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Symmetry
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Symmetry in Particle Physics
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Symmetry in Particle Physics

A special issue of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This special issue belongs to the section "Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2020) | Viewed by 16519

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Michal Hnatič

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Guest Editor
1. Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
2. Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Šafárik University, Moyzesova 16, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
3. Institute of Experimental Physics, SAS, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
Interests: quantum field theory; symmetries and their breaking; non-linear dynamics; phase transitions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jaroslav Antos

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Guest Editor
Institute of Experimental Physics, SAS, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
Interests: experimental high energy physics; physics of top quark and Higgs boson
Dr. Juha Honkonen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Military Technology, National Defence University, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
Interests: quantum dynamics; extreme states of matter; quantum statistical mechanics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Particle physics is science about symmetries of our world. The Standard Model is the fundamental theory of microworld. Particle dynamics in the Standard Model obeys strict symmetry laws with explicit experimental consequences.

Priority problems of particle physics based on the Standard Model are more accurate theoretical predictions, experimental measurements and data analysis, proof of existence or non-existence of supersymmetry, properties of top quark, exotic quark states and physics of neutrinos.

The flavor symmetry is special among symmetries of the Standard Model. It is violated because of different quark masses. The beautiful picture describing mesons as quark-antiquark pairs has changed after the discovery of many charmonium- and bottomonium-like XYZ states not fitting in the quark-antiquark paradigm. Several interpretations like hadronic molecules, tetraquarks, multiquark exotic states, threshold cusps must be studied.

Problems related to top quark physics are of great importance. Due to the large mass of the t-quark, they play specific role in heavy quark physics. Many other top quark properties can be directly measured and compared with theoretical predictions.

Existence of supersymmetry is still open. Supersymmetric particles were not discovered at first runs of LHC. Supersymmetric generalization of the Standard Model and other possible symmetries in particle physics remain intriguing.

Last but not least are neutrinos. Neutrinos play a specific role in the standard model and beyond. Study of their dynamics can lead to emergence of new physics.

Prof. Dr. Michal Hnatič
Dr. Jaroslav Antos
Dr. Juha Honkonen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Symmetry is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • multiquark exotic states
  • top anti-top production asymmetry
  • physics of neutrinos
  • supersymmetry
  • standard model and beyond

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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6 pages, 231 KiB  
Article
Energy-Momentum Relocalization, Surface Terms, and Massless Poles in Axial Current Matrix Elements
by Oleg Teryaev
Symmetry 2020, 12(9), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091409 - 24 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1393
Abstract
The energy-momentum relocalization in classical and quantum theory is addressed with specific impact on non-perturbative QCD and hadronic structure. The relocalization is manifested in the existence of canonical and symmetric (Belinfante and Hilbert) energy momentum tensors (EMT). The latter describes the interactions of [...] Read more.
The energy-momentum relocalization in classical and quantum theory is addressed with specific impact on non-perturbative QCD and hadronic structure. The relocalization is manifested in the existence of canonical and symmetric (Belinfante and Hilbert) energy momentum tensors (EMT). The latter describes the interactions of hadrons with classical gravity and inertia. Canonical EMT, in turn, is naturally emerging due to the translation invariance symmetry and appears when spin structure of hadrons is considered. Its relation to symmetric Hilbert and Belinfante EMTs requires the possibility to neglect the contribution of boundary terms for the classical fields. For the case of quantum fields this property corresponds to the absence of zero-momentum poles of matrix element of the axial current dual to the spin density. This property is satisfied for quarks manifesting the symmetry counterpart of UA(1) problem and may be violated for gluons due to QCD ghost pole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Particle Physics)
12 pages, 951 KiB  
Article
Three Flavor Quasi-Dirac Neutrino Mixing, Oscillations and Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay
by Amina Khatun, Adam Smetana and Fedor Šimkovic
Symmetry 2020, 12(8), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081310 - 05 Aug 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2284
Abstract
The extension of the Standard model by three right-handed neutrino fields exhibit appealing symmetry between left-handed and right-handed sectors, which is only violated by interactions. It can accommodate three flavor quasi-Dirac neutrino mixing scheme, which allows processes with violation of both lepton flavor [...] Read more.
The extension of the Standard model by three right-handed neutrino fields exhibit appealing symmetry between left-handed and right-handed sectors, which is only violated by interactions. It can accommodate three flavor quasi-Dirac neutrino mixing scheme, which allows processes with violation of both lepton flavor and total lepton number symmetries. We propose a 6×6 unitary matrix for parameterizing the mixing among three flavors of quasi-Dirac neutrino. This mixing matrix is constructed by two 3×3 unitary matrices that diagonalizes the Dirac mass term in the Lagrangian. By only assuming the Standard Model V−A weak interaction, it is found that probabilities of neutrino oscillations among active flavor states and effective masses measured by single beta decay, by neutrinoless double-beta decay and by cosmology only depend on single 3×3 unitary matrix relevant to mixing of active neutrino flavors. Further, by considering 1σ and 3σ uncertainties in the measured oscillation probability of electron antineutrino from reactor, derivation of the constraint on the Majorana neutrino mass component is demonstrated. The consequence for effective Majorana neutrino mass governing the neutrinoless double-beta decay is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Particle Physics)
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16 pages, 293 KiB  
Article
Rephasing Invariant for Three-Neutrino Oscillations Governed by a Non-Hermitian Hamiltonian
by Dmitry V. Naumov, Vadim A. Naumov and Dmitry S. Shkirmanov
Symmetry 2020, 12(8), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081285 - 03 Aug 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
Time-reversal symmetry is broken for mixed and possibly unstable Dirac neutrino propagation through absorbing media. This implies that interplay between the neutrino mixing, refraction, absorption and/or decay can be described by non-Hermitian quantum dynamics. We derive an identity which sets up direct connection [...] Read more.
Time-reversal symmetry is broken for mixed and possibly unstable Dirac neutrino propagation through absorbing media. This implies that interplay between the neutrino mixing, refraction, absorption and/or decay can be described by non-Hermitian quantum dynamics. We derive an identity which sets up direct connection between the fundamental neutrino parameters (mixing angles, CP-violating phase, mass-squared splittings) in vacuum and their effective counterparts in matter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Particle Physics)
15 pages, 416 KiB  
Article
Asymmetries in Processes of Electron–Positron Annihilation
by Andrej Arbuzov, Serge Bondarenko and Lidia Kalinovskaya
Symmetry 2020, 12(7), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12071132 - 07 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2929
Abstract
Processes of electron–positron annihilation into a pair of fermions were considered. Forward–backward and left–right asymmetries were studied, taking into account polarization of initial and final particles. Complete 1-loop electroweak radiative corrections were included. A wide energy range including the Z boson peak and [...] Read more.
Processes of electron–positron annihilation into a pair of fermions were considered. Forward–backward and left–right asymmetries were studied, taking into account polarization of initial and final particles. Complete 1-loop electroweak radiative corrections were included. A wide energy range including the Z boson peak and higher energies relevant for future e + e − colliders was covered. Sensitivity of observable asymmetries to the electroweak mixing angle and fermion weak coupling was discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Particle Physics)
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12 pages, 281 KiB  
Article
Long-Range Correlations between Observables in a Model with Translational Invariance in Rapidity
by Svetlana Belokurova and Vladimir Vechernin
Symmetry 2020, 12(7), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12071107 - 02 Jul 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1609
Abstract
We estimate the impact of the fixation of the total number of sources (quark–gluon strings) on the long-range rapidity correlations between different observables. In our approach this condition models the fixation of the collision centrality class, what is the usual practice in modern [...] Read more.
We estimate the impact of the fixation of the total number of sources (quark–gluon strings) on the long-range rapidity correlations between different observables. In our approach this condition models the fixation of the collision centrality class, what is the usual practice in modern collider experiments, like Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and so on. The estimates are obtained under the assumption of the translational invariance in rapidity, which is usually assumed in mid-rapidity region at high energies. Based on these assumptions, we are developing a technique for the analytical calculation of various average values of extensive and intense variables at high string densities on the transverse lattice, taking into account the effects of string fusion, leading to the formation of string clusters. Using this technique we calculate the asymptotes of the correlations coefficients both between the multiplicities and between the multiplicity and the event-mean transverse momentum of particles in two separated rapidity intervals. As a result, we found that fixing the total number of strings has a significant effect on the behavior of both types of correlations, especially in the case of a uniform distribution of strings in the transverse plane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Particle Physics)

Review

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47 pages, 2931 KiB  
Review
Charge Asymmetry in Top Quark Pair Production
by Roman Lysák
Symmetry 2020, 12(8), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081278 - 02 Aug 2020
Viewed by 3358
Abstract
The top quark is the heaviest elementary particle known. It has been proposed many times that new physics beyond the current theory of elementary particles may reveal itself in top quark interactions. The charge asymmetry in the pair production of a fermion and [...] Read more.
The top quark is the heaviest elementary particle known. It has been proposed many times that new physics beyond the current theory of elementary particles may reveal itself in top quark interactions. The charge asymmetry in the pair production of a fermion and its antiparticle has been known for many decades. Early measurements of such asymmetry in top quark pair production showed a disagreement with the prediction by more than 3 standard deviations. Many years of an effort on both experimental and theoretical side have allowed to understand the top quark pair charge asymmetry better and to bring back the agreement between the measurements and the theory. In this article, these efforts are reviewed together with the discussion about a potential future of such measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Particle Physics)
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42 pages, 668 KiB  
Review
Dynamical Approach to Decays of XYZ States
by Stanislav Dubnička, Anna Zuzana Dubničková, Mikhail A. Ivanov and Andrej Liptaj
Symmetry 2020, 12(6), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12060884 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2043
Abstract
We review the existing results on the exotic XYZ states and their decays obtained within the confined covariant quark model. This dynamical approach is based on a non-local Lagrangian of hadrons with quarks, has built-in quark confinement, and is suited well for the [...] Read more.
We review the existing results on the exotic XYZ states and their decays obtained within the confined covariant quark model. This dynamical approach is based on a non-local Lagrangian of hadrons with quarks, has built-in quark confinement, and is suited well for the description of different multiquark states, including the four quark ones. We focus our analysis on the various decay modes of five exotic states, X ( 3872 ) , Z c ( 3900 ) , Y ( 4260 ) , Z b ( 10610 ) , and Z b ′ ( 10650 ) , aiming to clarify their internal quark structures. By considering mostly branching fractions and decay widths using the molecular-type or the tetraquark-type interpolating currents, conclusions about the nature of these particles are drawn: the molecular structure is favored for Z c ( 3900 ) , Z b ( 10610 ) , and Z b ′ ( 10650 ) and the tetraquark for X ( 3872 ) and Y ( 4260 ) . Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Particle Physics)
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