Search Results (233)

Coal constitutes China’s most significant resource endowment at present. Utilizing coal resources for hydrogen production represents an early-stage pathway for China’s hydrogen production industry. The analysis of energy quality and carbon emissions in coal gasification-based hydrogen production holds practical significance. This paper integrates the exergy analysis methodology into the traditional LCA framework to evaluate the exergy and carbon emission scales of coal gasification-based hydrogen production in China, considering the technical conditions of CCUS. This paper found that the life cycle exergic efficiency of the whole chain of gasification-based hydrogen production in China is accounted to be 38.8%. By analyzing the causes of exergic loss and energy varieties, it was found that the temperature difference between the reaction of coal gasification and CO conversion unit and the pressure difference due to the compressor driven by the electricity consumption of the compression process in the variable pressure adsorption unit are the main causes of exergic loss. Corresponding countermeasures were suggested. Regarding decarbonization strategies, the CCUS process can reduce CO₂ emissions across the life cycle of coal gasification-based hydrogen production by 48%. This study provides an academic basis for medium-to-long-term forecasting and roadmap design of China’s hydrogen production structure. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas, drives significant and potentially irreversible impacts on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. Achieving the Paris Agreement target of limiting global warming to well below 2 °C, ideally 1.5 °C, requires rapid and substantial global emission reductions. While recent decades have seen advances in clean energy technologies, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) remain essential for deep decarbonization. Despite proven technical readiness, large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment has lagged initial targets. This review evaluates CCS technologies and their contributions to net-zero objectives, with emphasis on sector-specific applications. We found that, in the iron and steel industry, post-combustion CCS and oxy-combustion demonstrate potential to achieve the highest CO₂ capture efficiencies, whereas cement decarbonization is best supported by oxy-fuel combustion, calcium looping, and emerging direct capture methods. For petrochemical and refining operations, oxy-combustion, post-combustion, and chemical looping offer effective process integration and energy efficiency gains. Direct air capture (DAC) stands out for its siting flexibility, low land-use conflict, and ability to remove atmospheric CO₂, but it’s hindered by high costs (~$100–1000/t CO₂). Conversely, post-combustion capture is more cost-effective (~$47–76/t CO₂) and compatible with existing infrastructure. CCUS could deliver ~8% of required emission reductions for net-zero by 2050, equivalent to ~6 Gt CO₂ annually. Scaling deployment will require overcoming challenges through material innovations aided by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, improving capture efficiency, integrating CCS with renewable hybrid systems, and establishing strong, coordinated policy frameworks. Full article

The viability of supply chains is a central challenge in environments marked by frequent disruptions, extreme uncertainty, and rising sustainability requirements. While literature has advanced in integrating resilience and sustainability, predominant methods—mainly robust or stochastic optimization—focus on predefined scenarios and offer only a partial view of adaptive capacity. This emphasis on known–unknowns leaves unresolved how to ensure continuity, efficient recovery, and organizational learning under unexpected or unknown–unknown events. A methodological gap therefore persists in evaluating and designing supply chains that not only withstand disruptions but also retain essential goals, autonomously activate responses, and reorganize with acceptable costs and times. This study introduces the Immune-Structural Adaptive Response (RAIE) methodology, inspired by the human immune system. RAIE provides an evaluation framework combining properties such as early detection, minimal redundancy, adaptive memory, and structural reconfiguration, operationalized through dynamic metrics: goal retention, autonomous activation, adaptation cost, recovery time, and service loss. Applied to Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) supply chains, RAIE reduced service-loss area (Rₐᵣₑₐ) by 40–65% and recovery time (TTR) by 30–45%, while keeping adaptation costs below 2% of total expenditures. Unlike traditional stochastic or robust models, RAIE explicitly embeds endogenous responses and post-shock reorganization, producing more viable configurations that balance efficiency and resilience. The results deliver actionable guidance for strategic and tactical decision-making in highly uncertain environments. Full article

CO₂ mixing is one of the implementation techniques of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) in concrete to tailor the performance of cementitious materials and reduce the carbon footprint. Therefore, increasing the total amount of carbon capture capacity of cement-based materials has become the key point of recent research. This study investigates the influence of Cal-Al layered double oxide (LDO) and mixing parameters on key properties of cement pastes under CO₂ mixing, including mechanical performance, microstructure, phase assemblages, and carbon capture capacity. A particular emphasis was placed on evaluating a novel bubble mixing technique, which was developed to enhance the conventional atmospheric mixing process. The results indicate that, compared to the traditional method, bubble mixing reduced the mixing intensity by 10% but increased the effective carbon sequestration capacity by 0.68%. The observed strength reduction after bubble mixing was consistent with higher water adsorption, indicating the formation of a more porous structure. A higher carbon capture efficiency was achieved with bubble mixing compared to atmospheric mixing, as revealed by further investigation. Crucially, the introduction of LDO significantly enhanced the carbon capture capacity, with improvements of up to 34% compared to the groups without LDO. This highlights the substantial potential of LDO in reducing the carbon footprint of cementitious materials and offers a novel insight for enhancing CO₂ mixing in cement. Full article

Global warming has become a major challenge facing human society, with carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions being its primary driver. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) represents a promising technology for mitigating CO₂ emissions from industrial and energy sectors. However, challenges such as high energy consumption, lengthy construction cycles, significant costs, and inadequate policy and market mechanisms hinder the widespread adoption of CCUS technology. This paper reviews the potential, applications, and related policies of CCUS technology, highlighting current research progress and obstacles. First, it provides a comprehensive overview of the CCUS technology framework, detailing developments and engineering applications in capture, transport, enhanced oil recovery, and storage technologies. Through global case studies and analysis, the review also examines advancements in CCUS infrastructure and technology strategies, along with operational experiences from major global projects. Second, it delves into the mechanisms, applications, and challenges of CCUS-related technologies, which are crucial for advancing their industrial deployment. It also outlines policy measures adopted by different countries to support CCUS technology development and large-scale deployment. Finally, it projects future directions for CCUS technology and policy development. Full article

This study presents both laboratory measurements and numerical modeling of wettability alterations following carbon dioxide (CO₂) injection in limestone carbonate reservoirs. Both synthetic and crude oil systems were evaluated using a Drop Shape Analyzer (DSA-100) to quantitatively measure the contact angle and interfacial tension (IFT) on limestone core samples under ambient and reservoir conditions. The results demonstrated that carbonated brine significantly reduced the IFT (2.0–4.1 dynes/cm) and contact angle (11.9–16.0°), indicating a shift toward more water-wet conditions, compared with the modest reductions in contact angle achieved with standard brine (1.6–6.7°). Synthetic fluid systems containing naphthenic acid initially exhibited stronger oil-wet behavior but also experienced wettability alterations when exposed to CO₂. A previously developed compositional reservoir simulation model, which was based on assumed relative permeability endpoints, was revised to incorporate the experimental findings of this study as a supporting tool. Incorporating the experimental wettability alteration effect of CO₂ in the numerical model by a 5.2% reduction in the residual oil saturation (the relative permeability endpoint) caused 2% increase in the oil recovery factor and 12% improvement in the CO₂ utilization efficiency (9780 standard cubic feet per stock tank barrel (SCF/STB) vs. 8620 SCF/STB). Overall, this work provides critical laboratory validation and supports by numerical simulation that CO₂-induced wettability alteration is a key mechanism underpinning CO₂-based enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) deployment in limestone carbonate formations. Full article

Promoting investment in Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is essential for mitigating carbon emissions and combating climate change. This paper explores the uncertainties and environmental benefits associated with CCUS, integrating the frameworks of pollution right trading and carbon trading. A model for coal-fired power plant investment decisions on CCUS is developed and solved using the Least Squares Monte Carlo method, with results being robust beyond approximately 6000 simulation paths. Applied to a 600 MW ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant in Shaanxi, China, our findings indicate that investment leads to a loss of CNY 1200.4 million in the absence of both environmental benefits and market trading mechanisms. A positive investment value of CNY 462 million with an optimal timing in the 10th year is achieved only when both environmental benefits and trading mechanisms are present. Furthermore, with only carbon trading, the option value is marginal (CNY 64.8 million), and investment remains unprofitable without government subsidies. Sensitivity analysis highlights that government subsidies significantly impact investment motivation. An initial carbon price of approximately CNY 95 per ton triggers immediate investment, while higher capture proportions and utilization levels positively affect decision-making. This study provides analytical tools for investment decisions in CCUS across multiple scenarios, serving as a reference for policymakers in designing emission reduction strategies. Full article

Offshore Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is emerging as a critical strategy for achieving net-zero emissions, offering significant storage potential in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and deep saline aquifers while leveraging existing offshore infrastructure. This review summarizes recent advances in capture, transport, utilization, and storage technologies in the offshore industry. Case studies including Sleipner, Gorgon, and Northern Lights illustrate both the technical feasibility and the operational, economic, and regulatory challenges associated with large-scale deployment. While post-combustion capture and pipeline transport remain the most technologically mature approaches, significant uncertainties continue to exist regarding the logistics of marine transportation, reservoir integrity, and the robustness of monitoring frameworks. Policy and regulatory complexity, coupled with high capital costs and public acceptance issues, continue to constrain commercial viability. This review highlights that offshore CCUS holds significant promise but requires advances in monitoring technologies, cost reduction strategies, and harmonized international governance. Future research should focus on integrating CCUS with hydrogen production and renewable energy systems to accelerate large-scale deployment. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a major greenhouse gas, contributes significantly to global warming and environmental degradation. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) is a promising strategy to mitigate atmospheric CO₂ levels. One widely applied utilization approach involves injecting captured CO₂ into depleted oil reservoirs to enhance oil recovery—a technique known as CO₂-Enhanced Oil Recovery (CO₂-EOR). The effectiveness of CO₂-EOR largely depends on complex rock–fluid interactions, including mass transfer, wettability alteration, capillary pressure, and interfacial tension (IFT). Various factors, such as the presence of asphaltenes, salinity, pressure, temperature, and rock type, influence these interactions. This review explores the impact of these parameters on the IFT between CO₂ and oil/water systems, drawing on findings from both experimental studies and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The literature indicates that increased temperature, reduced pressure, lower salinity, and the presence of asphaltenes tend to reduce IFT at the oil–water interface. Similarly, elevated temperature and pressure, along with asphaltene content, also lower the surface tension between CO₂ and oil. Most MD simulations employ synthetic oil mixtures of various alkanes and use tools such as LAMMPS and GROMACS. Experimentally, the pendant drop method is most commonly used with crude oil and brine samples. Future research employing actual reservoir fluids and alternative measurement techniques may yield more accurate and representative IFT data, further advancing the application of CO₂-EOR. Full article

Supercritical CO₂ (sCO₂) pipeline transport is a critical link for the large-scale implementation of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology, yet its safety is severely challenged by residual impurity gases (e.g., H₂O, O₂, SO₂, H₂S, and NO₂) from the capture process. This review systematically consolidates recent research advances, with the key findings being the following. Firstly, it reveals that the nonlinear synergistic effects among impurities are the primary cause of uncontrolled corrosion, whose destructive impact far exceeds the simple sum of individual effects. Secondly, it delineates the specific roles and critical thresholds of different impurities within the corrosion chain reaction, providing a theoretical basis for targeted control. Consequently, engineering management must enforce strict impurity concentration thresholds integrated with material upgrades and dynamic operational optimization. Future research should focus on developing multi-impurity reaction kinetic models, elucidating long-term corrosion product layer evolution, and establishing standardized experimental systems. This review provides crucial theoretical support for establishing impurity control standards and optimizing anti-corrosion strategies for the safe transport of CO₂ in supercritical CCUS pipelines. Full article

The cement industry accounts for approximately 7–8% of global CO₂ emissions, primarily due to energy-intensive clinker production and limestone calcination. With cement demand continuing to rise, particularly in emerging economies, decarbonization has become an urgent global challenge. The objective of this study is to systematically map and synthesize existing evidence on technological pathways, policy measures, and economic barriers to four core decarbonization strategies: clinker substitution, energy efficiency, alternative fuels, as well as carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in the cement sector, with the goal of identifying practical strategies that can align industry practice with long-term climate goals. A scoping review methodology was adopted, drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles, technical reports, and policy documents to ensure a comprehensive perspective. The results demonstrate that each mitigation pathway is technically feasible but faces substantial real-world constraints. Clinker substitution delivers immediate reduction but is limited by SCM availability/quality, durability qualification, and conservative codes; LC₃ is promising where clay logistics allow. Energy-efficiency measures like waste-heat recovery and advanced controls reduce fuel use but face high capital expenditure, downtime, and diminishing returns in modern plants. Alternative fuels can reduce combustion-related emissions but face challenges of supply chains, technical integration challenges, quality, weak waste-management systems, and regulatory acceptance. CCUS, the most considerable long-term potential, addresses process CO₂ and enables deep reductions, but remains commercially unviable due to current economics, high costs, limited policy support, lack of large-scale deployment, and access to transport and storage. Cross-cutting economic challenges, regulatory gaps, skill shortages, and social resistance including NIMBYism further slow adoption, particularly in low-income regions. This study concludes that a single pathway is insufficient. An integrated portfolio supported by modernized standards, targeted policy incentives, expanded access to SCMs and waste fuels, scaled CCUS investment, and international collaboration is essential to bridge the gap between climate ambition and industrial implementation. Key recommendations include modernizing cement standards to support higher clinker replacement, providing incentives for energy-efficient upgrades, scaling CCUS through joint investment and carbon pricing and expanding access to biomass and waste-derived fuels. Full article

The steel industry is a significant contributor to global CO₂ emissions due to the highly energy-intensive nature of its production processes. Specifically, steel production involves the conversion of iron ore into steel through processes such as the blast furnace method, which result in significant greenhouse gas emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels and the chemical reactions involved. To address this challenge, Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technologies are essential for reducing emissions by capturing CO₂ at its source, preventing its release into the atmosphere. This study focuses on a French steel plant with an annual production capacity of 6.6 million tons of steel and seeks to optimize the chemical absorption process by using a 30 wt.% MonoEthanolAmine (MEA) aqueous solution. To the authors’ knowledge, studies on this solvent, widely used for treating other types of flue gases, are still not present in the literature for the application to this gaseous stream. The goal is to minimize the thermal energy required for solvent regeneration by optimizing some key parameters. Additionally, an economic analysis is carried out, with a particular focus on different achievable CO₂ recovery ratios, with costs quantified as 102.48, 104.47, and 224.36 [$/t CO₂ removed] for 90%, 95%, and 99% CO₂ recovery, respectively. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a non-toxic asphyxiant gas that, once released, can pose severe risks, including suffocation, poisoning, frostbite, and even death. As a critical component of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology, CO₂ pipeline transportation requires reliable leakage detection and precise localization to safeguard the environment, ensure pipeline operational safety, and support emergency response strategies. This study proposes an inversion model that integrates wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with the Gaussian plume model for CO₂ pipeline leakage monitoring. The WSN is employed to collect real-time CO₂ concentration data and environmental parameters around the pipeline, while the Gaussian plume model is used to simulate and invert the dispersion process, enabling both leak source localization and emission rate estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a source localization error of 12.5% and an emission rate error of 3.5%. Field experiments further confirm the model’s applicability, with predicted concentrations closely matching the measurements, yielding an error range of 3.5–14.7%. These findings indicate that the model satisfies engineering accuracy requirements and provides a technical foundation for emergency response following CO₂ pipeline leakage. Full article

Under the twin imperatives of climate change mitigation and sustainable development, achieving a low-carbon transformation of power systems has become a national priority. To clarify this objective, China issued the Blue Book on the Development of New Power System, which comprehensively defines the guiding concepts and characteristic features of a new power system. In this study, natural language processing-based keyword extraction techniques were applied to the document, employing both the TF-IDF and TextRank algorithms to identify its high-frequency terms as characteristic keywords. These keywords were then used as topic queries in the Web of Science Core Collection, yielding 1568 relevant publications. CiteSpace was employed to perform a bibliometric analysis of these records, extracting research hotspots in the new power system domain and tracing their evolutionary trajectories. The analysis revealed that “renewable energy” appeared 247 times as the core high-frequency term, while “energy storage” exhibited both high frequency and high centrality, acting as a bridge across multiple subfields. This pattern suggests that research in the new power system field has evolved from a foundation in renewable energy and storage toward smart grids, market mechanisms, carbon capture, and artificial intelligence applications. Taken together, these results indicate that early research was primarily grounded in renewable energy and storage technologies, which provided the technical basis for subsequent exploration of smart grids and market mechanisms. In the more recent stage, under the dual-carbon policy and digital intelligence imperatives, research hotspots have further expanded toward carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and artificial intelligence applications. Looking ahead, interdisciplinary studies focusing on intelligent dispatch and low-carbon transition are poised to emerge as the next major research frontier. Full article

Existing CO₂ leakage risk assessment frameworks for CO₂ capture, geological storage and utilization (CCUS) projects face limitations due to subjective biases and poor adaptability to long-term scale sequestration. This study proposed a dynamic risk assessment method for CO₂ leakage based on a timeliness analysis of different leakage paths and accurate time-dependent numerical simulations, and it was applied to the first CO₂ enhanced gas recovery (CCUS-EGR) pilot project of China in the Maokou carbonate gas reservoir in the Wolonghe gas field. A 3D geological model of the Maokou gas reservoir was first developed and validated. The CO₂ leakage risk under different scenarios including wellbore failure, caprock fracturing, and new fracture activation were evaluated. The dynamic CO₂ leakage risk of the CCUS-EGR project was then quantified using the developed method and numerical simulations. The results revealed that the CO₂ leakage risk was observed to be the most pronounced when the caprock integrity was damaged by faults or geologic activities. This was followed by leakage caused by wellbore failures. However, fracture activation in the reservoir plays a neglected role in CO₂ leakage. The CO₂ leakage risk and critical risk factors dynamically change with time. In the short term (at 5 years), the project has a low risk of CO₂ leakage, and well stability and existing faults are the major risk factors. In the long term (at 30 years), special attention should be paid to the high permeable area due to its high CO₂ leakage risk. Factors affecting the spatial distribution of CO₂, such as the reservoir permeability and porosity, alternately dominate the leakage risk. This study established a method bridging gaps in the ability to accurately predict long-term CO₂ leakage risks and provides a valuable reference for the security implementation of other similar CCUS-EGR projects. Full article