Search Results (47)

Environmental sustainability and responsible resource utilization are critical global challenges. In this work, we present a sustainable and circular-economy-based approach for synthesizing CuFe₂O₄ nanoparticles by directly utilizing copper oxide minerals sourced from Chilean mining operations. Copper sulfate (CuSO₄) was extracted from these minerals through acid leaching and used as a precursor for nanoparticle synthesis via both chemical co-precipitation and microwave-assisted methods. The influence of different precipitating agents—NaOH, Na₂CO₃, and NaF—was systematically evaluated. XRD and FESEM analyses revealed that NaOH produced the most phase-pure and well-dispersed nanoparticles, while NaF resulted in secondary phase formation. The microwave-assisted method further improved particle uniformity and reduced agglomeration due to rapid and homogeneous heating. Electrochemical characterization was conducted to assess the suitability of the synthesized CuFe₂O₄ for supercapacitor applications. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements confirmed pseudocapacitive behavior, with a specific capacitance of up to 1000 F/g at 2 A/g. These findings highlight the potential of CuFe₂O₄ as a low-cost, high-performance electrode material for energy storage. This study underscores the feasibility of converting primary mined minerals into functional nanomaterials while promoting sustainable mineral valorization. The approach can be extended to other critical metals and mineral residues, including tailings, supporting the broader goals of a circular economy and environmental remediation. Full article

In this study, 3-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (HL) was used as a main ligand to successfully synthesize four novel complexes: [Cu(L)₂(Py)₂(OH₂)₂] (1), [Co(L)₂(Py)₂(OH₂)₂] (2) (Py = pyridine), [{Ni(L)₂(OH₂)₄}₂{Ni(L)(OH₂)₅}]L•5H₂O (3), and [{Co(L)₂(OH₂)₄}₂{Co(L)(OH₂)₅}]L•5H₂O (4). All four compounds were identified by elemental analysis and ESI mass spectrometry, and subsequently characterized by IR spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, and cyclic voltammetry. X-ray analyses revealed that complexes 1 and 2 exhibit a centrosymmetric pseudo-octahedral coordination geometry; the copper (II) and cobalt (II) metal ions, respectively, are located at the crystallographic center of inversion. The coordination sphere of the copper (II) complex is axially elongated in accordance with the Jahn–Teller effect. Intriguingly, for charge neutrality, compounds 3 and 4 crystallized as three independent mononuclear octahedrally coordinated metal centers, which are two $\left[\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{L}}_2{\left({\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}}_2\right)}_4\right]$ complex molecules and one ${\left[\mathrm{M}\mathrm{L}{\left({\mathrm{O}\mathrm{H}}_2\right)}_5\right]}^{+}$ complex cation (M = ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ and ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}}^{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$, respectively), with the ligand anion ${\mathrm{L}}^{-}$ serving as the counter ion. The anticancer activities of these complexes were systematically assessed on human leukemia K562 cells, lung cancer A549 cells, liver cancer HepG2 cells, breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, and colon cancer SW480 cells. Among them, complex 4 shows significant inhibitory effects on leukemia K562 cells and colon cancer SW480 cells. Full article

Investigating viable processes for the use of lignocellulosic biomass in clean fuels and high-value-added chemical products is essential for sustainable development. Large amounts of lignin are available every year as by-products of the paper and biorefinery industries, causing a series of problems, particularly environmental ones. Its structure and composition make lignin compatible with the concept of sustainability, since it can be used to produce new chemical products with high added value. As such, this study aims to extract lignin from green coconut fiber (LIG), with the subsequent impregnation of a sodium-octanoate-based surfactant (LIG-SUR), and determine its applicability as an adsorbent for removing copper ions from synthetic waste. To this end, the green coconut fiber lignocellulosic biomass was initially subjected to alkaline pre-treatment with 2% (w/v) sodium hydroxide in an autoclave. Next, the surface of the lignin was modified by impregnating it with sodium octanoate, synthesized from the reaction of octanoic acid and NaOH. The physical and chemical traits of the lignin were studied before and after surfactant impregnation, as well as after copper ion adsorption. The lignin was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorption tests were carried out using lignin pre-treated with surfactant in a batch system, where the effects of pH and adsorbent concentration were investigated. XRF and SEM analyses confirmed surfactant impregnation, with Na₂O partially replaced by CuO after Cu²⁺ adsorption. FTIR analysis revealed shifts in O–H, C–H, C=O, and C=C bands, indicating electrostatic interactions with lignin. Adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting chemisorption, with equilibrium reached in approximately 10 and 60 min for LIG-SUR and LIG, respectively. The Langmuir model best described the isotherm data, indicating monolayer adsorption. LIG-SUR removed 91.57% of Cu²⁺ and reached a maximum capacity of 30.7 mg·g⁻¹ at 25 °C and a pH of 6. The results of this research showed that pre-treatment with NaOH, followed by impregnation with surfactant, significantly increased the adsorption capacity of copper ions in solution. This technique is a viable and sustainable alternative to the traditional adsorbents used to treat liquid waste. In addition, by using green coconut fiber lignin more efficiently, the research contributes to adding value to this material and strengthening practices in line with the circular economy and environmental preservation. Full article

Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin to produce high-value monophenols has emerged as a pivotal strategy in modern biorefineries. In this study, we synthesized spherical nitrogen-doped porous carbon (SNCB) materials by using Al/Co-BTC as a precursor, introducing melamine as a supplementary carbon and nitrogen source, and activating the material with NaOH solution. The SNCB framework was decorated with Cu-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles, exhibiting outstanding catalytic activity in the hydrogenolytic depolymerization of organosolv lignin. The Cu-Pd@SNCB catalyst exhibited remarkable activity, attributed to the hierarchical porous structure of SNCB that facilitated metal nanoparticle dispersion and reactant accessibility. The synergistic effect between Cu as the reactive site for reactant adsorption and Pd as the reactive site for H₂ adsorption enhanced the catalytic activity of the catalyst. Systematically optimized conditions (2 MPa H₂, 270 °C, 3 h) yielded 43.02 wt% phenolic monomers, with 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol dominating the product profile at 46.3% selectivity. The catalyst and its reaction products were analyzed using advanced characterization techniques, including XPS, XRD, TEM, SEM, BET, GC-MS, GPC, 2D HSQC NMR, and FT-IR, to elucidate the reaction mechanism. The mechanism proceeds through: (1) nucleophilic substitution of the β-O-4 hydroxyl group by MeOH, followed by (2) simultaneous hydrogenolytic cleavage of C_β-O and C_α-O bonds mediated by Cu-Pd@SNCB under H₂ atmosphere, which selectively produces 4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2,6-dimethoxyphenol and 4-propyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol. This study proposes a bimetallic synergistic mechanism, offering a general blueprint for developing selective lignin valorization catalysts. Full article

Currently, recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is carried out using mechanical, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods and their combination. The aim of this article is to study a part of the pyro-hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium-ion batteries which includes lithium slag hydrometallurgical treatment and refining of the obtained leachate. Leaching was realized via dry digestion, which is an effective method capable of transferring over 99% of the present metals, such as Li, Al, Co, Cu, and others, to the leachate. In this work, the influence of three types of precipitation agents (NaOH, NH₄OH, Na₃PO₄) on the precipitation efficiency of Al and Li losses was investigated. It was found that the precipitation of aluminum with NaOH can result in the co-precipitation of lithium, causing total lithium losses up to 40%. As a suitable precipitating agent for complete Al removal from Li leachate with a minimal loss of lithium (less than 2%), crystalline Na₃PO₄ was determined under the following conditions: pH = 3, 400 rpm, 10 min, room temperature. Analysis confirmed that, in addition to aluminum, the precipitate also contains the REEs La (3.4%), Ce (2.5%), Y (1.3%), Nd (1%), and Pr (0.3%). The selective recovery of these elements will be the subject of further study. Full article

The reactions of the angular ligand 4,4′-oxybis(N-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide) (L¹) and 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (1,4-H₂NDC) with divalent metal salts yielded three distinct coordination polymers (CPs): {[Zn₂(L¹)(1,4-NDC)₂]·MeOH}_n, 1, {[Cu(L¹)(1,4-NDC)(H₂O)]·3H₂O}_n, 2, and {[Cd(L¹)(1,4-NDC)]·2H₂O}_n, 3. Complex 1 features a 2-fold interpenetrated 3D framework with the (4¹²·6³)-pcu topology, while complex 2 reveals a 1D triple-strained helical chain and complex 3 displays a 3-fold interpenetrated 3D framework with (6⁶)-dia topology. Additionally, the reactions of the flexible ligand N,N′-bis(3-methylpyridyl) adipoamide (L²) afforded {[Co₄(L²)_0.5(1,4-NDC)₃(H₂O)₃(µ₃-OH)₂]·EtOH·2H₂O}_n, 4, {[Zn₂(L²)(1,4-NDC)₂]·2CH₃OH}_n, 5, and [Cd(L²)(adipic)(H₂O)]_n (H₂adipic = adipic acid), 6, exhibiting a self-catenated 3D framework with the (4²⁰·6⁸)-8T32 topology, a 2D layer with the (4¹³·6²) − (4,4)IIb topology, and a 2D layer with the (4⁴·6²)-sql topology, respectively. The structural diversity observed in complexes 1–6 highlights the pivotal influence of the metal center on the degree of entanglement in CPs within mixed-ligand systems. The thermal stability and luminescent properties of complexes 1–3, 4, and 6 are also discussed. Full article

The new diprotic ligand 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde 4-ethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone, abbreviated H₂(3,5-t-Bu₂)-sal4eT, exists as the thio-keto tautomer and adopts the E-configuration with respect to the imine double bond, as evidenced by single-crystal X-ray analysis and corroborated by spectroscopic characterisation. Upon treatment with Cu(OAc)₂·H₂O in the presence of either 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-Me₂-phen) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as a co-ligand in MeOH, this thiosemicarbazone undergoes conformational transformation (relative donor-atom orientations: syn,anti → syn,syn) concomitantly with tautomerisation and double deprotonation to afford the ternary copper(II) complexes [Cu{(3,5-t-Bu₂)-sal4eT}(2,9-Me₂-phen)] (1) and [Cu₂{3,5-t-Bu₂)-sal4eT}₂(phen)] (2). Crystallographic elucidation has revealed that complex 1 is a centrosymmetric dimer of mononuclear copper(II) complex molecules brought about by intermolecular H-bonding. The coordination geometry at the copper(II) centre is best described as distorted square pyramidal in accordance with the trigonality index (τ = 0.14). The co-ligand adopts an axial–equatorial coordination mode; hence, there is a disparity between its two Cu–N coordinate bonds arising from weakening of the apical one as a consequence of the tetragonal distortion. The axial X-band ESR spectrum of complex 1 is consistent with retention of this structure in solution. Complex 2 is a centrosymmetric dimer of dinuclear copper(II) complex molecules exhibiting intermolecular H-bonding and π-π-stacking interactions. The two copper(II) centres, which are 4.8067(18) Å apart and bridged by the thio-enolate nitrogen of the quadridentate thiosemicarbazonate ligand, display two different coordination geometries, one distorted square planar (τ₄ = 0.082) and the other distorted square pyramidal (τ₅ = 0.33). Such dinuclear copper(II) thiosemicarbazone complexes, which are crystallographically characterised, are extremely rare. In vitro, complexes 1 and 2 outperform cisplatin as antiproliferative agents in terms of potency and selectivity towards HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Full article

Replacing alkaline for alkaline-earth metal hydroxide in the synthesis gel during the synthesis of siliceous SSZ-13 zeolite (Si/Al~10) yields SSZ-13 with novel, advantageous properties. Its NH₄-form ion-exchanges higher amount of isolated divalent M(II) ions than the conventional one: this is the consequence of an increased number of Al pairs in the structure induced by the +2 charge of Sr(II) cations in the synthesis gel that force two charge-compensating AlO₄⁻ motives to reside closer together. We characterize the +2 state of Co(II) ions in these materials with infra-red spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements and show their utility for NOx pollutant adsorption from ambient air: the ones derived from SSZ-13 with higher Al pair content contain more isolated cobalt(II) and, thus, perform better as ambient-air NOx adsorbers. Notably, Co(II)/SSZ-13 with an increased number of Al pairs is significantly more hydrothermally stable than its NaOH-derived analogue. Loading Pd(II) into Co-SSZ-13(Sr) produces an active NOx adsorber (PNA) material that can be used for NOx adsorption from simulated diesel engine exhaust. The critical issue for these applications is hydrothermal stability of Pd-zeolites. Pd/SSZ-13 synthesized in the presence of Sr(OH)₂ does not lose its PNA capacity after extremely harsh aging at 850 and 900 °C (10 h in 10% H₂O/air flow) and loses only ~55% capacity after hydrothermal aging at 930 °C. This can be extended to other divalent metals for catalytic applications, such as copper: we show that Cu/SSZ-13 catalyst can survive hydrothermal aging at 920 °C without losing its catalytic properties, metal dispersion and crystalline structure. Thus, we provide a new, simple, and scalable strategy for making remarkably (hydro)thermally stable metal-zeolite materials/catalysts with a number of useful applications. Full article

Under hydrothermal conditions emulating natural hydrothermalites, three oxo-salts with sodium and transition metal cations were obtained in the form of single crystals. Their compositions and crystal structures were studied using scanning electron microscopy, microprobe X-ray spectral analysis, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The sodium cobalt silicate, i.e., Na₂CoSiO₄, a structural analog of the mineral liberite, is well known as an ionic conductor. Its crystal structure consists of a framework derived from β-tridymite, built using the Co- and Si-centered tetrahedra sharing vertices. The sodium oxocuprate phosphate chloride Na₂Cu₃O(Cu₀.₈Na₀.₂)(PO₄)₂Cl belongs to a group of compounds, including fumarolic minerals, characterized by the presence of oxo-centered pyroxene-like chains in their structures. The crystal structure of mineralogically probable sodium vanadium phosphate hydroxide (Na₃V(OH)(HPO₄)(PO₄)) is based on chains built using octahedra centered by magnetically active V³⁺. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate an antiferromagnetic arrangement of V³⁺ ions and no transition to an ordered state up to 2 K. Full article

5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation in aqueous media using visible photocatalysis is a green and sustainable route for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass derivatives. Several semiconductors have already been applied for this purpose; however, the use of Poly(heptazine imides), which has high crystallinity and a special cation exchange property that allows the replacement of the cation held between the layers of C₃N₄ structure by transition metal ions (TM), remains scarce. In this study, PHI(Na) was synthesized using a melamine/NaCl method and used as precursor to prepare metal (Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu)-doped PHI catalysts. The catalysts were tested for selective oxidation of HMF to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) in water and O₂ atmosphere under blue LED radiation. The catalytic results revealed that the 0.1 wt% PHI(Fe) catalyst is the most efficient photocatalyst while higher Fe loading (1 and 2 wt%) favors the formation of Fe³⁺ clusters, which are responsible for the drop in HMF oxidation. Moreover, the 0.1 wt% PHI(Fe) photocatalyst has strong oxidative power due to its efficiency in H₂O₂ production, thus boosting the generation of nonselective hydroxyl radicals (^●OH) via different pathways that can destroy HMF. We found that using 50 mM, the highest DFF production rate (393 μmol·h⁻¹·g⁻¹) was obtained in an aqueous medium under visible light radiation. Full article

A zinc supracluster [Zn₂₄(ATZ)₁₈(AcO)₃₀(H₂O)_1.5]·(H₂O)_3.5 (Zn₂₄), and a 1D zinc supracluster chain {[Zn₂₄(ATZ)₁₈(AcO)₃₀(C₂H₅OH)₂(H₂O)₃]·(H₂O)_2.5}_n (1-D⊂Zn₂₄) with molecular diameters of 2 nm were synthesized under regulatory solvothermal conditions or the micro bottle method. In an N,N-dimethylformamide solution of Zn₂₄, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cr²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions exhibited fluorescence-quenching effects, while the rare earth ions Ce³⁺, Dy³⁺, Er³⁺, Eu³⁺, Gd³⁺, Ho³⁺, La³⁺, Nd³⁺, Sm³⁺, and Tb³⁺showed no obvious fluorescence quenching. In ethanol solution, the Zn₂₄ supracluster can be used to selectively detect Ce³⁺ ions with excellent efficiency (limit of detection (LOD) = 8.51 × 10⁻⁷ mol/L). The Zn₂₄ supracluster can also detect wavelengths between 302 and 332 nm using the intensity of the emitted light. Full article

Copper(II) complexes with a general formula [Cu₂(3,4-F₂C₆H₃CH₂COO)₄(L)₂], where L = 2-methylpyridine (1) and 3-methylpyridine (2), are reported here. The FTIR spectra of the complexes confirmed the bridging bidentate coordination mode of the carboxylate ligand. The low (475 and 449 cm⁻¹) and strong (727 & 725 cm⁻¹) intensity bands in the FTIR spectra, due to Cu-N stretches and pyridyl ring vibrations, confirmed coordination of the 2-/3-methyl pyridine co-ligands in complexes 1 and 2, respectively. A binuclear paddlewheel structural arrangement with a square pyramidal geometry was confirmed for copper atoms in the complexes via single-crystal X-ray analysis. The DPPH, ^•OH radical, and α-amylase enzyme inhibition assays showed higher activities for the complexes than for the free ligand acid. The binding constant (K_b = 1.32 × 10⁵ for 1 and 5.33 × 10⁵ for 2) calculated via UV-VIS absorption measurements and docking scores (−6.59 for 1 and −7.43 for 2) calculated via molecular docking showed higher SS-DNA binding potential for 2 compared to 1. Viscosity measurement also reflected higher DNA binding ability for 2 than 1. Both complexes 1 and 2 (docking scores of −7.43 and −6.95, respectively) were found to be more active inhibitors than the free ligand acid (docking score of −5.5159) against the target α-amylase protein. This in silico study has shown that the herein reported compounds follow the rules of drug-likeness and exhibit good potential for bioavailability. Full article

Recovery of metals from e-waste forms a major focus of circular economy thinking and aligns well with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). While hydrometallurgical extraction from electronic printed circuit boards (PCBs) is well established, the separation of metals from the leach liquors, which are complex mixtures, remains a challenge. To achieve selective separation, ion exchange resins with chelating functional groups were employed in the present study. Batch and column studies for selective recovery of Cu²⁺ from a given mixed metals leach solution were conducted using Dowex M4195 resin, and both the adsorption isotherm and kinetics were studied. The process involves three major steps: selective recovery of Cu²⁺ by M4195 at low pH and elution with H₂SO₄; sorption of Ni²⁺ from the raffinate by Dowex M4195 at pH 2 and removal of Fe³⁺ from raffinate. The batch experimental results showed appreciable and selective recovery of copper (51.1%) at pH 0.7 and 40.0% Ni²⁺ was sorbed from raffinate at pH 2.0 with co-adsorption of Fe³⁺ as impurity. The batch adsorption data could be fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and exhibited pseudo-second-order kinetics. Column studies agreed with the Yoon–Nelson model and indicated that Cu²⁺ break-through time in the column decreased with an increase in flowrate from 3.0 to 10.0 min/mL and decreased in sorption capacity, while it was delayed with increased bed heights from 20 to 30 mm. Complete elution of Ni²⁺ was obtained with 2.0 M H₂SO₄ after selective elution of trace impurities with dilute HCl. Iron in the raffinate was removed via the addition of Ca (OH)₂ at pH 4.0 leaving Zn-Al in the solution. Full article

This paper presents research results on the properties of composite materials based on cross-linked grafted copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and their hydrogels filled with finely dispersed metal powders (Zn, Co, Cu). Metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers in the dry state were studied for surface hardness and swelling ability, which was characterized by swelling kinetics curves and water content. Copolymers swollen in water to an equilibrium state were studied for hardness, elasticity, and plasticity. The heat resistance of dry composites was evaluated by the Vicat softening temperature. As a result, materials with a wide range of predetermined properties were obtained, including physico-mechanical properties (surface hardness 240 ÷ 330 MPa, hardness number 0.06 ÷ 2.8 MPa, elasticity number 75 ÷ 90%), electrical properties (specific volume resistance 10² ÷ 10⁸ Ω⋅m), thermophysical properties (Vicat heat resistance 87 ÷ 122 °C), and sorption (swelling degree 0.7 ÷ 1.6 g (H₂O)/g (polymer)) at room temperature. Resistance to the destruction of the polymer matrix was confirmed by the results concerning its behavior in aggressive media such as solutions of alkalis and acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, NaOH), as well as some solvents (ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene). The obtained composites are characterized by electrical conductivity, which can be adjusted within wide limits depending on the nature and content of the metal filler. The specific electrical resistance of metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers is sensitive to changes in moisture (with a moisture increase from 0 to 50%, ρ_V decreases from 10⁸ to 10² Ω⋅m), temperature (with a temperature change from 20 °C to 175 °C, ρ_V of dry samples decreases by 4.5 times), pH medium (within pH from 2 to 9, the range of ρ_V change is from 2 to 170 kΩ⋅m), load (with a change in compressive stress from 0 kPa to 140 kPa, ρ_V of swollen composites decreases by 2–4 times), and the presence of low molecular weight substances, which is proven by the example involving ethanol and ammonium hydroxide. The established dependencies of the electrical conductivity of metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers and their hydrogels on various factors, in combination with high strength, elastic properties, sorption capacity, and resistance to aggressive media, suggest the potential for further research as a platform for the manufacture of sensors for various purposes. Full article

The development of oxidation processes with the efficient generation of powerful radicals is the most interesting and thought-provoking dimension of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. This study reports the successful preparation of a magnetic spinel of CuFe₂O₄ using a facile, non-toxic, and cost-efficient co-precipitation method. The prepared material exhibited a synergetic effect with photocatalytic PMS oxidation, which was effective in degrading the recalcitrant benzotriazole (BTA). Moreover, central composite design (CCD) analysis confirmed that the highest BTA degradation rate reached 81.4% after 70 min of irradiation time under the optimum operating conditions of CuFe₂O₄ = 0.4 g L⁻¹, PMS = 2 mM, and BTA = 20 mg L⁻¹. Furthermore, the active species capture experiments conducted in this study revealed the influence of various species, including ^•OH, SO₄^•−, O₂^•−, and h⁺ in the CuFe₂O₄/UV/PMS system. The results showed that SO₄^•− played a predominant role in BTA photodegradation. The combination of photocatalysis and PMS activation enhanced the consumption of metal ions in the redox cycle reactions, thus minimizing metal ion leaching. Additionally, this maintained the reusability of the catalyst with reasonable mineralization efficiency, which reached more than 40% total organic carbon removal after four batch experiments. The presence of common inorganic anions was found to have a retardant effect on BTA oxidation, with the order of retardation following: HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ > NO₃⁻ > SO₄²⁻. Overall, this work demonstrated a simple and environmentally benign strategy to exploit the synergy between the photocatalytic activity of CuFe₂O₄ and PMS activation for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with widely used industrial chemicals such as BTA. Full article