCreate. Three-dimensional scan of the hand and forearm was made using an EinScan PRO HD SHINING 3D scanner. Using CAD software—Autodesk Inventor and Autodesk Meshmixer, the prosthesis was designed. Printing was carried out on a 3D printer of the i3 MK3 and MK3+ series using a PLA (polylactic acid) filament. It was determined that PLA is an optimal material for printing, as it is considered to be safe for future patients’ skin. Work on the electronic circuitry started in Autodesk TinkerCad simulation software, allowing the code to be verified and ensuring the safety of the control system. The prosthesis’s design demonstrates the potential to reach as many people in need as possible by using readily available, low-cost, and easy-to-use components. Full article

This research explores the effectiveness of eggshell powder (ESP) and polypropylene (PP) fiber in geopolymer (GP) mortars. It examines how various doses of ESP, ranging from 0% to 25%, and two volumes of PP fibers, at 0.1% and 0.2% (by volume), impact the workability, mechanical and physical characteristics, and microstructure of GP mortars. Assessments were made for workability, apparent porosity, water absorption, and flexural and compressive strengths, along with microstructural evaluations. Using ESP as a substitute for metakaolin (MK) at 15% and 25% (by weight) improved the flexural and compressive strengths by 22.9%, 22.5%, 37.1%, and 50.7%, respectively. Using PP fiber resulted in flexural strength improvements of up to 97%. These findings deepen the understanding of ESP’s potential as a partial replacement for MK in geopolymer mortar, provide insights on material enhancement, and demonstrate superior mechanical and durability properties. Full article

Increasing drought conditions at the global level have created concerns about the decrease in water resources. This situation has made the correct planning of irrigation applications the most important situation. Irrigation management in future periods is possible with the correct determination of the reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) trend. In the current situation, the trend is usually determined using one or two methods. Failure to conduct a detailed trend analysis results in incorrect irrigation management. With the new approach presented in the research, all of the Mann–Kendall (MK), innovative trend analysis (ITA), Sen’s slope (SS) and Spearman’s rho (SR) tests were used, and the common results of the four tests, namely increase, decrease, and no trend, were taken into account. The ET₀ values calculated in different approaches were focused on temporal and spatial analysis for the future irrigation management of Türkiye with the Blaney–Criddle (BC), Turc (TR), and Coutagne (CT) methods. The future period forecast was made using four different trend analyses with geographical information system (GIS) based spatial applications using 12-month ET₀ data calculated from 59 years of data between 1965 and 2023. Statistical analysis was performed to reveal the relationship between ET₀ calculation methods. The findings showed that although there is a general increasing trend in ET₀ values in the region, this situation is more pronounced, especially in the provinces in the western and central regions. The research results improve the determination of plant water needs for future periods in terms of irrigation management. This new approach, which determines ET₀ trend analysis in the Black Sea region, can be used in regional, national, and international studies by supporting different calculations to be made in order to plan future water management correctly, to reduce the concern of decreasing water resources in drought conditions, and to obtain comprehensive data in order to provide appropriate irrigation. Full article

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks deliver superior real-time performance and responsiveness compared to conventional satellite networks, despite technical and economic challenges such as high deployment costs and operational complexity. Nevertheless, rapid topology changes and severe energy constraints of LEO satellites make real-time routing a persistent challenge. In this paper, we employ field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to overcome the resource limitations of on-board computers (OBCs) and to manage energy consumption effectively using the Eclipse-Aware Routing (EAR) algorithm, and we implement the K-Shortest Paths (KSP) algorithm directly on the FPGA. Our method first generates multiple routes from the source to the destination using KSP, then selects the optimal path based on energy consumption rate, eclipse duration, and estimated transmission load as evaluated by EAR. In large-scale LEO networks, the computational burden of KSP grows substantially as connectivity data become more voluminous and complex. To enhance performance, we accelerate complex computations in the programmable logic (PL) via pipelining and design a collaborative architecture between the processing system (PS) and PL, achieving approximately a 3.83× speedup compared to a PS-only implementation. We validate the feasibility of the proposed approach by successfully performing remote routing-table updates on the SpaceWire-based SpaceWire Brick MK4 network system. Full article

Megakaryocytes (MKs), which primarily develop in bone marrow (BM) from hematopoietic stem cells, are critical for platelet production. Beyond their well-established role in thrombopoiesis, MKs have been identified as important for BM niche maintenance, such as by supporting the growth and differentiation of other cell types. Recently, megakaryopoiesis has been reported as yielding divergent subpopulations of MKs, as evidenced by single-cell RNA sequencing of lung, spleen, or BM resident MKs. Interestingly, these subpopulations constitute a significant proportion of “immune MKs” expressing various classical immune markers and capable of phagocytosing pathogens and contributing to antigen presentation. As such, MKs were also found to regulate inflammation, mainly by secreting various cytokines and chemokines to crosstalk with other cell types. The level and functional signature of these “immune MKs” were found to be altered in various pathological conditions, indicative of their purposeful values in health and diseases. In this review, we survey and highlight newly reported functional immune and inflammatory properties of MKs in health and in select pathologies. Full article