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Toxins
Special Issues
Co-occurrence and Combinatory Effects of Alternaria Mycotoxins
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Co-occurrence and Combinatory Effects of Alternaria Mycotoxins

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 3139

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Gianni Galaverna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17/a 43124 Parma, Italy
Interests: chromatography, mass spectrometry, metabolomics, food analysis, food safety, mycotoxins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Luca Dellafiora

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
Interests: food chemistry and toxicology; xenobiotics of food origin; in silico/in vitro approaches; transformation and metabolic fate of food constituents and contaminants; enzyme-based strategies to mitigate food contaminants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Alternaria represents a genus of molds of utmost importance in the food safety field. Known for decades, Alternaria mycotoxins have been recently included in the group of emerging mycotoxins, mainly because most of their toxicological aspects and occurrence in food still need to be well investigated. The wide diffusion in many different foods and the chemical diversity of the secondary metabolites produced may cause the onset of a plethora of effects in living organisms, the nature and magnitude of which are still to be completely uncovered. A sound line of evidence has described the actual and simultaneous occurrence, in naturally contaminated food and raw materials, of multiple mycotoxins, wherein Alternaria mycotoxins may co-occur along with other mycotoxins produced by molds belonging to different genera. The simultaneous presence of multiple (myco)toxins may result in diverse biological/toxicological outcomes compared to exposure to a single mycotoxin. Of note, combined actions leading to either enhanced or reduced toxic effects may also rise from a complex functional crosstalk with the wealth of constituents inherently present in food contaminated with Alternaria mycotoxins.

The present Special Issue is expected to gather original research and review articles dealing with the co-occurrence and combined action of Alternaria mycotoxins. Innovative methodological work and new insights describing combined activity with other food constituents and contaminants fall within the scope of this Special Issue. Studies dealing with either the investigation of molecular mechanisms or the mechanisms regulating the co-accumulation/mitigation of Alternaria mycotoxins in co-contaminated food and raw materials are also welcome.

Prof. Gianni Galaverna
Prof. Luca Dellafiora
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Alternaria species
  • food safety
  • mycotoxins
  • combined action
  • multiple mycotoxin contamination
  • co-occurrence
  • chemical mixture

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 1940 KiB  
Article
Natural Occurrence of Alternaria Fungi and Associated Mycotoxins in Small-Grain Cereals from The Urals and West Siberia Regions of Russia
by Aleksandra S. Orina, Olga P. Gavrilova, Nadezhda N. Gogina, Philipp B. Gannibal and Tatiana Yu. Gagkaeva
Toxins 2021, 13(10), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100681 - 25 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2387
Abstract
Alternaria fungi dominate the grain microbiota in many regions of the world; therefore, the detection of species that are able to produce mycotoxins has received much attention. A total of 178 grain samples of wheat, barley and oat obtained from the Urals and [...] Read more.
Alternaria fungi dominate the grain microbiota in many regions of the world; therefore, the detection of species that are able to produce mycotoxins has received much attention. A total of 178 grain samples of wheat, barley and oat obtained from the Urals and West Siberia regions of Russia in 2017–2019 were included in the study. Grain contamination with Alternaria fungi belonging to sections Alternaria and Infectoriae was analysed using qPCR with specific primers. The occurrence of four mycotoxins produced by Alternaria, AOH, AME, TEN, and TeA, was defined by HPLC-MS/MS. Alternaria DNA was found in all analysed grain samples. The prevalence of DNA of Alternaria sect. Alternaria fungi (range 53 × 10−4–21,731 × 10−4 pg/ng) over the DNA of Alternaria sect. Infectoriae (range 11 × 10−4‒4237 × 10−4 pg/ng) in the grain samples was revealed. Sixty-two percent of grain samples were contaminated by at least two Alternaria mycotoxins. The combination of TEN and TeA was found most often. Eight percent of grain samples were contaminated by all four mycotoxins, and only 3% of samples were free from the analysed secondary toxic metabolites. The amounts varied in a range of 2–53 µg/kg for AOH, 3–56 µg/kg for AME, 3–131 µg/kg for TEN and 9–15,000 µg/kg for TeA. To our knowledge, a new global maximum level of natural contamination of wheat grain with TeA was detected. A positive correlation between the amount of DNA from Alternaria sect. Alternaria and TeA was observed. The significant effects of cereal species and geographic origin of samples on the amounts of DNA and mycotoxins of Alternaria spp. in grain were revealed. Barley was the most heavily contaminated with fungi belonging to both sections. The content of AOH in oat grain was, on average, higher than that found in wheat and barley. The content of TEN in the grain of barley was lower than that in wheat and similar to that in oat. The content of TeA did not depend on the cereal crop. The effect of weather conditions (summer temperature and rainfall) on the final fungal and mycotoxin contamination of grain was discussed. The frequent co-occurrence of different Alternaria fungi and their mycotoxins in grain indicates the need for further studies investigating this issue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Co-occurrence and Combinatory Effects of Alternaria Mycotoxins)
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