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Toxins
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Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Combined Toxicity
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Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Combined Toxicity

A special issue of Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651). This special issue belongs to the section "Mycotoxins".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2025) | Viewed by 3176

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Marzia Beccaccioli

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Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
Interests: plant pathology; fungal secondary metabolism; gene regulation; plant-microbe interactions; oxylipins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mixed fungal infections (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and others) and their relative toxin mixtures are crucial for instaurating a relation with the host, both in the field and post harvest.

The assembly of mycotoxins represents a category of higth-risk molecules that threaten human and animal health; therefore, the issue of the “co-occurrence of mycotoxins and their combined toxicity” is an interesting topic to comprehend. On the one hand, this is because of the molecular signalling, and on the other hand, the consequences due to the exposure.

This Special Issue has as a main goal of filling some of the gaps with regard to multi-toxin approaches.

We welcome expert reviews of monitoring studies on mixtures of mycotoxins to identify co-occurrence patterns, as well as research papers on the following sub-topics:

  • Analytical methods for mycotoxins (native, modified, and co-occurring);
  • Mycotoxin signalling during the infection process;
  • Emerging mycotoxins;
  • Modelling approaches for risk prevention;
  • Mitigation actions of mycotoxins;
  • Co-toxic effects on humans and animals.

Dr. Marzia Beccaccioli
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxins is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycotoxins
  • combined toxicity
  • analytical methods for simultaneous identification
  • (bio)control strategies
  • food safety
  • global warming
  • human and animal health

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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22 pages, 3424 KiB  
Article
Early Biomarkers for Detecting Subclinical Exposure to Fumonisin B1, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone in Broiler Chickens
by Laharika Kappari, Todd J. Applegate, Anthony E. Glenn, Abhijeet Bakre and Revathi Shanmugasundaram
Toxins 2025, 17(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17010001 - 24 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1316
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers of mycotoxin effects in chickens will provide an opportunity for early intervention to reduce the impact of mycotoxicosis. This study aimed to identify whether serum enzyme concentrations, gut integrity, and liver miRNAs can be potential biomarkers for fumonisin B1 (FB1), deoxynivalenol [...] Read more.
Identifying biomarkers of mycotoxin effects in chickens will provide an opportunity for early intervention to reduce the impact of mycotoxicosis. This study aimed to identify whether serum enzyme concentrations, gut integrity, and liver miRNAs can be potential biomarkers for fumonisin B1 (FB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA) toxicity in broiler birds as early as 14 days after exposure. A total of 720 male broiler chicks were distributed to six treatment groups: T1: control group (basal diet), T2 (2 FB1 + 2.5 DON + 0.9 ZEA), T3 (5 FB1 + 0.4 DON + 0.1 ZEA), T4 (9 FB1 + 3.5 DON + 0.7 ZEA), T5 (17 FB1 + 1.0 DON + 0.2 ZEA), and T6 (21 FB1 + 3.0 DON + 1.0 ZEA), all in mg/kg diet. On d14, there were no significant differences in the body weight gain (BWG) of mycotoxin treatment groups when compared to the control (p > 0.05), whereas on d21, T6 birds showed significantly reduced BWG compared to the control (p < 0.05). On d14, birds in T6 showed significant upregulation of liver miRNAs, gga-let-7a-5p (14.17-fold), gga-miR-9-5p (7.05-fold), gga-miR-217-5p (16.87-fold), gga-miR-133a-3p (7.41-fold), and gga-miR-215-5p (6.93-fold) (p < 0.05) and elevated serum fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK) levels compared to the control (p < 0.05). On d21, T2 to T6 birds exhibited reduced serum phosphorus, glucose, and potassium, while total protein, FITC-d, AST, and CK levels increased compared to control (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that serum FITC-d, AST, CK, and liver miRNAs could serve as biomarkers for detecting mycotoxin exposure in broiler chickens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Combined Toxicity)
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11 pages, 485 KiB  
Article
Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in the Diet and in the Milk of Dairy Cows from the Southeast Region of Brazil
by Aline Moreira Borowsky, Roice Eliana Rosim, Fernando Gustavo Tonin, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira and Carlos Humberto Corassin
Toxins 2024, 16(11), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16110492 - 15 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1376
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungi secondary metabolites that develop on feedstuffs and can be transferred into milk, thus representing a public health risk. The objective of this study was to assess the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the diet and in the milk of dairy [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are toxic fungi secondary metabolites that develop on feedstuffs and can be transferred into milk, thus representing a public health risk. The objective of this study was to assess the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the diet and in the milk of dairy cows from the southeast region of Brazil. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR, n = 70) and milk (n = 70) were collected in dairy farms and subjected to multi-mycotoxin analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), and T-2 and HT-2 toxins were not detected in TMR samples. In contrast, fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected in 100, 93, and 24% of TMR samples at mean levels of 336.7 ± 36.98, 80.32 ± 16.06 µg/kg and 292.1 ± 85.68 µg/kg, respectively. Ninety-two percent of TMR samples exhibited co-occurring mycotoxins. In milk, 54% of samples (n = 38) had detectable levels of mycotoxin, while 43% (n = 30) contained two or more types of mycotoxins. DON, FB, and ZEN metabolites (α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol) were the most frequent mycotoxins detected in the milk samples analyzed, at mean concentrations of 0.562 ± 0.112, 2.135 ± 0.296 µg/kg, 2.472 ± 0.436 µg/kg, and 0.343 ± 0.062 µg/kg, respectively. However, none of the analyzed milk samples had levels higher than the maximum permitted limit for AFM1 in Brazil (0.5 µg/L). The results of this trial highlight the concern about the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in TMR and in milk, due to the possible additive or synergistic effects of these compounds. The presence of co-occurring mycotoxins in milk underscores the need for stringent preventive practices to avoid mycotoxin contamination in the diet of dairy cows in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Their Combined Toxicity)
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