Uncovering Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) in South America: First Taxonomic and Toxicological Insights from Argentinean Coastal Waters
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Morphological Analysis
2.2. Phylogeny
2.3. Pigment Signature
2.4. Cytotoxicity Assays
2.5. Brevetoxin Analysis
3. Discussion
3.1. Morphological Features and Taxonomic Identity
3.2. Phylogenetic Relationships
3.3. Pigment Composition
3.4. Toxicity and Potential Harmfulness
3.5. Ecological and Monitoring Implications
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Isolation and Culture of Microalgae Strains
4.2. Microscopy
4.2.1. Light Microscopy
4.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.3. DNA Extraction, Amplification, Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
4.4. Pigment Analysis
4.5. Toxicity
4.5.1. Gill Cell Assay with Fibrocapsa Strains
4.5.2. Brevetoxin Screening
4.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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m/z Parent Ion | m/z Daughter Ion | Collision Energy [eV] | Compound Name | |
657.4 | 159.1 | 30 | Brevenal | |
657.4 | 255.2 | 30 | ||
657.4 | 603.4 | 30 | ||
657.4 | 621.4 | 30 | ||
657.4 | 639.4 | 30 | ||
867.1 | 385.2 | 15 | PbTx-1 | |
867.1 | 849.2 | 15 | ||
895.5 | 455.2 | 25 | PbTx-2 | |
895.5 | 877.2 | 15 | ||
897.5 | 725.2 | 25 | PbTx-3 | |
897.5 | 879.5 | 15 | ||
911.5 | 875.1 | 25 | PbTx-6 | |
911.5 | 893.2 | 14 | ||
869.5 | 851.5 | 30 | PbTx-7 | |
917.9 | 899.9 | 30 | PbTx-8 | |
899.5 | 881.5 | 25 | PbTx-9 | |
911.5 | 875.1 | 15 | ||
871.5 | 853.5 | 30 | PbTx-10 | |
985.5 | 967.5 | 30 | BTX-B1 | |
1034.6 | 753.0 | 30 | BTX-B2 | |
1034.6 | 929.0 | 30 | ||
1034.6 | 1016.6 | 30 |
Strain | Sample Site and Herbarium Code | Water Temperature and Salinity | Date | Isolator | GenBank Accession Number | Cell Length (µm) | Cell Width (µm) |
LPCc058 | Santa Teresita LPC 11471 | 23.0 °C 20.7 | 2 February 2017 | Sunesen I. | OR514481 | 23.4 ± 0.7 | 16.6 ± 0.9 |
LPCc048 | Tapera de López LPC 13715 | 21.5 °C 18.9 | 15 March 2020 | Aguiar Juárez D. | OR498773 | 30.8 ± 1.2 | 22.4 ± 1.1 |
LPCc049 | Tapera de López LPC 13727 | 23.6 °C 20.0 | 28 February 2021 | Aguiar Juárez D. | OR498774 | 27.5 ± 0.8 | 22.1 ± 1.0 |
LPCc050 | General Lavalle LPC 13732 | 20.6 °C 15.9 | 29 March 2021 | Aguiar Juárez D. | OR498775 | 24.9 ± 0.8 | 18.0 ± 0.6 |
LPCc051 | Tapera de López LPC 13734 | 23.0 °C 20.8 | 18 April 2021 | Aguiar Juárez D. | OR498776 | 30.3 ± 0.9 | 17.9 ± 0.3 |
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Aguiar Juárez, D.; Sunesen, I.; Flores-Leñero, A.; Norambuena, L.; Krock, B.; Fuenzalida, G.; Mardones, J.I. Uncovering Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) in South America: First Taxonomic and Toxicological Insights from Argentinean Coastal Waters. Toxins 2025, 17, 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080386
Aguiar Juárez D, Sunesen I, Flores-Leñero A, Norambuena L, Krock B, Fuenzalida G, Mardones JI. Uncovering Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) in South America: First Taxonomic and Toxicological Insights from Argentinean Coastal Waters. Toxins. 2025; 17(8):386. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080386
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguiar Juárez, Delfina, Inés Sunesen, Ana Flores-Leñero, Luis Norambuena, Bernd Krock, Gonzalo Fuenzalida, and Jorge I. Mardones. 2025. "Uncovering Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) in South America: First Taxonomic and Toxicological Insights from Argentinean Coastal Waters" Toxins 17, no. 8: 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080386
APA StyleAguiar Juárez, D., Sunesen, I., Flores-Leñero, A., Norambuena, L., Krock, B., Fuenzalida, G., & Mardones, J. I. (2025). Uncovering Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) in South America: First Taxonomic and Toxicological Insights from Argentinean Coastal Waters. Toxins, 17(8), 386. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080386