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Search Results (996)

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Keywords = Al2O3 nano-particles

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15 pages, 12180 KiB  
Article
CaAl-LDH-Derived High-Temperature CO2 Capture Materials with Stable Cyclic Performance
by Xinghan An, Liang Huang and Li Yang
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3290; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153290 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
The urgent need to mitigate rising global CO2 emissions demands the development of efficient carbon capture technologies. This study addresses the persistent challenge of sintering-induced performance degradation in CaO-based sorbents during high-temperature CO2 capture. A novel solvent/nonsolvent synthetic strategy to fabricate [...] Read more.
The urgent need to mitigate rising global CO2 emissions demands the development of efficient carbon capture technologies. This study addresses the persistent challenge of sintering-induced performance degradation in CaO-based sorbents during high-temperature CO2 capture. A novel solvent/nonsolvent synthetic strategy to fabricate CaO/CaAl-layered double oxide (LDO) composites was developed, where CaAl-LDO serves as a nanostructural stabilizer. The CaAl-LDO precursor enables atomic-level dispersion of components, which upon calcination forms a Ca12Al14O33 “rigid scaffold” that spatially confines CaO nanoparticles and effectively mitigates sintering. Thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrate exceptional cyclic stability; the composite achieves an initial CO2 uptake of 14.5 mmol/g (81.5% of theoretical capacity) and retains 87% of its capacity after 30 cycles. This performance significantly outperforms pure CaO and CaO/MgAl-LDO composites. Physicochemical characterization confirms that structural confinement preserves mesoporous channels, ensuring efficient CO2 diffusion. This work establishes a scalable, instrumentally simple route to high-performance sorbents, offering an efficient solution for carbon capture in energy-intensive industries such as power generation and steel manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in CO2 Storage Materials)
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24 pages, 8010 KiB  
Article
Mono-(Ni, Au) and Bimetallic (Ni-Au) Nanoparticles-Loaded ZnAlO Mixed Oxides as Sunlight-Driven Photocatalysts for Environmental Remediation
by Monica Pavel, Liubovi Cretu, Catalin Negrila, Daniela C. Culita, Anca Vasile, Razvan State, Ioan Balint and Florica Papa
Molecules 2025, 30(15), 3249; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30153249 - 2 Aug 2025
Viewed by 353
Abstract
A facile and versatile strategy to obtain NPs@ZnAlO nanocomposite materials, comprising controlled-size nanoparticles (NPs) within a ZnAlO matrix is reported. The mono-(Au, Ni) and bimetallic (Ni-Au) NPs serving as an active phase were prepared by the polyol-alkaline method, while the ZnAlO support was [...] Read more.
A facile and versatile strategy to obtain NPs@ZnAlO nanocomposite materials, comprising controlled-size nanoparticles (NPs) within a ZnAlO matrix is reported. The mono-(Au, Ni) and bimetallic (Ni-Au) NPs serving as an active phase were prepared by the polyol-alkaline method, while the ZnAlO support was obtained via the thermal decomposition of its corresponding layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the successful fabrication of the nanocomposites, including the synthesis of the metallic NPs, the formation of LDH-like structure, and the subsequent transformation to ZnO phase upon LDH calcination. The obtained nanostructures confirmed the nanoplate-like morphology inherited from the original LDH precursors, which tended to aggregate after the addition of gold NPs. According to the UV-Vis spectroscopy, loading NPs onto the ZnAlO support enhanced the light absorption and reduced the band gap energy. ATR-DRIFT spectroscopy, H2-TPR measurements, and XPS analysis provided information about the functional groups, surface composition, and reducibility of the materials. The catalytic performance of the developed nanostructures was evaluated by the photodegradation of bisphenol A (BPA), under simulated solar irradiation. The conversion of BPA over the bimetallic Ni-Au@ZnAlO reached up to 95% after 180 min of irradiation, exceeding the monometallic Ni@ZnAlO and Au@ZnAlO catalysts. Its enhanced activity was correlated with good dispersion of the bimetals, narrower band gap, and efficient charge carrier separation of the photo-induced e/h+ pairs. Full article
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21 pages, 3814 KiB  
Article
Features of the Structure of Layered Epoxy Composite Coatings Formed on a Metal-Ceramic-Coated Aluminum Base
by Volodymyr Korzhyk, Volodymyr Kopei, Petro Stukhliak, Olena Berdnikova, Olga Kushnarova, Oleg Kolisnichenko, Oleg Totosko, Danylo Stukhliak and Liubomyr Ropyak
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3620; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153620 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Difficult, extreme operating conditions of parabolic antennas under precipitation and sub-zero temperatures require the creation of effective heating systems. The purpose of the research is to develop a multilayer coating containing two metal-ceramic layers, epoxy composite layers, carbon fabric, and an outer layer [...] Read more.
Difficult, extreme operating conditions of parabolic antennas under precipitation and sub-zero temperatures require the creation of effective heating systems. The purpose of the research is to develop a multilayer coating containing two metal-ceramic layers, epoxy composite layers, carbon fabric, and an outer layer of basalt fabric, which allows for effective heating of the antenna, and to study the properties of this coating. The multilayer coating was formed on an aluminum base that was subjected to abrasive jet processing. The first and second metal-ceramic layers, Al2O3 + 5% Al, which were applied by high-speed multi-chamber cumulative detonation spraying (CDS), respectively, provide maximum adhesion strength to the aluminum base and high adhesion strength to the third layer of the epoxy composite containing Al2O3. On this not-yet-polymerized layer of epoxy composite containing Al2O3, a layer of carbon fabric (impregnated with epoxy resin) was formed, which serves as a resistive heating element. On top of this carbon fabric, a layer of epoxy composite containing Cr2O3 and SiO2 was applied. Next, basalt fabric was applied to this still-not-yet-polymerized layer. Then, the resulting layered coating was compacted and dried. To study this multilayer coating, X-ray analysis, light and raster scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used. The thickness of the coating layers and microhardness were measured on transverse microsections. The adhesion strength of the metal-ceramic coating layers to the aluminum base was determined by both bending testing and peeling using the adhesive method. It was established that CDS provides the formation of metal-ceramic layers with a maximum fraction of lamellae and a microhardness of 7900–10,520 MPa. In these metal-ceramic layers, a dispersed subgrain structure, a uniform distribution of nanoparticles, and a gradient-free level of dislocation density are observed. Such a structure prevents the formation of local concentrators of internal stresses, thereby increasing the level of dispersion and substructural strengthening of the metal-ceramic layers’ material. The formation of materials with a nanostructure increases their strength and crack resistance. The effectiveness of using aluminum, chromium, and silicon oxides as nanofillers in epoxy composite layers was demonstrated. The presence of structures near the surface of these nanofillers, which differ from the properties of the epoxy matrix in the coating, was established. Such zones, specifically the outer surface layers (OSL), significantly affect the properties of the epoxy composite. The results of industrial tests showed the high performance of the multilayer coating during antenna heating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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20 pages, 10068 KiB  
Article
Effect of AF Surface Nanostructure on AFRP Interface Properties Under Temperature: A MD Simulation Study
by Zhaohua Zhang, Guowei Xia, Chunying Qiao, Longyin Qiao, Fei Gao, Qing Xie and Jun Xie
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152024 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
The insulating rod of aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (AFRP) is an important component of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Under complex working conditions, the high temperature caused by voltage, current, and external climate change becomes one of the important factors that aggravate the interface [...] Read more.
The insulating rod of aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (AFRP) is an important component of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Under complex working conditions, the high temperature caused by voltage, current, and external climate change becomes one of the important factors that aggravate the interface degradation between aramid fiber (AF) and epoxy resin (EP). In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation software is used to study the effect of temperature on the interfacial properties of AF/EP. At the same time, the mechanism of improving the interfacial properties of three nanoparticles with different properties (insulator Al2O3, semiconductor ZnO, and conductor carbon nanotube (CNT)) is explored. The results show that the increase in temperature will greatly reduce the interfacial van der Waals force, thereby reducing the interfacial binding energy between AF and EP, making the interfacial wettability worse. Furthermore, the addition of the three fillers can improve the interfacial adhesion of the composite material. Among them, Al2O3 and CNT maintain a large dipole moment at high temperature, making the van der Waals force more stable and the adhesion performance attenuation less. The Mulliken charge and energy gap of Al2O3 and ZnO decrease slightly with temperature but are still higher than AF, which is conducive to maintaining good interfacial insulation performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Progress and Prospects)
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15 pages, 2886 KiB  
Article
Electrical Characteristics of Mesh-Type Floating Gate Transistors for High-Performance Synaptic Device Applications
by Soyeon Jeong, Jaemin Kim, Hyeongjin Chae, Taehwan Koo, Juyeong Chae and Moongyu Jang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8174; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158174 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 269
Abstract
Nanoparticle floating gate (NPFG) transistors have gained attention as synaptic devices due to their discrete charge storage capability, which minimizes leakage currents and enhances the memory window. In this study, we propose and evaluate a mesh-type floating gate transistor (Mesh-FGT) designed to emulate [...] Read more.
Nanoparticle floating gate (NPFG) transistors have gained attention as synaptic devices due to their discrete charge storage capability, which minimizes leakage currents and enhances the memory window. In this study, we propose and evaluate a mesh-type floating gate transistor (Mesh-FGT) designed to emulate the characteristics of NPFG transistors. Individual floating gates with dimensions of 3 µm × 3 µm are arranged in an array configuration to form the floating gate structure. The Mesh-FGT is composed of an Al/Pt/Cr/HfO2/Pt/Cr/HfO2/SiO2/SOI (silicon-on-insulator) stack. Threshold voltages (Vth) extracted from the transfer and output curves followed Gaussian distributions with means of 0.063 V (σ = 0.100 V) and 1.810 V (σ = 0.190 V) for the erase (ERS) and program (PGM) states, respectively. Synaptic potentiation and depression were successfully demonstrated in a multi-level implementation by varying the drain current (Ids) and Vth. The Mesh-FGT exhibited high immunity to leakage current, excellent repeatability and retention, and a stable memory window that initially measured 2.4 V. These findings underscore the potential of the Mesh-FGT as a high-performance neuromorphic device, with promising applications in array device architectures and neuromorphic neural network implementations. Full article
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17 pages, 3311 KiB  
Article
A Holistic Integration of Machine Learning for Selecting Optimum Ratio of Nanoparticles in Epoxy-Based Nanocomposite Insulators
by Abubakar Siddique, Muhammad Usama Shahid, Laraib Akram, Waseem Aslam and Kholod D. Alsufiani
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082330 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 941
Abstract
Epoxy-based nanocomposites have drawn much interest in high-voltage insulation applications due to their improved dielectric properties. The determination of the optimal nanoparticle (NP) concentration required to achieve a significant enhancement in nanocomposite dielectric properties remains a subject of ongoing research. Previous work has [...] Read more.
Epoxy-based nanocomposites have drawn much interest in high-voltage insulation applications due to their improved dielectric properties. The determination of the optimal nanoparticle (NP) concentration required to achieve a significant enhancement in nanocomposite dielectric properties remains a subject of ongoing research. Previous work has employed iterative experimental methodologies, often characterized by the hit-and-trial method, in attempts to find the optimal nanoparticle concentration. However, these efforts have yielded suboptimal or inconsistent results. Moreover, experimental procedures for optimizing the nanoparticle concentration require significant time and cost. This research study proposed the predictive capabilities of machine learning (ML) for the selection of the nanoparticle concentration in epoxy-based nanocomposite insulators. The authors employed a novel systematic approach in this research work, comprising dataset preparation, ML model implementation, and experimental validation. A real-time dataset with varying concentrations of NPs (TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3) was developed in the High Voltage Lab, KFUEIT, Pakistan. Several advanced machine learning models are trained on this dataset. Support Vector Regression (SVR) exhibits the highest prediction accuracy, with an R2 score of 0.97. SVR predicted a breakdown voltage (BDV) of 46.26 kV, with a (w/w %) concentration of 5% TiO2, 1.17631% SiO2, and 3.95755% Al2O3. To validate the SVR prediction, a hardware prototype with predicted NP concentration is developed and tested. The experimentally measured BDV of the predicted nanocomposite sample, registering 44.72 kV, authenticates the predictive accuracy of machine learning. This work demonstrates the efficacy of machine learning as a viable and efficient alternative to traditional experimental methods for optimizing nanoparticle concentrations using a predictive approach in epoxy-based nanocomposites for high-voltage insulation applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)
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14 pages, 4332 KiB  
Article
Powerful Tribocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange Solutions with Concentrations as High as 100 mg/L by BaTiO3 Nanoparticles
by Mingzhang Zhu, Zeren Zhou, Yanhong Gu, Lina Bing, Yuqin Xie, Zhenjiang Shen and Wanping Chen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141135 - 21 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 331
Abstract
In sharp contrast to photocatalysis and other prevalent catalytic technologies, tribocatalysis has emerged as a promising technology to degrade high-concentration organic dyes in recent years. In this study, BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles were challenged to degrade methyl orange (MO) solutions with unprecedentedly high [...] Read more.
In sharp contrast to photocatalysis and other prevalent catalytic technologies, tribocatalysis has emerged as a promising technology to degrade high-concentration organic dyes in recent years. In this study, BaTiO3 (BTO) nanoparticles were challenged to degrade methyl orange (MO) solutions with unprecedentedly high concentrations through magnetic stirring. With BTO nanoparticles and home-made PTFE magnetic rotary disks in 50 mg/L MO solutions, 10 h of magnetic stirring resulted in 91.4% and 98.1% degradations in an as-received glass beaker and in a beaker with a PTFE disk coated on its bottom, respectively. Even for 100 mg/L MO solutions, nearly complete degradation was achieved by magnetic-stirring-stimulated BTO nanoparticles in beakers with the following four kinds of bottom: 97.3% degradation in 30 h for a glass bottom, 97.4% degradation in 20 h for a PTFE coating, 97.9% degradation in 42 h for a Ti coating, and 97.4% degradation in 74 h for an Al2O3 coating. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses revealed that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by magnetic-stirring-stimulated BTO nanoparticles is dramatically affected by the bottom material of beakers. These findings suggest an appealing prospect for BTO nanoparticles to utilize mechanical energy for sustainable water remediation. Full article
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19 pages, 3119 KiB  
Article
Aquathermolytic Upgrading of Zarafshanian Extra Heavy Oil Using Ammonium Alum
by Amirjon Ali Akhunov, Firdavs Aliev, Nurali Mukhamadiev, Oscar Facknwie Kahwir, Alexey Dengaev, Mohammed Yasin Majeed, Mustafa Esmaeel, Abdulvahhab Al-Qaz, Oybek Mirzaev and Alexey Vakhin
Molecules 2025, 30(14), 3013; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30143013 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
The growing global demand for energy necessitates the efficient utilization of unconventional petroleum resources, particularly heavy oil reserves. However, extracting, transporting, and processing these resources remain challenging due to their low mobility, low API gravity, and significant concentrations of resins, asphaltenes, heteroatoms, and [...] Read more.
The growing global demand for energy necessitates the efficient utilization of unconventional petroleum resources, particularly heavy oil reserves. However, extracting, transporting, and processing these resources remain challenging due to their low mobility, low API gravity, and significant concentrations of resins, asphaltenes, heteroatoms, and metals. In recent years, various in situ upgrading techniques have been explored to enhance heavy oil quality, with catalytic aquathermolysis emerging as a promising approach. The effectiveness of this process largely depends on the development of cost-effective, environmentally friendly catalysts. This study investigates the upgrading performance of water-soluble ammonium alum, (NH4)Al(SO4)2·12H2O, for an extra-heavy oil sample from the Zarafshan Depression, located along the Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border. Comprehensive analyses demonstrate that the catalyst facilitates the breakdown of heavy oil components, particularly resins and asphaltenes, into lighter fractions. As a result, oil viscosity was significantly reduced by 94%, while sulfur content decreased from 896 ppm to 312 ppm. Furthermore, thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis, coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealed that the thermal decomposition of ammonium alum produces catalytically active Al2O3 nanoparticles. These findings suggest that ammonium alum is a highly effective water-soluble pre-catalyst for hydrothermal upgrading, offering a viable and sustainable solution for the development of extra-heavy oil fields. Full article
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18 pages, 2410 KiB  
Article
Nanostructured Cellulose Acetate Membranes Embedded with Al2O3 Nanoparticles for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
by Ines Elaissaoui, Soumaya Sayeb, Mouna Mekki, Francesca Russo, Alberto Figoli, Karima Horchani-Naifer and Dorra Jellouli Ennigrou
Coatings 2025, 15(7), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070823 - 15 Jul 2025
Viewed by 401
Abstract
Electrospun nanofiber membranes based on cellulose acetate (CA) have gained increasing attention for wastewater treatment due to their high surface area, tuneable structure, and ease of functionalization. In this study, the performance of CA membranes was enhanced by incorporating aluminum oxide (Al2 [...] Read more.
Electrospun nanofiber membranes based on cellulose acetate (CA) have gained increasing attention for wastewater treatment due to their high surface area, tuneable structure, and ease of functionalization. In this study, the performance of CA membranes was enhanced by incorporating aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) at varying concentrations (0–2 wt.%). The structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the resulting CA/Al2O3 nanocomposite membranes were investigated through FTIR, XRD, SEM, water contact angle (WCA), pore size measurements, and DSC analyses. FTIR and XRD confirmed strong interactions and the uniform dispersion of the Al2O3 NPs within the CA matrix. The incorporation of Al2O3 improved membrane hydrophilicity, reducing the WCA from 107° to 35°, and increased the average pore size from 0.62 µm to 0.86 µm. These modifications led to enhanced filtration performance, with the membrane containing 2 wt.% Al2O3 achieving a 99% removal efficiency for Indigo Carmine (IC) dye, a maximum adsorption capacity of 45.59 mg/g, and a high permeate flux of 175.47 L·m−2 h−1 bar−1. Additionally, phytotoxicity tests using Lactuca sativa seeds showed a significant increase in germination index from 20% (untreated) to 88% (treated), confirming the safety of the permeate for potential reuse in agricultural irrigation. These results highlight the effectiveness of Al2O3-modified CA electrospun membranes for sustainable wastewater treatment and water reuse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)
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17 pages, 1420 KiB  
Article
Molecular Response of Bacteria Exposed to Wastewater-Borne Nanoparticles
by Nina Doskocz, Katarzyna Affek and Monika Załęska-Radziwiłł
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7746; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147746 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
The increasing release of nanoparticles into aquatic environments, particularly via wastewater, raises concerns about their biological effects on microbial communities. This study investigated the molecular response of Pseudomonas putida to aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) under controlled conditions and in [...] Read more.
The increasing release of nanoparticles into aquatic environments, particularly via wastewater, raises concerns about their biological effects on microbial communities. This study investigated the molecular response of Pseudomonas putida to aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) under controlled conditions and in synthetic wastewater, both before and after biological treatment. Acute toxicity was evaluated using growth inhibition assays, while the expression of katE, ahpC, and ctaD—genes associated with oxidative stress and energy metabolism—was quantified via RT-qPCR. Exposure to pristine Al2O3NPs induced a strong, time-dependent upregulation of all tested genes (e.g., katE and ahpC up to 4.5-fold). In untreated wastewater, this effect persisted but at a lower intensity; bulk Al2O3 caused only moderate changes. Treated wastewater samples showed markedly reduced gene expression, indicating partial detoxification. Nanoparticles elicited stronger biological responses than their bulk counterparts, confirming the material form-specific effects. Comparative analysis with Daphnia magna revealed similar patterns of oxidative stress gene activation. These findings highlight the influence of nanoparticle form and environmental matrix on microbial responses and support the use of gene expression analysis as a sensitive biomarker for nanoparticle-induced stress in environmental risk assessment. Full article
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25 pages, 2616 KiB  
Article
Bio-Fabricated Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles Derived from Waste Pharmaceutical Packages: Insight into Characterization and Applications
by Jamilah M. Al-Ahmari, Reem M. Alghanmi and Ragaa A. Hamouda
Biomolecules 2025, 15(7), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15070984 - 10 Jul 2025
Viewed by 426
Abstract
This study examines the environmental challenges posed by azo-dye pollutants and aluminum industrial waste. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (P/Al2O3-NPs) were produced using a green method that utilized pharmaceutical packaging waste as an aluminum source and marine algae extract (Padina pavonica [...] Read more.
This study examines the environmental challenges posed by azo-dye pollutants and aluminum industrial waste. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (P/Al2O3-NPs) were produced using a green method that utilized pharmaceutical packaging waste as an aluminum source and marine algae extract (Padina pavonica) as reducing and stabilizing agents and that was characterized by XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, and zeta potential. Batch biosorption studies were performed to assess the effectiveness of P/Al2O3-NPs in removing CR dye from aqueous solutions. The results demonstrate that the particle sizes range from 58.63 to 86.70 nm and morphologies vary from spherical to elliptical. FTIR analysis revealed Al–O lattice vibrations at 988 and 570 cm−1. The nanoparticles displayed a negative surface charge (−13 mV) and a pHzpc of 4.8. Adsorption experiments optimized parameters for CR dye removal, achieving 97.81% efficiency under native pH (6.95), with a dye concentration of 30 mg/L, an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L, and a contact time of 30 min. Thermodynamic studies confirmed that the process is exothermic and spontaneous. Kinetic data fit well with the pseudo-second-order model, while equilibrium data aligned with the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption mechanism involved van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions, as supported by the influence of pH, isotherm data, and FTIR spectra. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of eco-friendly P/Al2O3-NPs to efficiently remove CR dye from aqueous solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bio-Engineered Materials)
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2 pages, 365 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Alshawwa et al. In Situ Biosynthesis of Reduced Alpha Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles by Stevia Rebaudiana L. Leaf Extract: Insights into Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Properties. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1252
by Samar Zuhair Alshawwa, Eman J. Mohammed, Nada Hashim, Mohamed Sharaf, Samy Selim, Hayaa M. Alhuthali, Hind A. Alzahrani, Alsayed E. Mekky and Mohamed G. Elharrif
Antibiotics 2025, 14(7), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14070690 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 281
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
12 pages, 3405 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Investigation on the Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Performance of Nanofluid in 3D Printing Minichannel Heat Sinks: A Comparative Study
by Jianyang Zhou and Zhixin Yin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141054 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 394
Abstract
A minichannel heat sink combining flow boiling heat transfer with nanofluid is an ideal solution for the long-term cooling of high-power equipment. In the present paper, three mass fractions for 0.01 wt%, 0.05 wt%, and 0.1 wt% graphene/R141b and Al2O3 [...] Read more.
A minichannel heat sink combining flow boiling heat transfer with nanofluid is an ideal solution for the long-term cooling of high-power equipment. In the present paper, three mass fractions for 0.01 wt%, 0.05 wt%, and 0.1 wt% graphene/R141b and Al2O3/R141b nanofluids are prepared by ultrasonic vibration. The flow boiling heat transfer performance for graphene/R141b and Al2O3/R141b nanofluids was contrastively investigated in a 3D printing 10-minichannel heat sink with a single channel dimension of 198 mm × 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm. The results indicate that the heat transfer performance of graphene/R141b and Al2O3/R141b nanofluids are enhanced after adding nanoparticles in pure R141b, and the maximum average heat transfer coefficients of graphene/R141b and Al2O3/R141b nanofluids, respectively, increase by 35.4% and 31.7% compared with that of pure R141b. The heat transfer performance of graphene/R141b and Al2O3/R141b nanofluids increases nonlinearly with the increase in mass concentration; the heat transfer coefficient reaches its maximum at the mass concentration of 0.02 wt%, and then, it decreases slightly, which is mainly caused by nanoparticle deposition, leading to silted channel surface cavities during the flow boiling experiment. Moreover, it has been discovered that the heat transfer coefficient of graphene/R141b is larger than that of Al2O3/R141b under the same conditions. The average heat transfer coefficient of graphene/R141b increased by 19.7% compared with that of Al2O3/R141b. The main reason for this is that graphene nanosheets have a larger contact area with the liquid working medium compared with nanoparticle Al2O3, and the graphene/R141b thermal conductivity is also significantly higher than that of Al2O3/R141b nanofluids. The research results can provide a basis for the practical application of nanofluids in heat sinks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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13 pages, 2115 KiB  
Article
Residual-Free Micro–Nano Titanium Surfaces via Titanium Blasting and Single Acid-Etching: A Cleaner Alternative
by Artiom Lijnev, José Eduardo Maté Sánchez de Val, Jeevithan Elango, Carlos Pérez-Albacete Martínez, José Manuel Granero Marín, Antonio Scarano and Sergio Alexandre Gehrke
Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070735 - 5 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1582
Abstract
Background: Traditional sandblasted large-grit acid-etched (SLA) surface treatments frequently utilize alumina (Al2O3) blasting, which may leave residual particles embedded in implant surfaces, potentially compromising biocompatibility and osseointegration. This study investigates a contamination-free alternative: titanium dioxide particle (TiO2) [...] Read more.
Background: Traditional sandblasted large-grit acid-etched (SLA) surface treatments frequently utilize alumina (Al2O3) blasting, which may leave residual particles embedded in implant surfaces, potentially compromising biocompatibility and osseointegration. This study investigates a contamination-free alternative: titanium dioxide particle (TiO2) blasting followed by hydrochloric acid (HCl) etching, aimed at generating a cleaner, hierarchical micro–nano-textured surface. Methods: Grade IV titanium disks were treated either with TiO2 sandblasting alone or with an additional HCl etching step. Surfaces were analyzed via atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, and profilometry. hFOB osteoblasts were cultured to assess adhesion, proliferation, metabolic activity, and morphology. Results: The combination treatment produced a more homogeneous micro–nano structure with significantly increased roughness and a cleaner surface chemistry. Osteoblast proliferation and metabolic activity were notably improved in the TiO2 and HCl group. SEM imaging showed a more organized cytoskeletal structure and pronounced filopodia at 72 h. Conclusions: Titanium blasting combined with HCl etching yields a cost-effective, contamination-free surface modification with promising early-stage cellular responses. This approach represents a safer and effective alternative to conventional SLA treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontics and Implant Dentistry)
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23 pages, 4306 KiB  
Article
A Dynamic Investigation of a Solar Absorption Plant with Nanofluids for Air-Conditioning of an Office Building in a Mild Climate Zone
by Luca Cirillo, Sabrina Gargiulo, Adriana Greco, Claudia Masselli, Sergio Nardini, Vincenzo Orabona and Lucrezia Verneau
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3480; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133480 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 348
Abstract
This study explores the impact of using water-Al2O3 nanofluids, at different nanoparticle concentrations, in solar thermal collectors for solar cooling applications. Improving the seasonal energy performance of solar cooling systems is a current research priority, and this work investigates whether [...] Read more.
This study explores the impact of using water-Al2O3 nanofluids, at different nanoparticle concentrations, in solar thermal collectors for solar cooling applications. Improving the seasonal energy performance of solar cooling systems is a current research priority, and this work investigates whether nanofluids can significantly enhance system efficiency compared to traditional heat transfer fluids. A transient simulation was carried out using a dynamic model developed in TRNSYS (TRANsient SYstem Simulation), evaluating the system performance throughout the cooling season. The results show that in July, under low volumetric flow conditions and with nanoparticle concentrations of 0.6% and 0.3%, the solar fraction reaches a maximum value of 1. Using a nanofluid at 0.6% concentration leads to significantly higher fractional energy savings compared to pure water. Despite increased pumping energy, the overall energy savings—which include the contribution from an auxiliary boiler—exceed 80% when nanofluids are used. This study goes beyond previous work by providing a dynamic, system-level simulation of nanofluid-enhanced solar cooling performance under realistic operating conditions. The findings demonstrate the practical potential of nanofluids as a valid and more energy-efficient alternative in solar thermal applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Thermal Simulation of Energy Systems: 2nd Edition)
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