The Immunology of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika Virus: Implications for Vaccines and Vaccine Development

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines against Tropical and other Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 1789

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
Interests: virology; animal models; drug development; vaccines; adjuvants

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dengue viruses (DENVs) are a leading cause of viral infections and disease in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have also spread globally in more recent years, causing significant outbreaks. Each of these viruses is transmitted between individuals by Aedes species mosquitoes (notably Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus); thus, as the vectors expand into previously more temperate regions, so too does the risk of infection. Despite these risks, the availability of vaccines against DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV, which are both safe and efficacious, is either limited or unavailable. Confounding the development and safety of vaccines is a detailed understanding of the immunological response to infection with these viruses following natural transmission via the mosquito. Traditionally, immunological studies with DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV have relied on needle inoculation of animal models; however, more recent studies suggest that mosquito saliva contains excipients that can perpetuate infection. Thus, a detailed understanding of the role of mosquito saliva as well as specific excipients found in mosquito saliva on the immunological response to viral infection is needed in order to fully appreciate the protective efficacy and risks of vaccination against DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV.

Dr. Jonathan O. Rayner
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • dengue
  • chikungunya
  • Zika
  • mosquito
  • saliva
  • immunity
  • innate
  • adaptive
  • immunomodulation
  • vaccines

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

14 pages, 880 KB  
Review
Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Response in Chikungunya Virus Infection: Mechanism of Activation, Immune Evasion, and Use of TLR Agonists in Vaccine Development
by Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara and Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Vaccines 2025, 13(8), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080856 - 13 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1284
Abstract
CHIKV is a re-emerging mosquito-borne arthritogenic alphavirus associated with large outbreaks and severe joint pain, and it poses a growing global health threat. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as key pattern recognition receptors, detect viral components and initiate antiviral immune responses. Increasing evidence highlights the [...] Read more.
CHIKV is a re-emerging mosquito-borne arthritogenic alphavirus associated with large outbreaks and severe joint pain, and it poses a growing global health threat. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as key pattern recognition receptors, detect viral components and initiate antiviral immune responses. Increasing evidence highlights the role of TLR signaling in shaping CHIKV infection outcomes, though its precise contribution remains unclear. CHIKV has developed mechanisms to evade host innate immune surveillance, promoting viral replication. TLR agonists show promise as vaccine adjuvants by enhancing immune responses. In this review, we summarize current insights into TLR-mediated immunity during CHIKV infection, the virus’s innate immune evasion strategies, and the potential of TLR agonists in improving vaccine efficacy. Full article
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