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20 pages, 2536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analysis of Real Site Operation Time in Construction of Residential Buildings in Slovakia

by Alena Tažiková, Zuzana Struková and Mária Kozlovská

Sustainability 2023, 15(2), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021529 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1223

Abstract

By reducing construction times and thereby shortening the times of construction site operation, it is possible to contribute to ensuring the social, economic, and environmental pillars of sustainability, which are necessary to meet the 2030 climate target plan set by the European Commission. [...] Read more.

By reducing construction times and thereby shortening the times of construction site operation, it is possible to contribute to ensuring the social, economic, and environmental pillars of sustainability, which are necessary to meet the 2030 climate target plan set by the European Commission. This paper deals with an analysis of the time of site operation in construction of residential buildings. The site operation time in construction of fourteen residential buildings in Slovakia was examined. The research offers findings that can help clients make more rational decisions about the duration of construction site operation they request from contractors in construction contracts. Defining the mathematical dependence between the size of building and needed time of construction site operation in the pre-project planning phase was one of the results of this analysis. Based on the relationship expressed in this way, contractors can predict whether it will be possible to obtain a score in an environmental assessment of a building by minimizing undesirable effects of the construction site (such as dust, noise, and vibrations) through reducing the time of construction site operation. The study also produced a methodology in the form of steps or actions for the possible reduction of construction site operation time. The equation of dependence that resulted from the present study may be a good basis for planning a sustainable construction site that only affects its environment during the necessary construction time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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16 pages, 4222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Scenario-Based Simulation Model for Earthwork Cost Management Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Technology

by Titi Sari Nurul Rachmawati, Hyung Cheol Park and Sunkuk Kim

Sustainability 2023, 15(1), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010503 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1697

Abstract

Risks are involved in every aspect of earthwork projects. This paper specifically discusses the cost risk associated with the volume calculation of such projects. In the design phase, it is not possible to accurately predict the quantity per soil type underground of the [...] Read more.

Risks are involved in every aspect of earthwork projects. This paper specifically discusses the cost risk associated with the volume calculation of such projects. In the design phase, it is not possible to accurately predict the quantity per soil type underground of the site. As a result, there are uncertainties in the excavation cost that may cause cost overrun. There is a need for an innovative method to forecast, control, monitor, and manage excavation cost from design phase to completion. There is, however, an innovative method for calculating volume accurately using a digital surface model method. The digital surface model can be acquired using GPS and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). This paper proposes a simulation model which is able to analyze, control, and monitor the cost based on excavation volume so stakeholders are able to gain the actual volume quickly and accurately. Monte Carlo simulation is applied to the excavation volume per soil type, resulting in a range of possible outcomes for excavation cost. The developed model was verified by applying it to an actual case project. Throughout the project, the cost was successfully monitored and maintained below the maximum expected cost. However, the final actual cost in the last simulation almost reached the maximum expected cost, indicating the need for cost monitoring. By periodically comparing the simulation result to the actual excavated volume obtained from the UAV, the proposed model can assist stakeholders in controlling the cost overrun risk and developing strategies during the earthwork life cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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17 pages, 8285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evaluation System of the Sustainable Development of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills and Its Application

by Hailong Liu, Xiang Luo, Xingyao Jiang, Chunyi Cui and Zhen Huyan

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031150 - 22 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1860

Abstract

Improving the understanding of the stabilization process is of great significance to guide the sustainable development of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. An evaluation system of the stabilization process of MSW landfills has been established. The indices of the evaluation system involve the [...] Read more.

Improving the understanding of the stabilization process is of great significance to guide the sustainable development of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. An evaluation system of the stabilization process of MSW landfills has been established. The indices of the evaluation system involve the degradation degree of MSW, the release of landfill gas production potential, and the settlement of landfills. Based on the biochemical-consolidation-solute migration coupled model, an evaluation method of the MSW landfill stabilization process is proposed by combining field tests with numerical simulation. The stabilization process of the Jiangcungou landfill in China is investigated by using the proposed method. The analyzed results show that the stabilization process of high kitchen waste content landfills can be divided into three stages, which is different from the stabilization process of landfills in developed countries. For the Jiangcungou landfill, the ratio of cellulose to lignin in MSW decreases rapidly during the fast degradation stage when obvious settlement occurs. During the slow degradation stage, the hydrolysis rate is slow and settlement develops slowly. When the landfill reaches the stabilization stage, the ratio of cellulose to lignin of MSW changes very slowly; most of the landfill gas potential has been released; the settlement stabilization is completed basically. The change processes of the three evaluation indices are different, of which the degradation stabilization index is the main one. According to the findings above, leachate recirculation is recommended to adjust the degradation environment in the landfill, which can be helpful to avoid acidification at the fast degradation stage. Temporary cover is suggested to improve landfill gas collection efficiency at the beginning of the stable methanogenic stage. The landfill site closure should be operated when the settlement rate is low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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15 pages, 2413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Energy Savings and Economic Benefits of SOLTAG Rooftop Extensions under the Conditions of a Model Area in the Slovak Republic

by Daniela Spirkova, Katarina Teplicka, Sona Hurna and Robert Janiss

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020451 - 6 Jan 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1742

Abstract

Modular building systems in the Slovak Republic are assessed as a practical construction method and solution for a particular type of housing stock, as well as an alternative. Most existing panel buildings designed in the Slovak Republic had sufficient static reserve, allowing for [...] Read more.

Modular building systems in the Slovak Republic are assessed as a practical construction method and solution for a particular type of housing stock, as well as an alternative. Most existing panel buildings designed in the Slovak Republic had sufficient static reserve, allowing for the construction of rooftop extensions. Despite the considerable advantages of modular rooftop extensions, the aforementioned method of increasing available and sustainable housing stock—especially in large cities—is under-utilized in Slovakia. This paper outlines a solution for low-energy extensions—the SOLTAG concept—on the basis of knowledge acquired by studying problems related to Soltag extensions as part of the SURE-Fit (Sustainable Roof Extension Retrofit) project and practical experience from Denmark. This paper aims to assess and compare energy savings and economic benefits for three rooftop extensions of the SOLTAG concept and bricked extensions for a model area in the Slovak Republic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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17 pages, 5972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Performance Analysis of Soil Flow Protector to Reduce Soft Soil Settlement Caused by Cavity Formation

by Jaewon Yoo, Suwon Son and Sangtae Kim

Sustainability 2020, 12(9), 3641; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093641 - 1 May 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2092

Abstract

Settlement of a relatively small magnitude occurs in box structures supported by pile foundations. However, if cavities are generated under the box structure, ground settlement can be accelerated by surrounding soil entering the cavities. In order for the structure to maintain stability for [...] Read more.

Settlement of a relatively small magnitude occurs in box structures supported by pile foundations. However, if cavities are generated under the box structure, ground settlement can be accelerated by surrounding soil entering the cavities. In order for the structure to maintain stability for a long period of time, sustainable development to maintain the stability of the building must be continued. Preventing rapid ground settlement can lead to long-term structural stability and prevent the occurrence of life-threatening damage, thereby helping to maintain and build a sustainable urban infrastructure. Thus, in this study, a soil flow protector (SFP) that can be easily installed on the sides of the structure was developed to mitigate the aforementioned problem. Field tests and numerical analysis were performed to investigate the effect of SFP installation on structural stability and settlement reduction. After performing field experiments, it was found that SFP installation could reduce ground settlement and ground horizontal displacement. Moreover, for a 79.9-mm settlement, the safety factor was 1.315, which remained stable even when the settlement reached 345 mm. Hence, the developed SFP can be used to reduce soft ground settlement affecting box structures supported by pile foundations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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Review

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13 pages, 1962 KiB

Open AccessReview

Digital Twin Applications in 3D Concrete Printing

by Yuxin Wang, Farhad Aslani, Arcady Dyskin and Elena Pasternak

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032124 - 23 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2975

Abstract

The benefits of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) include reducing construction time and costs, providing design freedom, and being environmentally friendly. This technology is expected to be effective in addressing the global house shortage. This review highlights the main 3DCP applications and four critical [...] Read more.

The benefits of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) include reducing construction time and costs, providing design freedom, and being environmentally friendly. This technology is expected to be effective in addressing the global house shortage. This review highlights the main 3DCP applications and four critical challenges. It is proposed to combine 3D concrete printing with Digital Twin (DT) technology to meet the challenges the 3DCP faces and improve quality and sustainability. This paper provides a critical review of research into the application of DT technology in 3DCP, categorize the applications and directions proposed according to different lifecycles, and explore the possibility of incorporating them into existing 3DCP systems. A comprehensive roadmap was proposed to detail how DT can be used at different lifecycle stages to optimize and address the four main challenges of 3DCP, providing directions and ideas for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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16 pages, 2251 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainability in Building and Construction within the Framework of Circular Cities and European New Green Deal. The Contribution of Concrete Recycling

by Alessandra Bonoli, Sara Zanni and Francisco Serrano-Bernardo

Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2139; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042139 - 17 Feb 2021

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 9368

Abstract

Climate change and ecological crisis are a huge threat to Europe and the world. To overcome these challenges, Europe adopted the New Green Deal as a strategy transforming the Union into a competitive resource-efficient economy without greenhouse gas emissions and become carbon neutral [...] Read more.

Climate change and ecological crisis are a huge threat to Europe and the world. To overcome these challenges, Europe adopted the New Green Deal as a strategy transforming the Union into a competitive resource-efficient economy without greenhouse gas emissions and become carbon neutral in a few decades. The European Green Deal includes the new circular economy action plan, highlighting the importance of a products’ “green design”, saving raw materials, and waste prevention oriented along the entire life cycle of products. Construction and buildings represent one of the key topics for the green transition. In the European Union, buildings are responsible for 40% of our energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions, which are mainly caused by construction, usage, renovation, and demolition. Improving environmental efficiency can play a key role in reaching the carbon neutrality of Europe that is expected to be achieved by 2050. In this research, it was explored how Eco-design, as an innovative approach in buildings and construction, Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment, as fundamental supporting tools in sustainability, and finally appropriate and effective Construction and Demolition Waste recycling processes, particularly oriented to concrete recycling according to the case studies analyzed, can promote a circular economy in buildings and construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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17 pages, 3187 KiB

Open AccessReview

Life Cycle Assessment of Geotechnical Works in Building Construction: A Review and Recommendations

by Xingqiang Song, Christel Carlsson, Ramona Kiilsgaard, David Bendz and Helene Kennedy

Sustainability 2020, 12(20), 8442; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208442 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8608

Abstract

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is becoming an increasingly important environmental systems analysis tool in the construction sector for the identification of measures and strategies to reduce the environmental impact of buildings throughout the whole value chain. Geotechnical processes, such as earthworks, ground improvement [...] Read more.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is becoming an increasingly important environmental systems analysis tool in the construction sector for the identification of measures and strategies to reduce the environmental impact of buildings throughout the whole value chain. Geotechnical processes, such as earthworks, ground improvement and foundation construction, are often energy- and resource-intensive. Geotechnical works can thus play an important role in moving towards more sustainable building construction practices. This article reviews recent applications of LCA of buildings, including foundations as the focus or part of the system studied, based on the ISO 14040/44 standards. The system boundaries of geotechnical works are defined and a conceptual model for LCA of geotechnical works in building construction is proposed. The results of the literature review showed that the application of LCA to the building substructure is currently under development, but still in a fragmented state. There is a need for a unified framework for LCA of geotechnical works in building construction, especially regarding the definition of the functional unit, the choice of system boundaries, the appropriateness of inventory data, and the selection of impact categories. The conceptual model focuses on the demonstration of inventory flows and system boundaries and can serve as a basis for scope definition in future LCA studies of geotechnical works in building construction. It may also support effective communication between different actors and stakeholders regarding environmental sustainability in the construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction and Development)

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