Approaches in Hepatitis Vaccine Design and Vaccination Strategy

A Special Issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X) belonging to the section "Hepatitis Virus Vaccines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 683

Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon 791-0295, Japan
Interests: hepatitis viruses; cancers; dendritic cells; therapeutic vaccines; clinical trials; NASVAC; mucosal vaccination

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes both acute and chronic liver diseases. Chronic HBV infection can lead to severe complications, such as chronic hepatitis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A vaccine for HBV has been available since 1980, despite new infections and HBV-related complications and mortality increasing, particularly in resource-limited countries. Even with the availability of various antiviral drugs to treat chronic hepatitis, these treatments have not proven to be consistently effective over time. Additionally, recent studies suggest that HBV vaccines may offer therapeutic benefits; therefore, there is a need for new strategies to develop more effective treatments and vaccines to control HBV infection.

Therapeutic vaccines, particularly hepatitis B, are in development. They are designed to treat chronic infections by stimulating the body's immune system to clear the virus. While no therapeutic vaccine has yet achieved a functional cure, these vaccines are designed differently from preventative ones, often combining multiple viral antigens and sometimes using novel platforms like mRNA to induce a more potent and specific immune response capable of controlling. There is a need for further development of therapeutic vaccines concerning their composition, antigens, dosages, and methods of administration. This Special Issue will focus on addressing vaccine-related issues to achieve the overarching goal of the "Elimination of Hepatitis" in the near future.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • hepatitis B virus
  • preventive vaccine
  • therapeutic vaccine
  • nature of vaccines
  • route of administration

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

15 pages, 265 KB  
Review
Hepatitis B Immunization Among Healthcare Students: A Narrative Review of Occupational Risk, Seroprotection, and Immunization Management
by Lorenzo Ippoliti, Viola Giovinazzo, Luca Coppeta, Giuseppe Bizzarro, Cristiana Ferrari, Andrea Mazza, Agostino Paolino, Silvio Pallone, Matteo Pasanisi, Claudia Salvi, Greta Verno, Andrea Vischetti and Andrea Magrini
Vaccines 2026, 14(9), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14090732 - 25 Aug 2026
Viewed by 321
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Healthcare students face an occupational risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure during clinical training, often many years after receiving their primary vaccination series in infancy or childhood. Progressive waning of anti-hepatitis B surface (anti-HBs) antibody titres, heterogeneous vaccination histories in international [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Healthcare students face an occupational risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure during clinical training, often many years after receiving their primary vaccination series in infancy or childhood. Progressive waning of anti-hepatitis B surface (anti-HBs) antibody titres, heterogeneous vaccination histories in international student cohorts, high rates of underreported needlestick injuries, and variable occupational health protocols across institutions raise important questions about the adequacy of pre-clinical immunization surveillance in this population. This review aimed to synthesize current evidence on hepatitis B immunization among healthcare students, focusing on occupational exposure risk, seroprotection and immunological memory, clinical management of low or absent anti-HB titres including post-exposure prophylaxis, and the specific challenges posed by multicultural academic settings. Methods: A narrative review was conducted through a systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, covering publications from January 2000 to December 2025, supplemented by key seminal references. After the removal of duplicates and stepwise screening, 49 references were selected for final inclusion. Results: Needlestick and sharps injuries occur at measurable rates during clinical training, with medical students accounting for approximately 30% of occupational exposure events in some series, and with underreporting rates estimated at 19–80% across studies. Pooled seroprotection prevalence at clinical training entry is approximately 73.8% (95% CI 69.1–78.0%), with substantially lower rates among students vaccinated in infancy—as low as 28% at 16–20 years post-vaccination in longitudinal data—compared with adolescence immunization. The majority of students with non-protective titres retain immunological memory, with 90.9% (95% CI 87.7–93.3%) demonstrating an anamnestic response after a single booster dose. Post-exposure prophylaxis pathways depend critically on pre-existing immunological status, reinforcing the operational value of pre-clinical serological screening. International student cohorts present additional complexity due to heterogeneous vaccination schedules, documentation gaps, and variable natural immunity profiles. Conclusions: Systematic pre-clinical serological screening (anti-HBs, HBsAg, and anti-HBc), combined with evidence-based stepwise immunization management and structured educational interventions, is essential to protect healthcare students from occupational HBV exposure. The primary operational goal of screening is the identification of the approximately 5% of true non-responders who require tailored occupational health management. These findings support a proactive, integrated approach to hepatitis B immunization surveillance in healthcare education, aligned with the WHO 2030 viral hepatitis-elimination targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches in Hepatitis Vaccine Design and Vaccination Strategy)
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