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Climatic Trends and Impacts of Global Change in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (21 August 2023) | Viewed by 18601

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Roberto Coscarelli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Council (CNR), Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection (IRPI), via Cavour 4/6, 87036 Rende (Cs), Italy
Interests: hydrology; climatology; climate change; geo-hydrological risk; water resources
Dr. Tommaso Caloiero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), Via Cavour 4/6, 87936 Rende, CS, Italy
Interests: hydrology; climatology; climate change; natural hazards; land use chance; forest ecology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The term global change refers to every planetary-scale change that can occur in each of the subsystems of the Earth. Among these subsystems, climate is particularly relevant, and includes processes involving ocean, land, and sea ice, in addition to the atmosphere. The European continent, which covers countries with different climatic features and forcing factors, could be affected by different trends in the main climatic variables and, consequently, by different impacts. Moreover, the Mediterranean basin, which is one of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots, represents a region where the impact of global change can be more intense and diffuse.

Within this context, the overall goal of this Special Issue of Water is to focus research and analyses on these areas, starting from high-quality databases of climatic variables. Interdisciplinary original research articles highlighting new ideas, approaches, and innovations in the spatial and temporal analysis of the main climatological variables (rainfall, temperature, wind, etc.) and the analysis of future scenarios using GCM projections are welcome. Moreover, evaluations of the possible impacts of these tendencies on various sectors, such as water resources, agriculture, hydrogeological risk, and energy productions, could offer strategic and useful means to cope with global change for the population and the economic sectors of this area.

Dr. Roberto Coscarelli
Dr. Tommaso Caloiero
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Database
  • Trends
  • GCM
  • Water resources
  • Agriculture
  • Hydrogeological risk
  • Energy production
  • Coping with global change

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 3016 KiB  
Communication
Land–Sea Distribution of Ground Precipitation in Mediterranean Storms
by Renzo Rosso and Alessandro Ceppi
Water 2023, 15(10), 1894; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101894 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1877
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is traditionally a hotspot where copious amounts of water vapor at low- and mid-tropospheric levels often favor atmospheric instability and the deepening of storms, leading to intense rainfall events with consequent flash floods. Moreover, this region includes sharp land–sea transitions, [...] Read more.
The Mediterranean basin is traditionally a hotspot where copious amounts of water vapor at low- and mid-tropospheric levels often favor atmospheric instability and the deepening of storms, leading to intense rainfall events with consequent flash floods. Moreover, this region includes sharp land–sea transitions, narrow maritime areas, and mountain chains which enhance convective precipitation. In this study, radar precipitation data were used to investigate the spatial distribution of rainfall swaths for seven severe cyclones originating over the Mediterranean Sea which produced intense flash inundation events along the western coast of Italy in the last decade (2011–2020). Based on 5 min precipitation amounts gridded at a 1 km spatial resolution, the temporal evolution of these storms displays a curvilinear path moving from sea to inland. Results show that more than half of the total precipitation for the analyzed events occurred on sea, and the total amount of storm rainfall over the marine surface exceeded that over land in four events out of the seven. Since the coastline strongly affects the rainfall pattern, we analyzed the land–sea discontinuity, which is a key factor controlling the spatial distribution of storm rates through their trajectory, where a small shift in precipitation target might smooth ground effects and mitigate flood impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climatic Trends and Impacts of Global Change in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin)
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20 pages, 8647 KiB  
Article
SOL40: Forty Years of Simulations under Climate and Land Use Change
by Alessandro Ceppi, Enrico Gambini, Gabriele Lombardi, Giovanni Ravazzani and Marco Mancini
Water 2022, 14(6), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060837 - 8 Mar 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2357
Abstract
Nowadays, a major issue is land-use change by urban development that alters the catchment response to meteorological events. Urban basins have less storage capacity and more rapid runoff, so urban rivers rise more quickly during storms and have higher peak discharge rates than [...] Read more.
Nowadays, a major issue is land-use change by urban development that alters the catchment response to meteorological events. Urban basins have less storage capacity and more rapid runoff, so urban rivers rise more quickly during storms and have higher peak discharge rates than rural catchments. An exemplary case of this situation is the city of Milan (northern Italy) and its whole territory that extends towards the north collecting meteoric precipitation through the Seveso, Olona and Lambro (SOL) rivers. To assess the impact of anthropogenic development on urban catchment scale hydrology, a reanalysis of 40 years of simulations was carried out with the Curve Number (CN) map based on current land use and compared to simulations using the CN maps based on past land use. A coupled hydro-meteorological system was built that combined a physically based rainfall-runoff hydrological model FEST-WB, developed by the Politecnico di Milano, with the ERA5-Land hourly dataset for the period 1981 to 2020, that was provided by the ECMWF under the framework of the Copernicus Climate Change Service Programme. The study (named SOL40) analyses 40 year trends in the main meteorological (air temperature, precipitation) and hydrological variables (runoff) over the SOL area and tried to quantify and separate the impact of land use change from that of climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climatic Trends and Impacts of Global Change in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin)
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24 pages, 5597 KiB  
Article
Meteorological and Hydrological Drought Risk Assessment Using Multi-Dimensional Copulas in the Wadi Ouahrane Basin in Algeria
by Mohammed Achite, Ommolbanin Bazrafshan, Andrzej Wałęga, Zahra Azhdari, Nir Krakauer and Tommaso Caloiero
Water 2022, 14(4), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040653 - 19 Feb 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4087
Abstract
A persistent precipitation deficiency (meteorological drought) could spread to surface water bodies and produce a hydrological drought. Meteorological and hydrological droughts are thus closely related, even though they are separated by a time lag. For this reason, it is paramount for water resource [...] Read more.
A persistent precipitation deficiency (meteorological drought) could spread to surface water bodies and produce a hydrological drought. Meteorological and hydrological droughts are thus closely related, even though they are separated by a time lag. For this reason, it is paramount for water resource planning and for drought risk analysis to study the connection between these two types of drought. With this aim, in this study, both meteorological and hydrological drought were analyzed in the Wadi Ouahrane Basin (Northwest Algeria). In particular, data from six rainfall stations and one hydrometric station for the period 1972–2018 were used to evaluate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) at multiple timescales (1, 2, 3, 4, …, 12 months). By means of a copula function, the conditional return period for both types of drought was evaluated. Results evidenced that runoff is characterized by high level of temporal correlation in comparison to rainfall. Moreover, the composite index JDHMI (Joint Deficit Hydro-meteorological Index) was evaluated. This index is able to reflect the simultaneous hydrological and meteorological behavior at different timescales of 1–12 months well and can present the probability of a common hydrological and meteorological deficit situation more accurately and realistically compared to precipitation or runoff-based indicators. It was found that, over the analyzed basin, the average severity of combined hydro-meteorological drought (JDHMI) was 10.19, with a duration of 9 months and a magnitude of 0.93. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climatic Trends and Impacts of Global Change in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin)
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17 pages, 1015 KiB  
Article
Greek Wine Quality Assessment and Relationships with Climate: Trends, Future Projections and Uncertainties
by Georgios C. Koufos, Theodoros Mavromatis, Stefanos Koundouras, Nikolaos M. Fyllas, Serafeim Theocharis and Gregory V. Jones
Water 2022, 14(4), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/w14040573 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3590
Abstract
Grapevine phenology is particularly sensitive to temperature variations, with changes in climate shifting events earlier and advancing berry maturation into a hotter part of the growing cycle. Consequently, serious concerns regarding the negative influences of climate change on global wine quality have been [...] Read more.
Grapevine phenology is particularly sensitive to temperature variations, with changes in climate shifting events earlier and advancing berry maturation into a hotter part of the growing cycle. Consequently, serious concerns regarding the negative influences of climate change on global wine quality have been raised, with the scientific community focusing on documenting these changes to better understand and address the impacts. This study adds to this knowledge by investigating air temperature and precipitation trends over the last 40 years (i.e., 1980–2019). Over the most recent period of records (i.e., 2000–2019), minimum air temperatures significantly increased at a higher rate than maximum temperatures. On the other hand, precipitation showed the least significant trends over time. In addition, wine quality assessment and identification of the most significant weather variables and climatic indices that correlate with wine quality rating scores have also been performed. To serve this purpose, data of wine quality ratings for nine white (W) and two red (R) indigenous winegrape varieties (Vitis vinifera L., cvs) grown in Greece were obtained from the database of Thessaloniki International Wine and Spirits Competition. The results showed a statistically significant upward trend over the recent past in the majority of the varieties studied. To examine future periods, mixed-effect model outputs for Greek wine-producing regions combining an ensemble dataset using RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission pathways during two future periods (i.e., 2041–2065 and 2071–2095) predicts wines of higher quality, especially during the latter time period. These results reveal that Greek wine quality rating variations are mainly driven by higher maximum temperatures and drier conditions during the growing season of the grapevines. However, two important issues need to be more fully explored in Greece and elsewhere; (1) non-linear responses to warming where wine quality could suffer above varietally specific optimum temperature thresholds and (2) a better understanding of how other non-climate-related factors (e.g., canopy management, winemaking innovations) affect wine quality in the face of a changing climate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climatic Trends and Impacts of Global Change in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin)
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17 pages, 13206 KiB  
Article
Variation in Seasonal Precipitation over Gaza (Palestine) and Its Sensitivity to Teleconnection Patterns
by Salah Basem Ajjur and Sami G. Al-Ghamdi
Water 2021, 13(5), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050667 - 1 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4694
Abstract
The seasonal precipitation (SP) trend and its sensitivity to teleconnection patterns over the East Mediterranean (EM) region remain inconsistent. Based on rainfall records during 1974–2016 at seven meteorological stations in the Gaza region, this study aims to (1) analyze the observed SP trend [...] Read more.
The seasonal precipitation (SP) trend and its sensitivity to teleconnection patterns over the East Mediterranean (EM) region remain inconsistent. Based on rainfall records during 1974–2016 at seven meteorological stations in the Gaza region, this study aims to (1) analyze the observed SP trend over the Gaza region, and (2) examine the SP sensitivity to climate indices. Pearson and Spearman correlations between climate indices and SP in the current and following years were calculated, and the seasonal period (particular month) with the highest correlation was identified. Results show that the climate indices, with greater impact on SP over the Gaza region in the autumn and spring, were in the order; El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) > East Atlantic/Western Russia (EAWR) > North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) > Arctic Oscillation (AO). The indices’ impact was minimal in the winter precipitation. ENSO types’ correlations (Southern Oscillation Index-SOI and Niño 3.4) were moderate and significant at α = 0.05. Rainfall at most stations positively correlates with AO and EAWR in spring and autumn. During the study period, warm phases of ENSO (i.e., El Niño) intensified autumn precipitation. Simultaneously with warm phases of EAWR or AO, more influence on autumn precipitation is exerted. Cold phases of ENSO (i.e., La Niña) have an adverse impact compared to El Niño. EAWR co-variation was evident only with the ENSO. Regarding AO, a non-meaningful action was noticed during the neutral phases of ENSO and EAWR. The findings of this study help understand and predict the seasonal trend of precipitation over the Gaza region. This is essential to set up climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in the EM region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climatic Trends and Impacts of Global Change in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin)
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