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Vaccines
Special Issues
Research on Development of Norovirus Vaccines
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Research on Development of Norovirus Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Epidemiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2021) | Viewed by 8246

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Soonyoung Paik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
Interests: norovirus vaccines; diagnosis; replication; epidemiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Norovirus is the most predominant viral agent of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks, being responsible for at least 50% of all AGE outbreaks worldwide. Norovirus can infect people of all ages and is extremely infectious. NoVs are basically transmitted by the fecal-to-oral route, and use three general modes: person-to-person, foodborne, and water-borne.

Norovirus is estimated to cost approximately 4.2 billion in health care costs and over $60 billion in societal costs globally each year. However, there is no vaccine for norovirus at the moment. Hence, this Special Issue will focus on recent research related to the development of norovirus vaccines.

Prof. Dr. Soonyoung Paik
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Norovirus
  • Vaccine
  • Animal models
  • Capsid protein
  • VLP

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 6936 KiB  
Article
Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Human Norovirus GII.4 Capsid Protein Elicit Blockade Antibodies
by Hassan Moeini, Suliman Qadir Afridi, Sainitin Donakonda, Percy A. Knolle, Ulrike Protzer and Dieter Hoffmann
Vaccines 2021, 9(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010052 - 14 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3426
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide with the GII.4 genotype accounting for over 80% of infections. The major capsid protein of GII.4 variants is evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic variants with altered antigenic potentials that must be [...] Read more.
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide with the GII.4 genotype accounting for over 80% of infections. The major capsid protein of GII.4 variants is evolving rapidly, resulting in new epidemic variants with altered antigenic potentials that must be considered for the development of an effective vaccine. In this study, we identify and characterize linear blockade B-cell epitopes in HuNoV GII.4. Five unique linear B-cell epitopes, namely P2A, P2B, P2C, P2D, and P2E, were predicted on the surface-exposed regions of the capsid protein. Evolving of the surface-exposed epitopes over time was found to correlate with the emergence of new GII.4 outbreak variants. Molecular dynamic simulation (MD) analysis and molecular docking revealed that amino acid substitutions in the putative epitopes P2B, P2C, and P2D could be associated with immune escape and the appearance of new GII.4 variants by affecting solvent accessibility and flexibility of the antigenic sites and histo-blood group antigens (HBAG) binding. Testing the synthetic peptides in wild-type mice, epitopes P2B (336–355), P2C (367–384), and P2D (390–400) were recognized as GII.4-specific linear blockade epitopes with the blocking rate of 68, 55 and 28%, respectively. Blocking rate was found to increase to 80% using the pooled serum of epitopes P2B and P2C. These data provide a strategy for expanding the broad blockade potential of vaccines for prevention of NoV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Development of Norovirus Vaccines)
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17 pages, 2793 KiB  
Article
N-terminal VP1 Truncations Favor T = 1 Norovirus-Like Particles
by Ronja Pogan, Victor U. Weiss, Kevin Bond, Jasmin Dülfer, Christoph Krisp, Nicholas Lyktey, Jürgen Müller-Guhl, Samuele Zoratto, Günter Allmaier, Martin F. Jarrold, Cesar Muñoz-Fontela, Hartmut Schlüter and Charlotte Uetrecht
Vaccines 2021, 9(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010008 - 24 Dec 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4151
Abstract
Noroviruses cause immense sporadic gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Emerging genotypes, which are divided based on the sequence of the major capsid protein VP1, further enhance this public threat. Self-assembling properties of the human norovirus major capsid protein VP1 are crucial for using virus-like particles [...] Read more.
Noroviruses cause immense sporadic gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Emerging genotypes, which are divided based on the sequence of the major capsid protein VP1, further enhance this public threat. Self-assembling properties of the human norovirus major capsid protein VP1 are crucial for using virus-like particles (VLPs) for vaccine development. However, there is no vaccine available yet. Here, VLPs from different variants produced in insect cells were characterized in detail using a set of biophysical and structural tools. We used native mass spectrometry, gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis, and proteomics to get clear insights into particle size, structure, and composition, as well as stability. Generally, noroviruses have been known to form mainly T = 3 particles. Importantly, we identified a major truncation in the capsid proteins as a likely cause for the formation of T = 1 particles. For vaccine development, particle production needs to be a reproducible, reliable process. Understanding the underlying processes in capsid size variation will help to produce particles of a defined capsid size presenting antigens consistent with intact virions. Next to vaccine production itself, this would be immensely beneficial for bio-/nano-technological approaches using viral particles as carriers or triggers for immunological reactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Development of Norovirus Vaccines)
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