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Search Results (315)

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Keywords = Fucoxanthin

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16 pages, 4054 KiB  
Article
Uncovering Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) in South America: First Taxonomic and Toxicological Insights from Argentinean Coastal Waters
by Delfina Aguiar Juárez, Inés Sunesen, Ana Flores-Leñero, Luis Norambuena, Bernd Krock, Gonzalo Fuenzalida and Jorge I. Mardones
Toxins 2025, 17(8), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080386 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025
Abstract
Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) is a cosmopolitan species frequently associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) and fish mortality events, representing a potential threat to aquaculture and coastal ecosystems. This study provides the first comprehensive morphological, phylogenetic, pigmentary, and toxicological characterization of F. japonica strains [...] Read more.
Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) is a cosmopolitan species frequently associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs) and fish mortality events, representing a potential threat to aquaculture and coastal ecosystems. This study provides the first comprehensive morphological, phylogenetic, pigmentary, and toxicological characterization of F. japonica strains isolated from Argentina. Light and transmission electron microscopy confirmed key diagnostic features of the species, including anterior flagella and the conspicuous group of mucocyst in the posterior region. Phylogenetic analysis based on the LSU rDNA D1–D2 region revealed monophyletic relationships with strains from geographically distant regions. Pigment analysis by HPLC identified chlorophyll-a (62.3 pg cell−1) and fucoxanthin (38.4 pg cell−1) as the main dominant pigments. Cytotoxicity assays using RTgill-W1 cells exposed for 2 h to culture supernatants and intracellular extracts showed strain-specific effects. The most toxic strain (LPCc049) reduced gill cell viability down to 53% in the supernatant exposure, while LC50 values ranged from 1.6 × 104 to 4.7 × 105 cells mL−1, depending directly on the strain and treatment type. No brevetoxins (PbTx-1, -2, -3, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, BTX-B1 and BTX-B2) were detected by LC–MS/MS, suggesting that the cytotoxicity may be linked to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), or hemolytic compounds, as previously hypothesized in the literature. These findings offer novel insights into the toxic potential of F. japonica in South America and underscore the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its ichthyotoxic effect. Full article
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22 pages, 2015 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Fucoxanthin Pickering Emulsion Stability and Encapsulation with Seaweed Cellulose Nanofibrils Using High-Pressure Homogenization
by Ying Tuo, Mingrui Wang, Yiwei Yu, Yixiao Li, Xingyuan Hu, Long Wu, Zongpei Zhang, Hui Zhou and Xiang Li
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(8), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23080311 - 30 Jul 2025
Abstract
Poor solubility and bioavailability have limited the application of fucoxanthin in drug and functional food processing. In order to encapsulate fucoxanthin in delivery systems, in this study, cellulose was isolated from industrial brown algae residues and high-pressure homogenized into cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Then, [...] Read more.
Poor solubility and bioavailability have limited the application of fucoxanthin in drug and functional food processing. In order to encapsulate fucoxanthin in delivery systems, in this study, cellulose was isolated from industrial brown algae residues and high-pressure homogenized into cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). Then, fucoxanthin was encapsulated into the Pickering emulsion stabilized by the CNFs. The effect of high-pressure homogenization on the characteristics of cellulose and the stability of fucoxanthin emulsion was evaluated. The results indicated that CNFs prepared at 105 MPa had a diameter of 87 nm and exhibited high zeta potential and thermal stability. Encapsulation efficiency peaked at 70.8% with 1.0 mg/mL fucoxanthin, and after three freeze–thaw cycles the encapsulation efficiency was higher than 60%. The DPPH scavenging activity after 12 days’ storage at 4 °C was still 42%. Furthermore, the Pickering emulsion with 1.0 mg/mL fucoxanthin showed high stability and antioxidant activity under different pH values, salinity, temperature, and UV light exposure duration. The CNFs effectively protected fucoxanthin from degradation, offering a novel delivery system for marine bioactive compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the fucoxanthin delivery system of Pickering emulsion stabilized by the CNFs. Such emulsion might benefit the encapsulation and release of bioactive components in marine drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Carotenoids: Properties, Health Benefits, and Applications)
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24 pages, 2082 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Pharmacological Landscape of Undaria pinnatifida: Insights into Neuroprotective Actions and Bioactive Constituents
by Helena Machado, Jorge Pereira Machado, Christian Alves, Cristina Soares, Clara Grosso, Jorge Magalhães Rodrigues and Maria Begoña Criado
Nutraceuticals 2025, 5(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals5030020 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
The marine seaweed Undaria pinnatifida belongs to the large group of brown macroalgae (Ochrophyta) and is valued both as a nutritious food and a source of pharmaceutical compounds. It has been widely consumed in East Asia as part of the traditional [...] Read more.
The marine seaweed Undaria pinnatifida belongs to the large group of brown macroalgae (Ochrophyta) and is valued both as a nutritious food and a source of pharmaceutical compounds. It has been widely consumed in East Asia as part of the traditional diet and is generally regarded as a “healthy longevity food.” Consequently, it represents one of the most promising natural sources of biomedicinal and bioactive products. This review aims to synthesize current scientific evidence on the pharmacologically active compounds of U. pinnatifida, emphasizing their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative and chronic diseases. This narrative review is based on a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed articles from scientific databases, focusing on studies addressing the pharmacological properties of U. pinnatifida and its major bioactive constituents. Recent research highlights that compounds such as fucoxanthin (a carotenoid), fucosterol (a sterol), fucoidan (a polysaccharide), alginate, and dietary fiber found in U. pinnatifida possess significant potential for developing treatments for conditions including goitre, urinary diseases, scrofula, dropsy, stomach ailments, and hemorrhoids. Moreover, these compounds exhibit remarkable pharmacological properties, including immunomodulation, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and antibacterial activities, all with low toxicity and minimal side effects. Additionally, U. pinnatifida shows promise in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, as well as neuropsychiatric conditions like depression, supported by its antioxidant effects against oxidative stress and neuroprotective activities. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that U. pinnatifida polysaccharides (UPPs), particularly fucoidans, exhibit significant biological activities. Thus, accumulating evidence positions UPPs as promising therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases. Full article
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17 pages, 3817 KiB  
Article
Molecular Mechanism of Body Color Change in the Ecological Seedling Breeding Model of Apostichopus japonicus
by Lingshu Han, Pengfei Hao, Haoran Xiao, Weiyan Li, Yichen Fan, Wanrong Tian, Ye Tian, Luo Wang, Yaqing Chang and Jun Ding
Biology 2025, 14(7), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070873 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 263
Abstract
The mismatch between the rapid expansion of breeding scale and outdated techniques has hindered the development of the sea cucumber (A. japonicus) industry. Our previous work revealed that ecological seedling breeding can produce red-colored A. japonicus, a phenotype not observed [...] Read more.
The mismatch between the rapid expansion of breeding scale and outdated techniques has hindered the development of the sea cucumber (A. japonicus) industry. Our previous work revealed that ecological seedling breeding can produce red-colored A. japonicus, a phenotype not observed in traditional artificial breeding, where individuals are typically green. To investigate the molecular and genetic basis of this novel red coloration, we compared the growth conditions of red sea cucumbers and green sea cucumbers, as well as the differences in the pigment composition, gene expression and metabolites of their body walls. Red individuals showed higher body length and weight, and elevated levels of astaxanthin, lutein, canthaxanthin, and β-carotene in the body wall. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses identified differentially expressed genes and metabolites associated with pigmentation. In particular, FMO2 and WDR18, involved in the cytochrome P450 drug metabolism pathway, were significantly upregulated in red individuals and are known to play roles in pigment biosynthesis and light signal perception. Key metabolites such as astaxanthin and fucoxanthin were implicated in body color formation. Moreover, genes in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway were highly expressed, suggesting that dietary factors may contribute to pigment synthesis and accumulation. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying body color variation in A. japonicus and offer potential for improved breeding strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)
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21 pages, 1170 KiB  
Review
Innovative Controlled-Release Systems for Fucoxanthin: Research Progress and Applications
by Shiyan Wang, Mengran Guo and Zhaohui Jin
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070889 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, a marine-derived carotenoid primarily sourced from algae and microalgae, holds significant potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. However, its highly unsaturated structure presents critical challenges, including structural instability, poor aqueous solubility, and limited bioavailability. These restrict its application despite its abundant natural [...] Read more.
Fucoxanthin, a marine-derived carotenoid primarily sourced from algae and microalgae, holds significant potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. However, its highly unsaturated structure presents critical challenges, including structural instability, poor aqueous solubility, and limited bioavailability. These restrict its application despite its abundant natural availability. Recently, various controlled-release nanotechnologies have been applied to improve the properties of fucoxanthin formulations. In this review, we systematically summarized the bioactivities of fucoxanthin and highlighted recent advancements in controlled-release systems designed to address the limitations. These controlled-release systems mainly use natural or synthetic organic materials and are employed to develop various formulations, including emulsions, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanostructured lipid carriers. In addition, the emerging bioinspired drug delivery systems, particularly extracellular vesicles and cell-membrane-derived biomimetic systems, have gained prominence for their immunocompatibility and ability to penetrate physiological barriers, which is regarded as superior encapsulation vesicles for fucoxanthin. Focusing on innovations, we discussed the state-of-the-art delivery systems for fucoxanthin encapsulation and emphasized their roles in improving biosafety, enhancing bioavailability, preserving bioactivity, and optimizing therapeutic performance across various disease models. These insights will provide promising guidance for engineering controlled-release platforms and will aim to unlock fucoxanthin’s full potential in drug development and dietary supplement formulations. Full article
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16 pages, 905 KiB  
Review
From Sea to Relief: The Therapeutic Potential of Marine Algal Antioxidants in Pain Alleviation
by Mariola Belda-Antolí, Francisco A. Ros Bernal and Juan Vicente-Mampel
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(7), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23070270 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Chronic pain affects approximately 20% of the global adult population, posing significant healthcare and economic challenges. Effective management requires addressing both biological and psychosocial factors, with emerging therapies such as antioxidants and marine algae offering promising new treatment avenues. Marine algae synthesize bioactive [...] Read more.
Chronic pain affects approximately 20% of the global adult population, posing significant healthcare and economic challenges. Effective management requires addressing both biological and psychosocial factors, with emerging therapies such as antioxidants and marine algae offering promising new treatment avenues. Marine algae synthesize bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, carotenoids, and sulfated polysaccharides, which modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroimmune signaling pathways implicated in pain. Both preclinical and clinical studies support their potential application in treating inflammatory, neuropathic, muscular, and chronic pain conditions. Notable constituents include polyphenols, carotenoids (such as fucoxanthin), vitamins, minerals, and sulfated polysaccharides. These compounds modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, particularly by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulating cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Brown and red algae produce phlorotannins and fucoidans that alleviate pain and inflammation in preclinical models. Carotenoids like fucoxanthin demonstrate neuroprotective effects by influencing autophagy and inflammatory gene expression. Algal-derived vitamins (C and E) and minerals (magnesium, selenium, and zinc) contribute to immune regulation and pain modulation. Additionally, sulfated polysaccharides suppress microglial activation in the central nervous system (CNS). Marine algae represent a promising natural source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in pain management. Although current evidence, primarily derived from preclinical studies, indicates beneficial effects in various pain models, further research is necessary to confirm their efficacy, safety, and mechanisms in human populations. These findings advocate for the continued exploration of marine algae as complementary agents in future therapeutic strategies. Full article
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16 pages, 1004 KiB  
Article
Copper and Temperature Interactions Induce Differential Physiological and Metal Exclusion Responses in the Model Brown Macroalga Ectocarpus
by Alex Santillán-Sarmiento, Paula S. M. Celis-Plá, A. John Moody, Claudio A. Saez and Murray T. Brown
Plants 2025, 14(12), 1834; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121834 - 14 Jun 2025
Viewed by 469
Abstract
The toxic effects of copper (Cu) excess in brown macroalgae have been well characterized. However, the interactive effects of increased temperatures, associated with climate change, and Cu stress on these macrophytes remain almost unexplored. In this study, we exposed the model brown seaweed [...] Read more.
The toxic effects of copper (Cu) excess in brown macroalgae have been well characterized. However, the interactive effects of increased temperatures, associated with climate change, and Cu stress on these macrophytes remain almost unexplored. In this study, we exposed the model brown seaweed Ectocarpus to different Cu concentrations (0, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 μM) at two different temperatures (15 and 25 °C). Relative growth rates decreased at 25 °C for the two highest Cu concentrations after 8 days of exposure, but a contrasting pattern was observed in the photosynthetic maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic efficiency (α), where reductions were observed at 15 °C for the same Cu concentrations. Although no differences among treatments were observed for chlorophyll a (Chla) and chlorophyll c (Chlc), a reduction in concentration of the accessory pigment fucoxanthin (Fx) was only observed at 15 °C in all Cu treatments. Interestingly, at 25 °C, 20.1% less total Cu (intracellular + extracellularly bound) accumulated compared to 15 °C upon exposure to 3.2 μM Cu. Likewise, 33.1 and 23.8% less Cu accumulated intracellularly at 25 °C after exposure to 1.6 μM and 3.2 μM Cu, respectively. Additionally, at 25 °C about half of the Cu ions accumulated intracellularly and half extracellularly compared to 15 °C, where Cu accumulated mostly intracellularly at the two highest Cu concentrations. The results presented here provide valuable information to better understand the interactive effects of increased temperature and excess Cu in the stress response of Ectocarpus, suggesting that increased temperature helps to offset the negative impacts of exposure to high Cu concentrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Macrophytes Responses to Global Change)
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15 pages, 823 KiB  
Article
Research on the Influence of Orthogonal Design Optimized Elicitor Combinations on Fucoxanthin Accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Its Expression Regulation
by Han Yang, Yifu Gong, Boyue Liu, Yuru Chen, Huan Qin, Heyu Wang and Hao Liu
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(6), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23060244 - 9 Jun 2025
Viewed by 493
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid with notable pharmaceutical potential, has attracted significant attention due to its efficient accumulation in marine microalgae and the importance of optimizing its induction conditions. In this study, Phaeodactylum tricornutum was employed as a model organism to screen optimal conditions for [...] Read more.
Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid with notable pharmaceutical potential, has attracted significant attention due to its efficient accumulation in marine microalgae and the importance of optimizing its induction conditions. In this study, Phaeodactylum tricornutum was employed as a model organism to screen optimal conditions for fucoxanthin accumulation using a three-factor, four-level orthogonal design. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms related to photosynthetic physiology and gene regulation were explored. The results revealed that both glycine (Gly) and light intensity significantly enhanced fucoxanthin content (p < 0.05). The optimal condition (Combination C: 0.50 g L−1 Gly, 36 μmol photons·m−2·s−1, 12 h light/12 h dark) yielded a fucoxanthin content of 0.87 μg g−1, representing a 35% increase compared to the control. Meanwhile, Combination p (0.50 g L−1 Gly, 36 μmol photons·m−2·s−1, 24 h light/0 h dark) significantly improved cell density (5.11 × 106 cells mL−1; +18%) and fucoxanthin yield (4.10 μg L−1; +47%). Analysis of photosynthetic parameters demonstrated that the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was suppressed. Gene expression profiling showed that Combination C upregulated photosynthetic genes (psbA, rbcL, rbcS) by up to 2.36-fold, while Combination P notably upregulated fcpb (7.59-fold), crtiso, and pds. Principal component analysis identified that rbcS and pds are key regulatory genes. These findings demonstrate that Gly, light intensity, and photoperiod synergistically regulate the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and carotenoid biosynthesis, thereby promoting fucoxanthin accumulation. This work provides valuable insights and a theoretical basis for optimizing fucoxanthin production in support of marine drug development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Algal Cultivation for Obtaining High-Value Products, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 4566 KiB  
Article
Fucoxanthin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Exert Potent Therapeutic Efficacy in Combating High-Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Mice
by Lijun Ding, Xiao Luo and Weijia Wen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115249 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 562
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic disorders pose significant health challenges. Fucoxanthin, a lipophilic compound, has shown promising anti-obesity potential, but its poor solubility and bioavailability limit therapeutic efficacy. The successful formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) amplified fucoxanthin’s efficacy in mitigating obesity and the [...] Read more.
Obesity and associated metabolic disorders pose significant health challenges. Fucoxanthin, a lipophilic compound, has shown promising anti-obesity potential, but its poor solubility and bioavailability limit therapeutic efficacy. The successful formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) amplified fucoxanthin’s efficacy in mitigating obesity and the associated metabolic dysregulation. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were treated with free fucoxanthin, lyophilized SLNs (L-SLN), and dispersed SLNs (D-SLN) loaded with fucoxanthin. The intervention with D-SLN demonstrated the most significant reduction in body weight gain (29.94%) and fat mass gain (61.80%) compared to the HFD group (p < 0.05), alongside notable improvements in metabolic indicators including fasting blood glucose, liver enzymes, lipid profile, and inflammatory markers such as leptin and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) levels. Histopathological evaluation corroborated these findings, showing highly reduced hepatic lipid droplet accumulation and improved adipocyte and testicular morphology. This advancement paved the way for translating fucoxanthin into a clinically effective anti-obesity agent. Full article
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18 pages, 2164 KiB  
Article
Dietary Supplementation with Algae Powders and Carotenoids Enhances Growth Performance and Tissue-Specific Carotenoid Accumulation in Penaeus Vannamei
by Pujiang Liu, Chengwei Huang, Qian Shen, Qijun Luo, Rui Yang, Haimin Chen, Wei Wu and Juanjuan Chen
Animals 2025, 15(11), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111550 - 25 May 2025
Viewed by 530
Abstract
The pigmentation and coloration of P. vannamei are primarily determined by the type and concentration of dietary carotenoids, with carotenoid-rich macroalgae serving as effective dietary supplements to enhance pigment accumulation and improve commercial quality. Five experimental diets were formulated with 3% brown algae [...] Read more.
The pigmentation and coloration of P. vannamei are primarily determined by the type and concentration of dietary carotenoids, with carotenoid-rich macroalgae serving as effective dietary supplements to enhance pigment accumulation and improve commercial quality. Five experimental diets were formulated with 3% brown algae (Saccharina japonica, SJ group; Sargassum fusiforme, SF group), red algae (Neoporphyra haitanensis, NH group), or 0.1% purified carotenoids (zeaxanthin, ZT group; fucoxanthin, FX group). The results showed that both macroalgae and carotenoid supplementation significantly enhanced weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to the control group, with the zeaxanthin and fucoxanthin groups exhibiting the greatest improvements (1.6-fold and 1.3-fold, respectively). The N. haitanensis-supplemented diet, which had the highest carotenoid content, resulted in the most pronounced carotenoid accumulation (2.58-fold increase). Carotenoids were mainly deposited in the exoskeleton, followed by the hepatopancreas, with minimal accumulation in muscle tissue. α-Carotene and β-carotene contributed most to exoskeleton deposition, while lutein and zeaxanthin had weaker effects, and fucoxanthin showed no significant influence. Tissue-specific distribution patterns were observed: α-carotene and β-carotene were localized in the exoskeleton; fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin were found only in the exoskeleton and hepatopancreas, and astaxanthin was present in all three tissues. Furthermore, astaxanthin diesters (C20:5 and C22:6) were primarily detected in the exoskeleton and hepatopancreas, while monoesters (C16:0 and C18:0) were specific to muscle. These findings suggest that targeted supplementation of algal-derived carotenoids can enhance both growth and pigmentation in P. vannamei, providing a theoretical basis for the development of functional feeds to improve shrimp commercial quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)
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16 pages, 2073 KiB  
Article
Marine Algae Extract-Loaded Nanoemulsions: A Spectrophotometric Approach to Broad-Spectrum Photoprotection
by Julian Tello Quiroz, Ingrid Andrea Rodriguez Martinez, Vanessa Urrea-Victoria, Leonardo Castellanos and Diana Marcela Aragón Novoa
Cosmetics 2025, 12(3), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12030101 - 15 May 2025
Viewed by 879
Abstract
The depletion of the ozone layer and climate change have increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, driving the search for natural photoprotective agents. Marine macroalgae, particularly Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta) and Sargassum polyceratium (Ochrophyta), are rich in UV-absorbing bioactives, such as mycosporine-like amino acids [...] Read more.
The depletion of the ozone layer and climate change have increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, driving the search for natural photoprotective agents. Marine macroalgae, particularly Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta) and Sargassum polyceratium (Ochrophyta), are rich in UV-absorbing bioactives, such as mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) and fucoxanthin, offering natural alternatives to synthetic sunscreens. This study aimed to develop and optimize a nanoemulsion incorporating both algal extracts, with MAAs and fucoxanthin strategically distributed in the aqueous and oil phases, respectively, to enhance synergistic broad-spectrum UV protection. MAAs were quantified in Gracilaria sp. using UHPLC-DAD, revealing 8.03 mg/g dry weight, primarily composed of shinorine and porphyra-334. Fucoxanthin was identified in S. polyceratium at 0.98 mg/g dry weight. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the nanoemulsion, targeting minimal droplet size and optimal ζ potential. The resulting formulation achieved a droplet size less than 100 nm and a ζ potential less than −25.0 mV. In vitro spectrophotometric analysis demonstrated significant photoprotective potential. The nanoemulsion containing only 375 ppm of algal extracts exhibited a UVA ratio of 1.25 and a critical wavelength of 379 nm, meeting the criteria for broad-spectrum protection and outperforming the commercial natural filter Helioguard®365. These results confirm the efficacy of combining red and brown algae extracts in a nanoemulsion platform to deliver sustainable, low-dose photoprotection. This work presents, for the first time, the incorporation of red and brown algae extracts into a single nanoemulsion system, representing a novel strategy to maximize the combined photoprotective potential of MAAs and fucoxanthin. Ultimately, this investigation contributes to the growing field of marine-derived sunscreens and supports the advancement of “blue beauty” innovations aligned with eco-conscious formulation principles. Full article
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21 pages, 4422 KiB  
Article
The Regulation of the NF-κB p65 and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways by Fucoxanthin in Human THP-1 Monocyte Macrophages Under a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation Model
by Linyi Zhang, Tong Li, Jingyi Liu, Jiyan Sun, Jinkun Niu, Dandan Ren, Yichao Ma, Yunhai He, Shu Liu and Qiukuan Wang
Foods 2025, 14(10), 1746; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101746 - 14 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 768
Abstract
Fucoxanthin (Fx), a natural carotenoid predominantly found in brown algae and certain microalgae, has garnered significant attention in recent years for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As inflammation and oxidative stress represent fundamental physiological responses that play pivotal roles in disease pathogenesis, [...] Read more.
Fucoxanthin (Fx), a natural carotenoid predominantly found in brown algae and certain microalgae, has garnered significant attention in recent years for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. As inflammation and oxidative stress represent fundamental physiological responses that play pivotal roles in disease pathogenesis, their intricate interplay has become a focus of scientific investigation. This study employed an LPS-induced THP-1 cell inflammation model to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of fucoxanthin and its interaction with oxidative stress pathways. Our findings demonstrate that fucoxanthin effectively suppresses the LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α, in THP-1 cells. Mechanistically, this effect is achieved through the inhibition of IκB-α phosphorylation, thereby blocking the activation of the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. Concurrently, fucoxanthin exhibits robust antioxidant activity, as evidenced by enhanced catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities coupled with reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Furthermore, fucoxanthin activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, leading to upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and the consequent attenuation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. These results collectively indicate that fucoxanthin exerts dual protective effects through anti-inflammatory action mediated by NF-κB pathway inhibition and antioxidant activity via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation. The observed crosstalk between these pathways suggests that fucoxanthin’s therapeutic potential stems from its ability to simultaneously modulate interconnected inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Our study provides compelling evidence that fucoxanthin’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are functionally interrelated, with the Nrf2 signaling pathway serving as a critical node in this protective mechanism against LPS-induced cellular damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)
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33 pages, 6958 KiB  
Article
Development of Fucoxanthin-Enriched Yogurt Using Nanoliposomal Carriers: A Strategy for Functional Dairy Products with Antioxidant and Erythroprotective Benefits
by Miguel Ángel Robles-García, Carmen Lizette Del-Toro-Sánchez, Germán Limón-Vargas, Melesio Gutiérrez-Lomelí, María Guadalupe Avila-Novoa, Fridha Viridiana Villalpando-Vargas, Brenda Vega-Ruiz, Ariadna Thalía Bernal-Mercado, Rey David Iturralde-García, Abril Ivett Priscilla Gómez-Guzman, Ernesto Ramírez-Briones, Reyna Guadalupe López-Berrellez and Ricardo Iván González-Vega
Molecules 2025, 30(8), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30081854 - 21 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 946
Abstract
In pursuing functional foods that promote health, nanoliposomal carriers have been used to enhance the stability and functionality of dairy products such as yogurt, promising therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fucoxanthin-loaded nanoliposomes in yogurt on its antioxidant, physicochemical, [...] Read more.
In pursuing functional foods that promote health, nanoliposomal carriers have been used to enhance the stability and functionality of dairy products such as yogurt, promising therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of fucoxanthin-loaded nanoliposomes in yogurt on its antioxidant, physicochemical, and rheological properties under cold storage (21 days). Fucoxanthin-loaded nanoliposomes were prepared using the ultrasonic film dispersion technique and added at concentrations of 0%, 5%, and 10% in the yogurt (Y-C, Y-FXN-5, Y-FXN-10). Homogeneous and uniform nanoliposomes (98.28 nm) were obtained, preserving their integrity and functionality and ensuring the prolonged release and bioavailability of fucoxanthin. Y-FXN-10 maintained the highest antioxidant activity according to the DPPH (52.96%), ABTS (97.97%), and FRAP (3.16 mmol ET/g) methods. This formulation exhibited enhanced erythroprotective potential, inhibiting hemolysis, photohemolysis, and heat-induced hemolysis. However, viscosity and firmness decreased, affecting the texture and appearance. Sensory properties such as the color, flavor, aftertaste, texture, and overall acceptance improved with the 10% fucoxanthin-enriched yogurt formulation. These results suggest that nanoliposomes are suitable for carrying fucoxanthin. Their incorporation into food matrices is critical to developing functional foods. Regulatory approvals and consumer perceptions regarding nanotechnology-based products must be addressed, emphasizing their safety and health benefits. Full article
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9 pages, 2006 KiB  
Communication
Effect of Nrf2 Activators in Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Cells Under Oxidative Stress
by Junsei Taira, Takuya Kubo, Hiroya Nagano, Ryuji Tsuda, Takayuki Ogi, Kenji Nakashima and Tetsuro Suzuki
Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23040155 - 3 Apr 2025
Viewed by 644
Abstract
The liver is an active metabolic site that generates high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the chronicity of hepatitis and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to determine the involvement of oxidative stress in [...] Read more.
The liver is an active metabolic site that generates high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress has been implicated in the chronicity of hepatitis and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study aimed to determine the involvement of oxidative stress in HBV-infected cells and the efficacy of natural Nrf2 activators. The intracellular HBV pregenomic RNA copy number relative to total RNA was measured by RT-PCR, and various protein expressions associated with oxidative stress were analyzed by a Western blot analysis. The results showed that the Nrf2, HO-1, Akt, and Bcl-xL proteins were decreased by the continuous infection, indicating that HBV-positive cells were exposed to oxidative stress. The present study evaluated the anti-HBV infection effects of the Nrf2 activator fucoxanthin (Fx), a marine carotenoid from edible biological resources, including the comparative natural Nrf2 activator pteryxin (Ptx). These Nrf2 activators suppressed the HBV pregenomic RNA production in the HBV-infected cells, thus increasing the expression of the proteins of Nrf2 and HO-1. In the persistently infected cells transfected with the HBV genome, the Bcl-xL and Keap1 proteins, which contribute to suppressing the HBx protein involved in the HBV replication, were overexpressed. In particular, the activity of these protein expressions was marked at low concentrations of Fx. This suggests that natural Nrf2 activators may play a significant role in the HBV infection and could be a valuable source for further development through the functional utilization of food resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine-Derived Bioactive Substances and Their Mechanisms of Action)
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50 pages, 1777 KiB  
Review
Carotenoids for Antiaging: Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmeceutical Applications
by Mariia Shanaida, Olha Mykhailenko, Roman Lysiuk, Nataliia Hudz, Radosław Balwierz, Arkadii Shulhai, Nataliya Shapovalova, Volodymyr Shanaida and Geir Bjørklund
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(3), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030403 - 13 Mar 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3780
Abstract
Background: Carotenoids are bioactive tetraterpenoid C40 pigments that are actively synthesized by plants, bacteria, and fungi. Compounds such as α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, astaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, fucoxanthin, and zeaxanthin have attracted increasing attention for their antiaging properties. They exhibit antioxidant, [...] Read more.
Background: Carotenoids are bioactive tetraterpenoid C40 pigments that are actively synthesized by plants, bacteria, and fungi. Compounds such as α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, astaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, fucoxanthin, and zeaxanthin have attracted increasing attention for their antiaging properties. They exhibit antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to comprehensively analyze the pharmacological potential and biological mechanisms of carotenoids associated with age-related disorders and to evaluate their application in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Methods: A systematic review of studies published over the past two decades was conducted using the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The selection criteria included clinical, in silico, in vivo, and in vitro studies investigating the pharmacological and therapeutic effects of carotenoids. Results: Carotenoids demonstrate a variety of health benefits, including the prevention of age-related macular degeneration, cancer, cognitive decline, metabolic disorders, and skin aging. Their role in nutraceuticals is well supported by their ability to modulate oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. In pharmaceuticals, carotenoids show promising results in formulations targeting neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders. In cosmeceuticals, they improve skin health by protecting it against UV radiation and oxidative damage. However, bioavailability, optimal dosages, toxicity, and interactions with other bioactive compounds remain critical factors to maximize therapeutic efficacy and still require careful evaluation by scientists. Conclusions: Carotenoids are promising bioactive compounds for antiaging interventions with potential applications in a variety of fields. Further research is needed to optimize their formulas, improve bioavailability, and confirm their long-term safety and effectiveness, especially in the aging population. Full article
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