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Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024

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A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2024) | Viewed by 18366

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Prof. Dr. Giorgio Gallinella

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Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Interests: parvovirus B19; virus-cell interactions; viral infections; recombinant viruses; virological diagnosis; antiviral strategies
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue on “Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024” continues the series dedicated to research on viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family, following the successful Issues “New Insights into Parvovirus Research”, “Advances in Parvovirus Research 2020” and “Advances in Parvoviruses Research 2022”.

This Special Issue, in continuity with the previous Special Issue, offers a dedicated opportunity for presenting research results in the field of parvoviruses, aiming at expanding knowledge, providing new insights and addressing research on unresolved issues. Evolution, genomic diversity, structural biology, viral replication and virus–host interactions, pathogenesis and immunity, clinical virology of medical and veterinarian relevance, gene therapy, viral oncotherapy and novel antiviral strategies are all topics relevant to research in the field, which can be contributed to this Special Issue.

The Special Issue is associated with the conference “XIX International Parvovirus Workshop”, which will take place in Leuven, Belgium, on 3–6 September 2024. The international workshops dedicated to parvoviruses, first held in 1985, are biennial events centred on all aspects of parvovirus research that provide an opportunity to create networks and focus on the research topics in this field. For further information, visit the dedicated website: https://parvovirusworkshop2024.org.

Dr. Giorgio Gallinella
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

parvoviridae
parvovirus evolution
parvovirus structure
parvovirus genetics
parvovirus–host interactions
parvovirus pathogenesis and immunity
parvovirus oncolytic therapy
parvovirus viral vectors
antiviral strategies

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Related Special Issues

Parvoviridae in Viruses (2 articles)
New Insights into Parvovirus Research in Viruses (21 articles)
Advances in Parvovirus Research 2020 in Viruses (15 articles)
Advances in Parvovirus Research 2022 in Viruses (18 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 2580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Avermectins Inhibit Replication of Parvovirus B19 by Disrupting the Interaction Between Importin α and Non-Structural Protein 1

by Gualtiero Alvisi, Elisabetta Manaresi, Silvia Pavan, David A. Jans, Kylie M. Wagstaff and Giorgio Gallinella

Viruses 2025, 17(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020220 - 3 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1129

Abstract

Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a major human pathogen in which the ssDNA genome is replicated within the nucleus of infected human erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) through a process involving both cellular and viral proteins, including the non-structural protein (NS)1. We previously characterized the interaction between NS1 classical nuclear localization signal (cNLS: GACHAKKPRIT-182) and host cell importin (IMP)α and proposed it as a potential target for antiviral drug development. Here, we further extend on such findings. First, we demonstrate that NS1 nuclear localization is required for viral production since introducing the K177T substitution in a cloned, infectious viral genome resulted in a non-viable virus. Secondly, we demonstrate that the antiparasitic drug ivermectin (IVM), known to inhibit the IMPα/β dependent nuclear import pathway, could impair the NS1-NLS:IMPα interaction and suppress viral replication in UT7/EpoS1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. We also show that a panel of structurally related avermectins (AVMs) can dissociate the NS1-NLS:IMPα complex with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations in the nanomolar range. Among them, Eprinomectin emerged as the most selective inhibitor of B19V replication, with a selectivity index of c. 5.0. However, when tested in EPCs generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which constitute a cellular population close to the natural target cells in bone marrow, the inhibitory effect of IVM and Eprinomectin was demonstrated to a lesser extent, and both compounds exhibited high toxicity, thus highlighting the need for more specific inhibitors of the NS1-NLS:IMPα interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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12 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Features of Human Parvovirus B19-Associated Encephalitis Identified in the Dakar Region, Senegal, and Viral Genome Characterization

by Al Ousseynou Seye, Fatou Kiné Top, Maimouna Mbanne, Moussa Moise Diagne, Ousmane Faye, Amadou Alpha Sall, Ndongo Dia, Jean-Michel Heraud and Martin Faye

Viruses 2025, 17(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010111 - 15 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1094

Abstract

Neurological manifestations associated with human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infections are rare and varied. Acute encephalitis and encephalopathy are the most common, accounting for 38.8% of all neurological manifestations associated with human B19V. Herein, we report on the clinical features of 13 laboratory-confirmed human cases of B19V-associated encephalitis in Senegal in the framework of a hospital-based surveillance of acute viral encephalitis conducted from 2021 to 2023. Overall, B19V was detected from 13 cerebrospinal fluid samples using specific real time PCR. The mean age was 16.7 years among B19V-positive patients, with a higher prevalence in 0–5-year-old children and the sex ratio (male/female) was 2.25. The B19V-positive patients mainly exhibited hypoleukocytosis, normal glycorrhachia, and normal proteinorrachia in the cerebrospinal fluid. While the main neurological symptoms included meningeal and infectious syndromes. Furthermore, three complete B19V genome sequences were successfully characterized using next-generation sequencing. The newly characterized sequences belonged to the genotype 1a and represent, to date, the first complete B19V genome sequences from Senegal. These sequences could be useful not only in future phylodynamic studies of B19V but also in the development of prevention or treatment countermeasures. Our study is noteworthy for the identification of acute B19V-associated encephalitis in Senegal More investigations on the risk factors associated with B19V transmission in Africa are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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25 pages, 10077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Egyptian Novel Goose Parvovirus in Immune Organs of Naturally Infected Ducks: Next-Generation Sequencing, Immunohistochemical Signals, and Comparative Analysis of Pathological Changes Using Multiple Correspondence and Hierarchical Clustering Approach

by Mohamed A. Lebdah, Amal A. M. Eid, Reham M. ElBakrey, Abd Elgalil. El-Gohary, Mohamed G. Seadawy, Mohamed R. Mousa, Hagar F. Gouda, Nehal I. A. Goda, Mostafa F. El-Hosseny, Ahmed S. El-tahlawy, Rokayya Sami, Rasha A. Al-Eisa and Sarah S. Helal

Viruses 2025, 17(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17010096 - 13 Jan 2025

Viewed by 914

Abstract

The present study aims to better understand the nature of currently circulating GPV strains and their pathological impact on the immune system during natural outbreaks among different duck breeds in Egypt. For this purpose, 99 ducks (25 flocks) of different breeds, aged 14–75 days, were clinically examined, and 75 tissue pools from the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen were submitted for virus detection and identification. Clinical and postmortem findings were suggestive of GPV infection. Concerning the immune system organs, atrophy in the thymus (60.6%), bursa (45.5%), and spleen (38.3%) was the most common gross lesion. Microscopically, the pathological impact of the virus was exhibited by a necrotic thymic cortex with Hassall’s corpuscle disintegration, the disappearance of normal bursal histological morphology accompanied by atrophied follicles and lymphocytic depletion, and apoptosis of B-lymphocytes in lymphoid follicles of the spleen. Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination revealed positive signals of the parvovirus detected in thymic lymphocytes in the cortex, bursa-dependent lymphoid follicle of the medulla, and diffuse positive expression of viral antigens in the spleen. GPV was detected in ducks using polymerase chain reaction, with the highest percentage of positive detection in the bursa of Fabricius (76%). Next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the detected virus was a variant of GPV, globally named novel GPV (NGPV), and closely related to Chinese NGPV isolates. To our knowledge, the current study is pioneering to address the immunopathological impact of NGPV among naturally infected ducks confirmed with full genome sequencing and immunohistochemical identification worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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16 pages, 8230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular and Evolutionary Characteristics of Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV) Genomes Detected in Chickens with Runting–Stunting Syndrome

by Ruy D. Chacón, Christian J. Sánchez-Llatas, Antonio Charlys da Costa, Stefhany Valdeiglesias Ichillumpa, Pablo Cea-Callejo, Obert Marín-Sánchez, Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira, Silvana Santander-Parra, Luis F. N. Nuñez and Antonio J. Piantino Ferreira

Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091389 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364

Abstract

Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV) belongs to the genus Aveparvovirus and is implicated in enteric diseases like runting–stunting syndrome (RSS) in poultry. In RSS, chicken health is affected by diarrhea, depression, and increased mortality, causing significant economic losses in the poultry industry. This study aimed to characterize the ChPV genomes detected in chickens with RSS through a metagenomic approach and compare the molecular and evolutionary characteristics within the Aveparvovirus galliform1 species. The intestinal content of broiler flocks affected with RSS was submitted to viral metagenomics. The assembled prevalent genomes were identified as ChPV after sequence and phylogenetic analysis, which consistently clustered separately from Turkey Parvovirus (TuPV). The strain USP-574-A presented signs of genomic recombination. The selective pressure analysis indicated that most of the coding genes in A. galliform1 are evolving under diversifying (negative) selection. Protein modeling of ChPV and TuPV viral capsids identified high conservancy over the VP2 region. The prediction of epitopes identified several co-localized antigenic peptides from ChPV and TuPV, especially for T-cell epitopes, highlighting the immunological significance of these sites. However, most of these peptides presented host-specific variability, obeying an adaptive scenario. The results of this study show the evolutionary path of ChPV and TuPV, which are influenced by diversifying events such as genomic recombination and selective pressure, as well as by adaptation processes, and their subsequent immunological impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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10 pages, 2360 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

T84 Monolayer Cell Cultures Support Productive HBoV and HSV-1 Replication and Enable In Vitro Co-Infection Studies

by Swen Soldwedel, Sabrina Demuth and Oliver Schildgen

Viruses 2024, 16(5), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050773 - 13 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1237

Abstract

Based on several clinical observations it was hypothesized that herpesviruses may influence the replication of human bocaviruses, the second known parvoviruses that have been confirmed as human pathogens. While several cell lines support the growth of HSV-1, HBoV-1 was exclusively cultivated on air–liquid interface cultures, the latter being a rather complicated, slow, and low throughput system. One of the cell lines are T84 cells, which are derived from the lung metastasis of a colorectal tumor. In this study, we provide evidence that T84 also supports HBoV replication when cultivated as monolayers, while simultaneously being permissive for HSV-1. The cell culture model thus would enable co-infection studies of both viruses and is worth being optimized for high throughput studies with HBoV-1. Additionally, the study provides evidence for a supporting effect of HSV-1 on the replication and packaging of HBoV-1 progeny DNA into DNase-resistant viral particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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18 pages, 2036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroepidemiology of Human Parvovirus B19 Infection among the Population of Vojvodina, Serbia, over a 16-Year Period (2008–2023)

by Vladimir Vuković, Aleksandra Patić, Mioljub Ristić, Gordana Kovačević, Ivana Hrnjaković Cvjetković and Vladimir Petrović

Viruses 2024, 16(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020180 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the serological status and dynamic changes in the prevalence of Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) antibodies within the general population residing in the northern part of the Republic of Serbia (Province of Vojvodina) during a 16-year period. Serum samples were analyzed for Human PVB19-specific IgM and IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Throughout the study period, the overall seroprevalence was 49.51%. Approximately 10% of patients exhibited a serologic profile positive for PVB19 IgM antibodies. Notably, seroprevalence varied significantly, ranging from 9.12% in the pediatric cohort (ages 1–4 years) to 65.50% in the adult demographic (40–59 years old). Seroprevalence was higher (51.88%) among women compared to men (42.50%). Immunologically naive pregnant women in the age groups 26–36 and 36–45 years had 45% (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.31–1.00) and 52% (OR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24–0.94) lower odds of having negative IgM and IgG compared to those in age group 16–25 years old. Improved knowledge of the epidemiology of PVB19 may assist clinicians in the differential diagnosis of PVB19 clinical manifestations. The PVB19 detection is particularly important for monitoring individuals in risk groups such as women of reproductive age, medical staff, patients with hematological disorders, and those with immunodeficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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13 pages, 1027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Survey on Porcine Parvoviruses (PPV1-7) and Their Association with Major Pathogens in Reproductive Failure Outbreaks in Northern Italy

by Giulia Faustini, Claudia Maria Tucciarone, Giovanni Franzo, Anna Donneschi, Maria Beatrice Boniotti, Giovanni Loris Alborali and Michele Drigo

Viruses 2024, 16(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16010157 - 21 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2034

Abstract

Successful reproductive performance is key to farm competitiveness in the global marketplace. Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) has been identified as a major cause of reproductive failure, and since 2001 new species of porcine parvoviruses, namely PPV2–7, have been identified, although their role is not yet fully understood yet. The present study aimed to investigate PPVs’ presence in reproductive failure outbreaks occurring in 124 farms of northern Italy. Fetuses were collected from 338 sows between 2019 and 2021 and tested for PPVs by real-time PCR-based assays and for other viruses responsible for reproductive disease. At least one PPV species was detected in 59.7% (74/124) of the tested farms. In order, PPV1, PPV5, PPV6, PPV7 and PPV4 were the most frequently detected species, whereas fewer detections were registered for PPV2 and PPV3. Overall, the new PPV2–7 species were detected in 26.6% (90/338) of the cases, both alone or in co-infections: PCV-2 (7.1%, 24/338), PCV-3 (8.2%, 28/338), and PRRSV-1 (6.2%, 21/338) were frequently identified in association with PPVs. Single PPVs detections or co-infections with other agents commonly responsible for reproductive failure should encourage future studies investigating their biological, clinical, and epidemiological role, for a better preparedness for potential emerging challenges in intensive pig production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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Review

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21 pages, 1382 KiB

Open AccessReview

Small Genomes, Big Disruptions: Parvoviruses and the DNA Damage Response

by Rhiannon R. Abrahams and Kinjal Majumder

Viruses 2025, 17(4), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040494 - 29 Mar 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

Parvoviruses are small, single-stranded DNA viruses that have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to hijack host cell machinery for replication and persistence. One critical aspect of this interaction involves the manipulation of the host’s DNA Damage Response (DDR) pathways. While the viral genome is comparatively simple, parvoviruses have developed strategies that cause significant DNA damage, activate DDR pathways, and disrupt the host cell cycle. This review will explore the impact of parvovirus infections on host genome stability, focusing on key viral species such as Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV), Minute Virus of Mice (MVM), and Human Bocavirus (HBoV), and their interactions with DDR proteins. Since parvoviruses are used as oncolytic agents and gene therapy vectors, a better understanding of cellular DDR pathways will aid in engineering potent anti-cancer agents and gene therapies for chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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19 pages, 3200 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Parvovirus B19 in Brazil: A Hidden and Neglected Virus Among Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Individuals

by Arthur Daniel Rocha Alves and Luciane Almeida Amado

Viruses 2025, 17(3), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030303 - 22 Feb 2025

Viewed by 649

Abstract

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection can affect individuals of all ages, both immunocompetent and immunocompromised. This infection is typically acute and self-limiting, most commonly resulting in rash diseases and acute febrile illness. However, its involvement in atypical manifestations such as chronic kidney disease and acute liver failure have also been reported. Diagnosis of B19V is rarely conducted in these populations, and available studies on its prevalence are limited, outdated, and do not accurately depict the current situation. This study describes and discusses retrospective investigations into the role of B19V in cases of rash diseases, acute febrile illness, anemia, occurring in the context of chronic kidney disease and HIV coinfection, and acute liver failure when no identifiable etiological agent was found, focusing on various populations in Brazil. This overview underscores the importance of recognizing the potential for severe B19V infection in all individuals, regardless of perceived immune status, as well as of considering the possibility of B19V concurrent infection, in both high-risk groups and healthy individuals to reduce the risk of serious complications and improve patient outcomes, by considering the inclusion of B19V in the routine of diagnosis and implementing management strategies. This study was limited by the absence of national surveillance data of B19V in Brazil and by the analyses that occurred retrospectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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16 pages, 1691 KiB

Open AccessReview

Reassessing the Risk of Severe Parvovirus B19 Infection in the Immunocompetent Population: A Call for Vigilance in the Wake of Resurgence

by Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Francesco Branda, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Chiara Romano, Daria Sanna, Marco Casu, Mattia Albanese, Francesco Alessandri, Gabriella d’Ettorre, Massimo Ciccozzi, Fabio Scarpa and Marta Giovanetti

Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091352 - 24 Aug 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2231

Abstract

Despite Parvovirus B19 (B19V) generally causing mild or asymptomatic infections, and only certain high-risk groups such as hematological or immunocompromised patients and pregnant women tending to develop complications, several factors challenge the assumption of a “benign” clinical course in immunocompetent adults and adolescents. A significant proportion of the population may harbor undiagnosed health conditions or genetic predispositions that could render them more susceptible to severe B19V complications. These could include mild hematological disorders, immune dysregulation not resulting in overt immunodeficiency, or underlying cardiac conditions. Concurrent infections with other pathogens, even seemingly minor ones, could synergistically increase the severity of B19V infection, leading to more pronounced clinical manifestations. While not definitively proven, the possibility of emerging B19V strains with increased virulence or altered tissue tropism cannot be entirely discounted. Additionally, the period of pandemic-related restrictions likely led to reduced B19V circulation, potentially resulting in a cohort of young adults with limited natural immunity, making them more vulnerable to infection. Potential clinical consequences include atypical and severe presentations, even in individuals without known risk factors. The traditional focus on B19V primarily as a pediatric concern might lead to underdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis in adults, potentially hindering timely intervention and management. A surge in B19V-related complications, even if individually mild, could collectively strain healthcare resources, particularly in settings with limited capacity or pre-existing pressures. Possible recommendations are to heighten clinical awareness with a high index of suspicion for B19V infection in adults and adolescents presenting with compatible symptoms, even in the absence of classic risk factors. Additionally, expanding testing criteria and enhancing public health surveillance efforts would be prudent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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Other

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9 pages, 1702 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Parvovirus B19 Outbreak in Israel: Retrospective Molecular Analysis from 2010 to 2023

by Orna Mor, Marina Wax, Shoshana-Shani Arami, Maya Yitzhaki, Or Kriger, Oran Erster and Neta S. Zuckerman

Viruses 2024, 16(3), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030480 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2494

Abstract

This study presents an analysis of the epidemiological trends of parvovirus B19 (B19V) in Israel from 2010 to 2023, with particular emphasis on the outbreak in 2023. The analysis utilized molecular diagnostic data from individual patients obtained at the Central Virology Laboratory. Between 2010 and 2022, 8.5% of PCR-tested samples were positive for B19V, whereas in 2023, this percentage surged to 31% of PCR-tested samples. Throughout the study period, annual cycles consistently peaked in early spring/summer, with the most recent prominent outbreak occurring in 2016. Predominantly, diagnoses were made in children and women aged 20–39. Despite the notable surge in 2023, over 80% of positive cases continued to be observed in children and young women, with a decrease in cases during winter months. Furthermore, genotype 1a of the virus remained the predominant strain circulating during the outbreak. In light of these circumstances, consideration should be given to implementing screening measures, particularly among high-risk groups such as pregnant women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parvovirus Research 2024)

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