Search Results (230)

Electrospun nanofiber membranes (ESNFMs) are exceptional biomaterials for tissue engineering, closely mimicking the native extracellular matrix. However, their inherent fragility poses significant handling, processing, and integration challenges, limiting their widespread application in advanced 3D tissue models and biofabricated devices. This study introduces a novel and on-mat framing technique utilizing extrusion-based printing of a UV-curable biocompatible resin (Biotough D90 MF) to create rigid, integrated support structures directly on chitosan–polyethylene oxide (PEO) ESNFMs. We demonstrate fabrication of these circular frames via precise 3D printing and a simpler manual stamping method, achieving robust mechanical stabilization that enables routine laboratory manipulation without membrane damage. The resulting framed ESNFMs maintain structural integrity during subsequent processing and exhibit excellent biocompatibility in standardized extract assays (116.5 ± 12.2% normalized cellular response with optimized processing) and acceptable performance in direct contact evaluations (up to 78.2 ± 32.4% viability in the optimal configuration). Temporal assessment revealed characteristic cellular adaptation dynamics on nanofiber substrates, emphasizing the importance of extended evaluation periods for accurate biocompatibility determination of three-dimensional scaffolds. This innovative biofabrication approach overcomes critical limitations of previous handling methods, transforming delicate ESNFMs into robust, easy-to-use components for reliable integration into complex cell culture applications, barrier tissue models, and engineered systems. Full article

Electrospinning has emerged as a highly effective technique for fabricating micro- and nanofibers, which are characterized by high porosity, large surface area, and structural mimicry of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These properties render it particularly suitable for biomedical applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in electrospinning-based strategies across various biomedical fields, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, enzyme immobilization, biosensing, and protective materials. The distinctive advantages of electrospun fibers—such as excellent biocompatibility, tunable architecture, and facile surface functionalization—are discussed, alongside challenges such as the toxicity of organic solvents and limitations in scalability. Emerging approaches, including environmentally benign electrospinning techniques and integration with advanced technologies such as 3D printing and microfluidics, present promising solutions for intelligent and personalized biomedical applications. Full article

In the last decade, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted much attention for the implementation of non-invasive approaches suitable for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases. In this work, the optimization of novel vascular grafts loaded with Nickel-based nanoparticles via electrospinning is proposed. Two different polycarbonate urethanes—i.e., Corethane A80 (COT) and Chronoflex AL80 (CHF)—were used to fabricate 3D electrospun nanocomposite grafts. SEM analysis showed a homogeneous distribution of fibers, with slight differences in terms of average diameters as a function of the polymer used—(1.14 ± 0.18) µm for COT, and (1.33 ± 0.23) µm for CHF—that tend to disappear in the presence of MNPs—(1.26 ± 0.19) µm and (1.26 ± 0.213) µm for COT/NPs and CHF/NPs, respectively. TGA analyses confirmed the higher ability of CHF to entrap MNPs in the fibers—18.25% with respect to 14.63% for COT—while DSC analyses suggested an effect of MNPs on short-range rearrangements of hard/soft micro-domains of CHF. Accordingly, mechanical tests confirmed a decay of mechanical strength in the presence of MNPs with some differences depending on the matrix—from (6.16 ± 0.33) MPa to (4.55 ± 0.2) MPa (COT), and from (3.67 ± 0.18) MPa to (2.97 ± 0.22) MPa (CNF). The in vitro response revealed that the presence of MNPs did not negatively affect cell viability after 7 days in in vitro culture, suggesting a promising use of these materials as smart vascular grafts able to support the actuation function of vessel wall muscles. Full article

This study presents a one-step electrospinning method to fabricate polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers embedded with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for efficient catalytic dye reduction and real-time monitoring. Utilizing avocado seed extract for AgNP synthesis, the resulting composite nanofibers exhibit uniform nanoparticle dispersion and enhanced surface area, significantly improving adsorption and catalytic properties. The membranes demonstrated outstanding catalytic activity, achieving over 95% degradation of methyl orange within 45 min when paired with sodium borohydride, and maintained structural integrity and performance over ten reuse cycles. The integration of a novel 3D-printed support enabled scalability, allowing a 60-fold increase in treatment volume without compromising efficiency. Additionally, the composite’s electrical conductivity changes enabled the real-time monitoring of the dye reduction process, highlighting its dual functionality as both catalyst and sensor. These results encourage the potential of PAN/AgNPs supported on a 3D-printed structure nanofiber membranes for scalable, sustainable wastewater treatment and in situ reaction monitoring. Full article

Background/Objectives: The effect of fusidic acid on oral bacteria, especially on Gram- negative periodontopathogenic species, has not yet been investigated. This in vitro study aimed to analyze the antibacterial effect of fusidic acid alone and as an active component in electrospun poly(L-lactide-co-D/L-lactide) fiber fleeces. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of fusidic acid and metronidazole (control) were determined for various oral bacteria. Eluates were collected from electrospun poly(L-lactide-co-D/L-lactide) fiber fleeces loaded with 10 and 20 wt% fusidic acid over a period of 28 d. Antibacterial activity was analyzed by means of a microdilution assay. Cytotoxicity was observed toward human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Results: All tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative oral bacteria were susceptible to fusidic acid. The lowest MIC was observed for Porphyromonas gingivalis (MIC < 0.062 µg/mL). Compared to the antibacterial activity of metronidazole, that of Porphyromonas gingivalis was suppressed by significant lower fusidic acid concentrations (p < 0.01). The eluates obtained from electrospun poly(L-lactide-co-D/L-lactide) fiber fleeces inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis, S. aureus, A. viscosus, and A. neslundii over a course of 28 days. The largest inhibition zones were detected for Porphyromonas gingivalis in case of the 20 wt% concentrations. The eluates were not cytotoxic toward HGFs. Conclusions: It was shown that fusidic acid has significant antibacterial potential. The results of the present investigation suggest that fusidic acid alone or delivered by electrospun fiber fleeces might be attractive for controlling oral pathogenic bacteria. Full article

Large segmental bone defects present significant challenges due to the insufficient vascularization of implanted grafts, necessitating advances in vascularized bone tissue engineering. Recent innovations focus primarily on enhancing graft vascularization through advanced biomaterial scaffolds, precise three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies, biochemical interventions, and co-culture techniques. Biomaterial scaffolds featuring microchannels and high-surface-area architectures facilitate endothelial cell infiltration and subsequent vessel formation. Concurrently, sophisticated 3D-bioprinting methods, including inkjet, extrusion, and laser-assisted approaches, enable the precise placement of endothelial and osteogenic cells, promoting anatomically accurate vascular networks. Biochemical strategies that utilize the simultaneous delivery of angiogenic factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor) and osteogenic factors (e.g., bone morphogenetic protein-2) effectively couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Additionally, co-culturing mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitors accelerates the development of functional capillary networks. Preclinical studies consistently demonstrate superior outcomes for prevascularized grafts, as evidenced by enhanced vascular inosculation, increased bone formation, and improved mechanical stability compared to non-vascularized controls. These technological advancements collectively represent significant progress toward the clinical translation of engineered vascularized bone grafts capable of addressing complex and previously intractable bone defects. Full article

Placing printed conductive patterns onto nonplanar substrates is a challenging task. In this work, we tested a simple method for depositing inkjet-printed conductive patterns onto 3D-printed pieces with cavities and sharp edges. First, a silver nanoparticle ink was used to print conductive patterns onto a flexible and porous substrate made of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL). Then, the printed patterns were transferred to 3D-printed pieces made of polylactic acid (PLA) by temperature-promoted adhesion. Finally, the printed patterns were cured to render them conductive. The influence of the number of printed layers on their electrical and mechanical properties was evaluated. The printed patterns were also transferred to flexible substrates, such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets, achieving conductivity after curing. Moreover, the printed patterns were effective for modular interconnection among successive transferred patterns, since it was possible to achieve electrical contact between them during the transfer process. Full article

Background: Endothelial dysfunction triggers atherosclerosis pathogenesis. This study aimed at developing a 3D scaffold model able to reproduce in vitro the human vascular intima and study the endothelial damage induced by oxidative low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) and shear stress. (2) Methods: Three-dimensional sandwich-like scaffolds were fabricated using electrospinning technology, functionalized with type I collagen and laminin, and subsequently coated with methacrylated gelatin hydrogel (GelMa) to achieve the final composite structure. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used as the cell model for testing the suitability of 3D supports for cell culture exposed to ox-LDL both under static and shear stress conditions. Cell viability, ultrastructural morphology, and nitric oxide (NO) levels were analyzed. (3) Results: Electrospun mats and their functionalization were optimized to reproduce the chemical and physical properties of the vascular intima tunica. The 3D supports were suitable for the cell culture. Ox-LDL did not affect the HUVEC behavior in the 3D models under a static environment. Conversely, high shear stress (500 µL/min, HSS) significantly decreased the cell viability, also under the ox-LDL treatment. (4) Conclusions: Endothelial cell cultures on electrospun supports exposed to HSS provide a candidate in vitro model for investigating the endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis research. Technical improvements to the experimental setting are necessary for validating and standardizing the suggested 3D model. Full article

Cellulose is a sustainable biopolymer, being renewable and abundant, non-toxic, biodegradable, and easily functionalizable. However, the development of hydrogels for tissue engineering applications presents significant challenges that require interdisciplinary expertise, given the intricate and dynamic nature of the human body. This paper delves into current research focused on creating advanced cellulose-based hydrogels with tailored mechanical, biological, chemical, and surface properties. These hydrogels show promise in healing, regenerating, and even replacing human tissues and organs. The synthesis of these hydrogels employs a range of innovative techniques, including supramolecular chemistry, click chemistry, enzyme-induced crosslinking, ultrasound, photo radiation, high-energy ionizing radiation, 3D printing, and other emerging methods. In the realm of tissue engineering, various types of hydrogels are explored, such as stimuli-responsive, hybrid, injectable, bio-printed, electrospun, self-assembling, self-healing, drug-releasing, biodegradable, and interpenetrating network hydrogels. Moreover, these materials can be further enhanced by incorporating cell growth factors, biological molecules, or by loading them with cells or drugs. Looking ahead, future research aims to engineer and tailor hydrogels to meet specific needs. This includes exploring safer and more sustainable materials and synthesis techniques, identifying less invasive application methods, and translating these studies into practical applications. Full article

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects a significant portion of humanity’s elderly population across the globe. Recent studies have identified Amyloid-Beta 42 (Aβ₄₂) as a key biomarker for AD. In this research, we examined the feasibility of using string-shaped electrodes to develop a potentially wearable biosensor for the early detection of AD. Two types of flexible electrochemical electrodes were fabricated using a commercial thread (25% cotton-75% polyester) and an electrospun nanofiber-based string. Decorating the strings with either gold or SiC nanoparticles, several different electrodes were tested to explore their responses to Aβ₄₂. Our results show that the nanofiber-based electrode decorated with gold nanoparticles had the highest sensitivity of 1.71 µA/pg.cm and the best limit of detection (LoD) of 8.36 pg/mL. These findings highlight the importance of the string structure in designing highly sensitive sensors. Full article

Vitamin E is widely used in cosmetics and dermatological applications for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties, yet its industrial use is limited by poor stability and bioavailability. To address these challenges, this study developed zein-based microstructures encapsulating vitamin E using electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques and evaluated how zein concentration affects morphology and release behavior. The SEM analysis showed that biopolymer (zein) concentration significantly affects microstructure morphology. At low concentrations (1%, 5%, and 15% (w/v)), micro/nanoparticles are formed, and high concentrations (30% (w/v)) yielded only fibers. The average size of the structures produced with zein (1–15% w/v) ranged from 0.38 to 0.90 µm, as measured using the program ImageJ (v1.54d). Structures containing vitamin E were generally smaller than those without. For electrospun fibers made with 30% zein, diameters ranged from 0.49 to 0.74 µm, with vitamin E-containing fibers also being thinner. Conductivity also influenced morphology; higher conductivity developed fibers, while lower conductivity formed particles. The solution with 15% (w/v) zein + 1% (w/w) vitamin E showed a conductivity of 1276 μS, similar to the 15% zein solution (1280 μS), indicating that vitamin E addition had no significant effect on conductivity. Release assays revealed that structures produced with low zein concentrations led to immediate release, while structured made with higher concentrations, prolonged release. A preliminary cosmetic formulation test has been conducted. The vitamin E microstructures were successfully incorporated into aloe vera hydrogel and coconut oil to show their potential for cosmetic applications. Full article

Tension-free hernioplasty has effectively reduced postoperative recurrence and mitigated complications by employing polymer patches. However, clinically used polymer patches often fall short in terms of the anti-deformation, anti-adhesion, and tissue integration functions, which can result in visceral adhesions and foreign body reactions after implantation. In this study, a Janus three-layer composite patch was developed for abdominal wall defect repair using a combination of 3D printing, electrospraying, and electrospinning technologies. On the visceral side, a dense electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/sodium hyaluronate (PVA/HA) scaffold was fabricated to inhibit cell adhesion. The middle layer, composed of polycaprolactone (PCL), provided mechanical support. On the muscle-facing side, a loose and porous electrospun nanofiber scaffold was created through electrospraying and electrospinning, promoting cell adhesion and migration to facilitate tissue regeneration. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the composite patch possessed excellent tensile strength (23.58 N/cm), surpassing the clinical standard (16 N/cm). Both in vitro and in vivo evaluations confirmed the patch’s outstanding biocompatibility. Compared with the control PCL patch, the Janus composite patch significantly reduced the visceral adhesion and enhanced the tissue repair in animal models. Collectively, this Janus composite patch integrated anti-deformation, anti-adhesion, and tissue-regenerative properties, providing a promising solution for effective abdominal wall defect repair. Full article

The main aim of this study was to develop a diclofenac-loaded, orodispersible formulation prepared by double-needle electrospinning. For the use of two needles, one above the other, a new needle holder was designed and 3D printed. During the optimization of the drug-free PVP carrier, the effect of the polymer concentration on the morphology and average fiber diameter was investigated. Electrospinning was possible for solutions with a PVP concentration between 7.5 and 15 w/w%. Too low viscosity led to smooth-surfaced nanoparticles, since electrospraying occurred. The optimal material properties and process parameters were used to prepare drug-loaded nanofibers. The morphology, crystallinity, chemical interactions, encapsulation efficiency, drug distribution, in vitro disintegration, in vitro dissolution, cytocompatibility, and 6-month stability were tested. According to the results, the electrospun formulation was an amorphous solid dispersion with excellent encapsulation efficiency. The drug distribution was homogeneous within the nanofiber matrix. The disintegration was completed in about 5 s in artificial saliva and about 41 s on an artificial tongue. The dissolution in artificial saliva was complete within 10 min. Overall, a promising formulation was developed with rapid disintegration, immediate drug release, and good stability. Additionally, a new in vitro dissolution method (“AS-to-FaSSGF”) was developed to obtain a bigger picture of drug dissolution throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Full article

With the recent development of advanced industries, in addition to simple abrasions, the demand for wound dressing is gradually increasing in fields such as diabetes care. Factors affecting wound healing include pH, temperature, genetic factors, stress, smoking, and obesity, and studies on these are also increasing. In addition, studies on hydrogels, electrospun nanofibers, foams, films, plant-based materials, chitosan, gelatin, 3D printing, and chemosensors for wound healing are also increasing. However, although there are many data related to wound healing, there are not many studies that have systematically divided them into structures, materials, and monitoring through a review of the literature. Therefore, based on various studies on wound healing, wound-healing materials were classified into structures (films, foams, gauzes, and electrospun nanofibers), chemical materials, nature-based materials, and monitoring sensors, and a literature review was conducted. Full article

A novel bi-layered scaffold, obtained via 3D printing and electrospinning, was designed to improve osteochondral region reconstruction. The upper electrospun membrane will act as a barrier against unwanted tissue infiltration, while the lower 3D-printed layer will provide a porous structure for tissue ingrowth. Graphene was integrated into the scaffold for its antibacterial properties, and the drug Osteogenon^® (OST) was added to promote bone tissue regeneration. The composite scaffolds were subjected to comprehensive physical, thermal, and mechanical evaluations. Additionally, their biological functionality was assessed by means of NHAC-kn cells. The 0.5% graphene addition to PCL significantly increased strain at break, enhancing the material ductility. GNP also acted as an effective nucleating agent, raising crystallization temperatures and supporting mineralization. The high surface area of graphene facilitated rapid apatite formation by attracting calcium and phosphate ions. This was confirmed by FTIR, µCT and SEM analyses, which highlighted the positive impact of graphene on mineral deposition. The synergistic interaction between graphene nanoplatelets and Osteogenon^® created a bioactive environment that enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation, and promoted superior apatite formation. These findings highlight the scaffold’s potential as a promising biomaterial for osteochondral repair and regenerative medicine. Full article