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Vaccines
Special Issues
Animal Diseases: Immune Response and Vaccines
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Animal Diseases: Immune Response and Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 4821

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Verónica Martín

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Guest Editor
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
Interests: viral immunology; adenovirus-based vaccines; virus; recombinant adenoviruses; immune response; sheep; BTV; PPRV
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. José M. Rojas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
Interests: immunology; vaccines; virus; immune response; sheep; BTV; PPRV
Dr. Noemí Sevilla

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
Interests: ruminant viruses; viral immunology; adenovirus-based vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The immune response and the development of effective vaccines play a crucial role in combatting animal diseases, which pose a significant threat to the health of livestock and agricultural productivity. Understanding the intricacies of the immune response of animals that are susceptible to various infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites is essential to the design and deployment of successful vaccination strategies.

The immune response involves a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immunity, each contributing to defense against pathogens. Innate immunity provides an immediate, non-specific defense mechanism, while adaptive immunity confers long-lasting protection by generating specific antibodies and memory cells. Vaccines harness the immune system's memory capacity to stimulate a controlled immune response and thus prepare the animal to mount a rapid and effective defense upon subsequent exposure to the pathogen.

We encourage the scientific community to contribute to this Special Issue, which explores the fundamental mechanisms underlying the immune response of animals and delves into the challenges and advances associated with the development of vaccines tailored to their specific needs. By enhancing our understanding of the immune response and optimizing vaccination strategies, we can significantly reduce the disease burden, enhance animal welfare, and support sustainable agriculture.

We are looking forward to receiving your manuscripts.

Dr. Verónica Martín
Dr. José M. Rojas
Dr. Noemí Sevilla
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • immune responses
  • ruminants
  • vaccines
  • animal health

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1030 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Associated Inactivated Vaccine Against Infectious Rhinotracheitis and Bovine Viral Diarrhea on the Formation and Duration of Colostral Immunity in Kazakh Whiteheaded Calves
by Yerbol Bulatov, Alina Kurmasheva, Zhanat Amanova, Ruslan Abitaev, Zhanna Sametova, Asselya Kyrgyzbayeva, Zhanat Kondybaeva, Sholpan Turyskeldi, Abdurakhman Ussembay, Dariya Toktyrova, Dana Mazbayeva, Yeraly Shayakhmetov, Aslan Kerimbayev, Damir Khussainov, Ma Wentao, Aralbek Rsaliyev and Yergali Abduraimov
Vaccines 2025, 13(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13040408 - 15 Apr 2025
Viewed by 588
Abstract
Objectives: This article presents a study evaluating the antibody levels against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in Kazakh Whiteheaded calves born to dams immunized with an experimental inactivated combined vaccine against these infections. The vaccine formulation includes the [...] Read more.
Objectives: This article presents a study evaluating the antibody levels against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in Kazakh Whiteheaded calves born to dams immunized with an experimental inactivated combined vaccine against these infections. The vaccine formulation includes the strains “R-93” (IBR) and “Oregon C24V” (BVD), which are preserved in the microorganism collection of the Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems. Methods: To assess the immune response in newborn calves, blood serum samples were collected before the first intake of colostrum, followed by weekly sampling for 28 weeks post-birth. The antibody response was determined using a virus neutralization assay on MDBK cell cultures and lamb testicle cell cultures. Results: The results demonstrated that the protective antibody level against the IBR virus (≥2 log2) persisted for up to 25 weeks, while the protective level against the BVD virus (≥3 log2) remained for 23 weeks. Based on these findings, the vaccine was deemed safe, as it did not induce abortions or clinical manifestations of the diseases. The overall duration of the colostral immunity in calves against the IBR and BVD viruses reached 23 weeks. Conclusions: Therefore, it is recommended that Kazakh Whiteheaded calves be vaccinated with the associated inactivated vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea no earlier than 23 weeks of age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Diseases: Immune Response and Vaccines)
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13 pages, 1317 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of a Bivalent Recombinant Vaccine on the Production of Neutralizing Antibodies Against BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/CD e BoNT/DC in Bovines
by Ilenia Drigo, Luca Zandonà, Elena Tonon, Katia Capello and Luca Bano
Vaccines 2025, 13(3), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030299 - 11 Mar 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives. Bovine botulism, although relatively rare, presents significant economic losses due to high mortality rates and restrictions on livestock product trade. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing botulism-related mortality. This study evaluated the efficacy of a bivalent recombinant vaccine targeting the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives. Bovine botulism, although relatively rare, presents significant economic losses due to high mortality rates and restrictions on livestock product trade. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing botulism-related mortality. This study evaluated the efficacy of a bivalent recombinant vaccine targeting the C-terminal portion of the heavy chain (Hc) of botulinum neurotoxin serotype C (BoNT/C) (Hc BoNT/C) and botulinum neurotoxin serotype D (BoNT/D) (Hc BoNT/D) in inducing neutralizing antibodies against these toxins and their mosaic variants BoNT/CD and BoNT/DC in cattle. This comparison aims to improve the design of an optimal recombinant vaccine for preventing bovine botulism caused by the most common serotypes. Methods. Twenty, four-month-old Holstein Friesian calves were randomly assigned to two groups of ten animals: vaccinated group and control group. Sera were collected at various time points to assess antibody titers using ELISA and neutralizing antibody titers using a mouse protection assay. Neutralizing antibody titers were compared to those obtained with a commercially available toxoid vaccine. Results. The recombinant vaccine elicited significant increases in anti-HcBoNT/C and anti-HcBoNT/D IgG antibody levels in vaccinated animals compared to controls animals with no adverse effects. Specifically, post-vaccination, the calves showed no local reactions (swelling, warmth) or behavioral changes suggestive of systemic illness. Neutralizing antibody titers against BoNT/C and BoNT/D were significantly higher in the recombinant vaccine group compared to the toxoid vaccine group. However, the recombinant vaccine showed lower neutralizing activity against BoNT/DC compared to the toxoid vaccine. Conclusions. The bivalent recombinant vaccine demonstrated promising immunogenicity in cattle, inducing high neutralizing antibody titers against BoNT/C and BoNT/D. While effective against these toxins, the lower efficacy against BoNT/DC highlights the need for further research to optimize the vaccine formulation, potentially by incorporating a BoNT/DC Hc component, to provide broader protection against bovine botulism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Diseases: Immune Response and Vaccines)
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15 pages, 3586 KiB  
Article
Outer Membrane Proteins as Vaccine Targets Against Lawsonia intracellularis in Piglets
by Kara L. Aves, Ana H. Fresno, Sajid Nisar, Mauro M. Saraiva, Nicole B. Goecke, Adam F. Sander, Morten A. Nielsen, John E. Olsen and Priscila R. Guerra
Vaccines 2025, 13(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020207 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Background: Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is the agent of proliferative enteropathy in swine, a common disease that affects pigs for up to eight weeks after weaning. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of two novel subunit vaccines targeting outer membrane proteins on LI. Methods: The [...] Read more.
Background: Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is the agent of proliferative enteropathy in swine, a common disease that affects pigs for up to eight weeks after weaning. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of two novel subunit vaccines targeting outer membrane proteins on LI. Methods: The two vaccines included OMP2c.cVLP, where the OMP2c antigen was anchored on the surface of capsid virus-like particles (cVLP); and MBP.INVASc, where antigens were anchored to an MBP fusion protein. Groups of six mice, as proof of concept, and six piglets were immunized with either OMP2c.cVLP, MBP.INVASc., or PBS as a control using a prime-boost regime. Results: Both OMP2c.cVLP and MBP.INVASc subunit vaccines induced strong antigen-specific serum IgG and IgA responses. There were no significant differences in weight gain among the groups. Mild-to-moderate clinical signs of LI infection were observed, but vaccinated groups showed lower inflammatory scores and fewer animals tested positive for bacteria by immunohistochemistry. Although neither vaccine completely prevented clinical signs of LI infection, both effectively reduced inflammation and lowered the pathogen load, thereby mitigating the severity of the disease, particularly the MBP.INVASc vaccine. Conclusions: These findings suggest that both vaccines have the potential for further development and optimization to enhance their protective efficacy against LI infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Diseases: Immune Response and Vaccines)
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12 pages, 1171 KiB  
Article
Changes in the Transcriptome Profile in Young Chickens after Infection with LaSota Newcastle Disease Virus
by Taina S. B. Lopes, Jannis Nankemann, Cassandra Breedlove, Andrea Pietruska, Raimundo Espejo, Camila Cuadrado and Ruediger Hauck
Vaccines 2024, 12(6), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060592 - 30 May 2024
Viewed by 1636
Abstract
Understanding gene expression changes in chicks after vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) can reveal vaccine biomarkers. There are limited data on chicks’ early immune response after ND vaccination. Two trials focused on this knowledge gap. In experiment one, 42 13-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks [...] Read more.
Understanding gene expression changes in chicks after vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) can reveal vaccine biomarkers. There are limited data on chicks’ early immune response after ND vaccination. Two trials focused on this knowledge gap. In experiment one, 42 13-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were used. Harderian glands (Hgs) and tracheas (Tcs) from five birds per group were sampled at 12, 24, and 48 h post-vaccination (hpv) to evaluate the gene transcription levels by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and RT-qPCR. The results of RNA-seq were compared by glmFTest, while results of RT-qPCR were compared by t-test. With RNA-seq, a significant up-regulation of interferon-related genes along with JAK-STAT signaling pathway regulation was observed in the Hgs at 24 hpv. None of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNA-seq were positive for RT-qPCR. Experiment 2 used 112 SPF and commercial chickens that were 1 day old and 14 days old. Only the commercial birds had maternal antibodies for Newcastle Disease virus (NDV). By RNA-seq, 20 core DEGs associated with innate immunity and viral genome replication inhibition were identified. Genes previously unlinked to NDV response, such as USP41, were identified. This research present genes with potential as immunity biomarkers for vaccines, yet further investigation is needed to correlate the core gene expression with viral shedding post-vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Diseases: Immune Response and Vaccines)
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