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Biodiversity of Freshwater Ecosystems: Monitoring and Conservation, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2026 | Viewed by 3616

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: wetlands; rivers; lakes; environmental parameters; macrophytes; macroinvertebrates; diatoms
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Guest Editor
Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Interests: distribution of macrophytes; bioindication; environmental parameters; aquatic degradation; lentic, lotic water bodies; artificial water bodies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is well known that the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems has heavily declined in recent decades. Although we are aware of these processes, further decreases in valuable ecosystems and the biodiversity therein are occurring in our neighbourhoods. Aquatic ecosystems are some of the fastest disappearing habitats on Earth. Various human pressures on aquatic ecosystems pose a permanent threat despite regulations and numerous attempts to protect them. However, conserving freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity is not only our obligation to future generations but also a strategic issue that can influence our quality of life. With reduced biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems, their resilience decreases and vulnerability to various pressures increases. Their self-purifying capacity and ability to mitigate extreme events, such as floods, are also reduced. The consequences of climate changes also include altered hydrological regimes of superficial and underground freshwaters, which can fatally influence the citizens living in their catchment areas. The conservation of biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems depends on their suitable management, which could also solve several issues related to flood risk mitigation and drinking water supply. We will gather contributions on different aspects of the biodiversity of freshwaters and include suggestions for their proper management to simultaneously reach conservation goals and enhance human well-being. 

Dr. Igor Zelnik
Prof. Dr. Mateja Germ
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • biodiversity
  • rivers
  • lakes
  • wetlands
  • springs
  • streams
  • groundwater
  • ponds
  • macrophytes
  • macroinvertebrates
  • diatoms
  • algae

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2655 KB  
Article
Epipelic and Planktonic Diatom Communities in the Limnocrene Spring Zelenci Reveal an Increase in Trophic Values
by Anastasija Videska, Mateja Germ and Igor Zelnik
Water 2026, 18(6), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18060691 - 16 Mar 2026
Viewed by 305
Abstract
Zelenci is a limnocrene spring in the South-Eastern Alps, attractive for its unique structure and known among researchers for its high diatom diversity. Our aim was to assess how abiotic factors influence the structure of diatom communities in different habitats and to compare [...] Read more.
Zelenci is a limnocrene spring in the South-Eastern Alps, attractive for its unique structure and known among researchers for its high diatom diversity. Our aim was to assess how abiotic factors influence the structure of diatom communities in different habitats and to compare the trophic status over 10 years of investigation. Four sampling sites were chosen: two for tychoplankton and two for epipelon. Achnanthidium minutissimum was the most abundant species in both habitats, while Navicula was the most diverse genus (17 species). Planktonic diatoms dominated plankton samples, while the motile ecological type dominated the epipelon. Of all diatom taxa, 23.5% had some endangerment status. Key factors influencing the Shannon–Wiener diversity index were water level, temperature, and concentration of NH4+. The most important abiotic factors for the tychoplankton community were temperature and NH4+, while the most important abiotic factors influencing the structure of epipelon communities were water level, NH4+, pH, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Trophic index revealed increasing inflow of nutrients to the spring; 10 years ago, they were oligotrophic to oligo-mesotrophic, whereas in the present, they are predominantly eu-mesotrophic to eutrophic, indicating human pressure from the catchment area. Full article
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11 pages, 963 KB  
Article
Microbial Accumulation in the Ukrainian Brook Lamprey Gut—A Potential Adaptation to Contaminated Waters
by Magdalena Moryl, Kacper Pyrzanowski, Joanna Grabowska, Grzegorz Zięba, Mirosław Przybylski and Dominika Drzewiecka
Water 2025, 17(24), 3537; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243537 - 13 Dec 2025
Viewed by 582
Abstract
The Ukrainian brook lamprey (UBL) (Eudontomyzon mariae) spreads in Poland and often replaces the European brook lamprey (EBL) (Lampetra planeri) in rivers contaminated by wastewater effluents. We aimed to investigate whether this phenomenon is associated with differences in the [...] Read more.
The Ukrainian brook lamprey (UBL) (Eudontomyzon mariae) spreads in Poland and often replaces the European brook lamprey (EBL) (Lampetra planeri) in rivers contaminated by wastewater effluents. We aimed to investigate whether this phenomenon is associated with differences in the intestinal microbiota of the two lamprey species. We analysed seasonal changes in the midgut microbial content of the UBL ammocoetes collected from a section of the River Gać affected by wastewater treatment plant effluent. The numbers of cultivable psychrophilic (autochthonous) and mesophilic (allochthonous) microorganisms, along with Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci, were compared to those found in the EBL from the same site. Higher levels of the faecal indicator microorganisms were observed in the UBL gut content compared to the EBL across most seasons, particularly in the winter (all mesophiles), in contrast to the levels of psychrophilic bacteria. This may suggest a relatively greater accumulation of mesophilic, sewage-associated bacteria in the UBL gut. Varying intestinal bacterial counts in the UBL gut did not reflect trends observed for the microorganisms in surrounding water during the studied seasons. These findings support the hypothesis that the UBL potentially benefits from the uptake of faecal bacteria. Such adaptation may contribute to its dominance in contaminated freshwater ecosystems, where EBL populations decline. Full article
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18 pages, 3184 KB  
Article
Changes in Macroinvertebrate Community Structure Associated with Land Use in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia
by Cristian Granados-Martínez, Meyer Guevara-Mora, Eugenia López-López and José Rincón Ramírez
Water 2025, 17(14), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17142142 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 2328
Abstract
Rivers in tropical semi-arid regions face increasing anthropogenic pressures yet remain critically understudied despite their global importance. This study evaluated the aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure in the Ranchería River, Colombia, across three land use conditions: conserved zones (CZs), urban/agricultural zones (UAZs), and mining [...] Read more.
Rivers in tropical semi-arid regions face increasing anthropogenic pressures yet remain critically understudied despite their global importance. This study evaluated the aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure in the Ranchería River, Colombia, across three land use conditions: conserved zones (CZs), urban/agricultural zones (UAZs), and mining influence zones (MZs). Ten sampling stations were established, and macroinvertebrate communities were assessed alongside physical, chemical, and hydromorphological variables during the dry season (January–March 2021). A total of 9288 individuals from 84 genera across 16 orders were collected. Generalized Linear Models revealed significant differences among zones for 67 genera (79.8%), indicating strong community responses to land use gradients. Conserved zones exhibited the highest diversity according to the Hill numbers and were dominated by sensitive taxa, including Simulium, Smicridea, and Leptohyphes. Urban/agricultural zones showed the lowest richness (35 genera) and were characterized by disturbance-tolerant species, particularly Melanoides. Mining zones displayed intermediate diversity but exhibited severe habitat alterations. A redundancy analysis with variance partitioning revealed that land use types constituted the primary driver of community structure (a 24.1% pure effect), exceeding the physical and chemical variables (19.5%) and land cover characteristics (19.2%). The integrated model explained 63.5% of the total compositional variation, demonstrating that landscape-scale anthropogenic disturbances exert a greater influence on aquatic communities than local environmental conditions alone. Different anthropogenic activities create distinct environmental filters affecting macroinvertebrate assemblages, emphasizing the importance of land use planning for maintaining aquatic ecosystem integrity in semi-arid watersheds. Full article
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