Advances in Pneumococcal Vaccines: Efficacy, Implementation, and Coverage

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 393

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Biodonostia, Infectious Diseases Area, Respiratory Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Group, Microbiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
2. Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr Beguiristain s/n, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
Interests: respiratory infections; pneumococcal pneumonia; pneumococcal vaccines; lung microbiome
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Pneumococcal disease is a vaccine-preventable disease that causes mortality, especially in children under the age of 5 years and the elderly. Pneumococcal vaccines (PCVs) have altered the epidemiology of pneumococcal invasive and non-invasive diseases. In vaccinated individuals, infections caused by vaccine serotypes have decreased, and the decline in carriage of these vaccine serotypes has led to herd protection in unvaccinated populations. However, these results have been overshadowed by the emergence and spread of non-vaccine serotypes, which threaten the effectiveness of capsular-based vaccines. Implementation strategies vary, with some countries using phased rollouts based on disease burden and healthcare readiness. Key barriers to broader coverage include financing challenges, competing health priorities, and logistical constraints. Achieving high and sustainable PCV coverage requires closing implementation gaps and maintaining robust disease monitoring to maximize vaccine impact. This Special Issue will provide an opportunity to examine the commercialization of new PCVs covering more serotypes and evaluate methods for closing implementation gaps and maintaining robust disease monitoring.

Dr. Jose María Marimón
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
  • pneumococcal diseases
  • streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes
  • serotype replacement

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

19 pages, 307 KB  
Review
Toward Universal Protection: A Comprehensive Review of Pneumococcal Disease, Emerging Vaccination Challenges and Future Perspectives
by Mayla Sgrulletti, Maria Felicia Mastrototaro, Alessandra Beni, Gloria Mantuano, Giorgio Costagliola, Veronica Santilli, Davide Montin, Caterina Rizzo, Baldassarre Martire, Gian Luigi Marseglia, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice, Viviana Moschese and Immunology (SIAIP) Vaccine Committee
Vaccines 2025, 13(12), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13121237 - 12 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide due to severe Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), particularly among young children and vulnerable populations. This review critically examines the current state of pneumococcal disease epidemiology, the evolution of vaccine strategies, and persistent [...] Read more.
Streptococcus pneumoniae contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs worldwide due to severe Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), particularly among young children and vulnerable populations. This review critically examines the current state of pneumococcal disease epidemiology, the evolution of vaccine strategies, and persistent challenges to achieve global control of the disease. The implementation of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) has yielded substantial public health gains, establishing herd protection and sharply reducing vaccine-type IPD incidence. However, this success has been fundamentally challenged by serotype replacement, where non-vaccine serotypes have subsequently emerged to cause a significant proportion of the residual disease burden. This epidemiological shift has necessitated the development and deployment of higher-valency PCVs (PCV15, PCV20, and PCV21) to expand serotype coverage. Furthermore, optimal protection requires personalized strategies for high-risk cohorts where vaccine effectiveness can be compromised. In this context, the review details how pneumococcal vaccination—and particularly PPSV23—serves as an indispensable diagnostic tool to evaluate a broad spectrum of Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) and in particular humoral defects. Diagnostic challenges are strained by non-standardized assays and the limited panel of unique serotypes available for testing in the PCV era. The scientific priority is now the development of universal protein-based vaccines, to provide protection against all serotypes and non-encapsulated strains by targeting conserved virulence factors. This integrated approach, combining expanded PCV coverage with novel vaccine technology, is essential to mitigate the ongoing public health burden of pneumococcal disease. Full article
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