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Strategic Planning of Sports Systems

A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 73550

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Interests: sports consumer behaviour; sports marketing and sports entrepreneurship
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
Department of Marketing and Market Research, Universidad de Granada, Spain
Interests: sports marketing; sponsorship; neuromarketing; sport management

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Interests: sport entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial orientation; sport management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sustainability, from a social, economic, and environmental point of view, is today one of the greatest challenges facing society. This interest has been intensely addressed by literature in recent years. Sports systems cannot be alien to what is undoubtedly the great challenge of the 21st century, and they must face their future from an economically, socially, and environmentally responsible perspective.

The varied perspectives from which sport develops in social systems offer numerous strategic opportunities to develop sustainability in its different dimensions. Sustainability must be an element in the long-term planning of organizations and is an interesting object of study from the following points of view:

  1. The impacts on the host community of sporting events or active tourism, the social agenda of sports associations, or the backbone and regulatory role of public administrations can be approaches with which to develop an exhaustive work to improve the sustainability of sport;
  2. Strategic planning becomes the long-term support tool for this type of policy. Innovation and the development of new business formulas aligned with sustainability in any of its dimensions is key to future business success. It is of special interest to study how sustainability can be incorporated into the agendas of the strategy of the different sports organisations;

III.       It is interesting to analyse how different sports systems have become sensitive to growing social pressure and have made the demands of their customers, fans, associates, spectators, etc., their own.

Finally, all actions and long-term effects that may involve the management of fitness centres and sporting events that contribute to sustainability over time are also of interest to this Special Issue. Examples include financial fair play, economic feasibility, corporate social responsibility of sports firms, service quality, user satisfaction, sports brand management, or sports sponsorship.

Dr. Ferran Calabuig-Moreno
Dr. Manuel Alonso Dos Santos
Dr. Jerónimo García-Fernández
Dr. Juan M. Núñez-Pomar
Guest Editors

References

  1. Bunds, K. & Casper, J. (2018). Sport, physical culture, and the environment: An introduction. Sociology of Sport Journal, 35(1), 1-7.
  2. Chen, G., Zhang, J. J., & Pifer, N. D. (2019). Corporate governance structure, financial capability, and the R&D intensity in Chinese sports sector: Evidence from listed sports companies. Sustainability, 11(23), 6810.
  3. François, A., Bayle, E., & Gond, J. P. (2019). A multilevel analysis of implicit and explicit CSR in French and UK professional sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, 19(1), 15-37.
  4. Kim, C., & Kaplanidou, K. (2019). The Effect of Sport Involvement on Support for Mega Sport Events: Why Does It Matter. Sustainability, 11(20), 5687.
  5. Lombardo, G., Mazzocchetti, A., Rapallo, I., Tayser, N., & Cincotti, S. (2019). Assessment of the Economic and Social Impact Using SROI: An Application to Sport Companies. Sustainability, 11(13), 3612.
  6. Peeters, T., & Szymanski, S. (2014). Financial fair play in European football. Economic Policy, 29(78), 343-390.
  7. Plewa, C., Carrillat, F. A., Mazodier, M., & Quester, P. G. (2016). Which sport sponsorships most impact sponsor CSR image?. European Journal of Marketing, 50(5/6), 796-815.

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • sport organizations
  • strategic management
  • sport sector
  • triple bottom line
  • sport consumer loyalty
  • social impact of sport

Published Papers (18 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 657 KiB  
Article
Motivational Antecedents, Value Co-Creation Process, and Behavioral Consequences in Participatory Sport Tourism
by Xiaowei Jiang, Andrew Kim, Kyungyeol (Anthony) Kim, Qian Yang, Jerónimo García-Fernández and James J. Zhang
Sustainability 2021, 13(17), 9916; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179916 - 03 Sep 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4436
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the structural relationships among tourists’ participation motivations, the value co-creation process (VCCP), and value co-creation behavior (VCCB) in terms of in-role and extra-role contributions. Based on a comprehensive review of literature, participation motivations were measured with four [...] Read more.
This study was designed to examine the structural relationships among tourists’ participation motivations, the value co-creation process (VCCP), and value co-creation behavior (VCCB) in terms of in-role and extra-role contributions. Based on a comprehensive review of literature, participation motivations were measured with four constructs, including need for uniqueness, need for self-control, need for social interaction, and need for leisure and entertainment. Research participants (N = 445) who had participated in two or more marathon events in China were recruited to respond to an on-site or online survey. Conducting structural equation modeling analyses, three motivational factors of need for uniqueness, need for social interaction, and need for leisure and entertainment were found to exert significant (p < 0.05) and positive impact on VCCP, which in turn had significant (p < 0.05) influence on in-role and extra-role contributions associated with VCCB. Discussions are centered on promoting specific areas of participants’ motivations in an effort to empower and energize the process of value co-creation and to ultimately activate and sustain participants’ in-role and extra-role behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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16 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Transparency and Accountability in Sports: Measuring the Social and Financial Performance of Spanish Professional Football
by Rudemarlyn Urdaneta, Juan C. Guevara-Pérez, Fernando Llena-Macarulla and José M. Moneva
Sustainability 2021, 13(15), 8663; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158663 - 03 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4844
Abstract
This study reviews the impact of the Spanish Transparency Law (TL) 19/2013 and the Union of European Football Associations’ (UEFA) Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations, on the transparency and accountability of Spanish professional football clubs, and examines the influence of financial performance on [...] Read more.
This study reviews the impact of the Spanish Transparency Law (TL) 19/2013 and the Union of European Football Associations’ (UEFA) Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations, on the transparency and accountability of Spanish professional football clubs, and examines the influence of financial performance on the transparency of Spanish football clubs. The study uses a Panel Data methodology (FGLS) to compare the international transparency index for football clubs (INFUT) with the criteria of UEFA’s FFP as a measure of the social and financial performance, respectively, on a sample of 28 Spanish professional teams of first and second division during the periods of 2015, 2016, and 2019. The study reveals that the implementation of TL 19/2013 and UEFA’s FFP has improved the transparency and accountability of clubs. On the one hand, the TL has facilitated access to financial information, and, on the other, the FFP regulations have contributed to improving the balance and financial viability of the clubs. The study also reveals that financial performance directly influences the transparency of clubs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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9 pages, 1234 KiB  
Article
Where Are the Best European Road Runners and What Are the Country Variables Related to It?
by Mabliny Thuany, Sara Pereira, Lee Hill, Jean Carlos Santos, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle and Thayse Natacha Gomes
Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7781; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147781 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1534
Abstract
Background: The environment can play a relevant role in performance in runners. This study aimed to verify the distribution of the best European road runners across the continent, and to investigate variables related to country representatives in the European Senior outdoor top list [...] Read more.
Background: The environment can play a relevant role in performance in runners. This study aimed to verify the distribution of the best European road runners across the continent, and to investigate variables related to country representatives in the European Senior outdoor top list 2019. Methods: The sample comprised 563 European runners, aged 18–48 years, ranked in the European Senior outdoor top list 2019 for distances of 10–42 km. Country-related variables were gross domestic product (GDP), competition place, population size, and sports investment. The countries were categorized as “top ten countries” or “other countries”. Binary logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: The United Kingdom showed the highest prevalence of runners in the ranking (men—17.6%; women—23.0%), followed by Spain (male ranking—12.1%) and Germany (female ranking—8.6%). For men, sports investment (OR = 1.13; CI95% = 1.03–1.28) and country GDP (OR = 0.96; CI95% = 0.93–0.98) showed an association with the chances of the athlete to reach the Top 10 ranking, while among women, the only variable significantly related was the competition venue (OR = 3.97; CI95% = 1.40–11.23). Conclusion: As in other sports considered “non-expensive”, the economic and demographic characteristics of the place where athletes train can provide advantages in performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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15 pages, 1073 KiB  
Article
The Market Responses to Super Bowl Advertising: The Role of Product Type and Multiple Executions
by Jung-Gyo Lee and Kyung-A Ko
Sustainability 2021, 13(13), 7127; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137127 - 25 Jun 2021
Viewed by 4029
Abstract
This study uses event study analysis to examine the impact of Super Bowl commercials on the stock prices of sponsoring firms by product type and the frequency of ad executions. By examining 272 Super Bowl advertisements from 142 firms that aired from 2010 [...] Read more.
This study uses event study analysis to examine the impact of Super Bowl commercials on the stock prices of sponsoring firms by product type and the frequency of ad executions. By examining 272 Super Bowl advertisements from 142 firms that aired from 2010 to 2019, the results show that the execution of Super Bowl advertising was positively associated with excess returns. In particular, the abnormal return for the day after the event represents the largest gain in excess returns over a period of ±10 days around the event day. Further, cumulative average abnormal returns (CAARs) are consistently positive right after the event day. The findings demonstrate that Super Bowl commercials yielded higher returns for low-involvement and hedonic products. The number of ad executions is found to substantially enhance the effectiveness of Super Bowl advertising. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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13 pages, 502 KiB  
Article
Decentralisation and Efficiency in Municipal Sports Services: Expenditure vs. Cost
by Jorge Garcia-Unanue, Jose Luis Felipe, Leonor Gallardo, Carlos Majano and Gemma Perez-Lopez
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2260; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042260 - 19 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1853
Abstract
The choice of service delivery form (direct management, agencification, or indirect management) is one of the most important decisions in the strategic planning of sports systems. However, its influence on efficiency has not been adequately studied in the scientific literature. The aim of [...] Read more.
The choice of service delivery form (direct management, agencification, or indirect management) is one of the most important decisions in the strategic planning of sports systems. However, its influence on efficiency has not been adequately studied in the scientific literature. The aim of this paper is to analyse the service delivery form of sports services on cost efficiency and to study the implications the use of different inputs has for the analysis of cost efficiency in sports services. To answer the objectives of the study, the analysis is divided into three stages. First, the cost efficiency of municipal sports services is estimated through the partial order-m robust frontiers using two different measures of cost (budgetary expenditures and effective cost). Then, the two cost-efficiency estimations were compared by the Li test to analyse the existence of significant differences. Finally, cost efficiency was regressed on several environmental factors by a bootstrapped truncated regression. The results show that there is no significant relationship between the different forms of management when the effective cost is included as an input. However, there is a significant relationship when the budgetary expenditure is specified as input; in this case, direct municipal management is the delivery form with the highest efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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12 pages, 326 KiB  
Article
Leadership Style in Amateur Club Sports: A Key Element in Strategic Management
by Alfonso Martínez-Moreno, Francisco Cavas-García and Arturo Díaz-Suárez
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020730 - 13 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5012
Abstract
Leadership is key in sports management, as it allows organizations to endure over time. Leadership style determines how an organization or sports club works. The purpose of this study is to investigate employees’ perceptions of the leadership style of presidents (managers) in amateur [...] Read more.
Leadership is key in sports management, as it allows organizations to endure over time. Leadership style determines how an organization or sports club works. The purpose of this study is to investigate employees’ perceptions of the leadership style of presidents (managers) in amateur clubs and how it influences the effort, efficiency and satisfaction of those employees. The sample consists of club managers (N = 334), of whom 286 are men and 48 are women, with an average age of 42.05 (±9.64). The subordinate version of the Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire is used, and it is found that club presidents mostly use the transformational style, regardless of sports discipline. A descriptive analysis of the qualitative variables consists of absolute and relative frequencies. ANOVA is used for comparisons between groups, and forward multiple regression is used to determine the effects of different variables. There are significant differences between the managers of collective and individual sports clubs in terms of efficiency (p = 0.014) and satisfaction (p = 0.04). Leadership style had significant effects on effort, effectiveness and satisfaction, while the genre and type of sport did not, corroborating the positive predictive power of the transformational and transactional styles. Transformational and transactional leadership styles positively and statistically significantly predict the extra effort of subordinates, the perceived effectiveness of leadership and satisfaction with the leader. Leadership training brings advantages in the stability and sustainability of sports clubs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
15 pages, 308 KiB  
Article
Better Managers for More Sustainability Sports Organizations: Validation of Sports Managers Competency Scale (COSM) in Chile
by Daniel Duclos-Bastías, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, David Parra-Camacho, Wladimir Rendic-Vera, Norman Rementería-Vera and Guillermo Gajardo-Araya
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020724 - 13 Jan 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2803
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the validity and reliability of the scale of competences of sports managers (COSM) in the Chilean context. The adaptation of the COSM to Spanish was carried out in accordance with the international methodological standards. A [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to analyze the validity and reliability of the scale of competences of sports managers (COSM) in the Chilean context. The adaptation of the COSM to Spanish was carried out in accordance with the international methodological standards. A Spanish pilot version of the instrument was then administered to 33 municipal sports managers, whose comments on the instructions and the way the articles were written resulted in minor changes. Finally, this last version was empirically applied to 212 municipal sports managers (82.5% men and 17.5% women) from 129 city councils in 16 regions of Chile who participated. The original instrument consisted of 31 items grouped in six dimensions. The analyses carried out to check the psychometric properties of the scale determined the grouping of the indicators in three dimensions, retaining 22 items from the original proposal. The new factors were: Sports and Facilities Use Regulation (12 items), Budget Management (five items), and Communication Skills (five items). The scale presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices according to the parameters recommended by the literature, as well as optimal values of the different reliability measures. The use of this instrument will contribute to the process of diagnosis of competences in sport managers, with the purpose of planning relevant and contextualized training strategies that aim at improving skills and knowledge related to professional work. Likewise, the instrument can be used by the Chilean academic community in research processes involving sport managers’ competences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
24 pages, 729 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Management of Sports Federations: The Indirect Effects of Perceived Service on Member’s Loyalty
by Pedro Cuesta-Valiño, Pablo Gutiérrez-Rodríguez and Cristina Loranca-Valle
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020458 - 06 Jan 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3162
Abstract
Sports federations are non-profit organizations that compete for members and resources. These organizations are obliged to cooperate on the environment, nature conservation, and sustainability together with other public bodies. Given this situation and the necessity to differentiate themselves from commercial sports providers, it [...] Read more.
Sports federations are non-profit organizations that compete for members and resources. These organizations are obliged to cooperate on the environment, nature conservation, and sustainability together with other public bodies. Given this situation and the necessity to differentiate themselves from commercial sports providers, it is essential for sports federations to create loyalty. The objective of this article is to provide an in-depth study of the variables that explain federation members’ loyalty, which is the best tool for federations to meet their sustainable and non-profit objectives. Having made an exhaustive review of the literature on loyalty, an empirical study is made of the loyalty antecedents (service quality, satisfaction, trust, and commitment), using a questionnaire of members of all of Spain’s karate federations. This empirical study has led to a model of structural equations that gives a perfect explanation of loyalty based on the relationships between the various variables, starting with service quality and considering the other variables to be mediating variables between service quality and loyalty. Furthermore, the findings show that service quality is the best option for improving member loyalty through some of the mediators proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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19 pages, 871 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Technological Capabilities and Organizational Impact: Direct and Indirect Routes for Employed and Self-Employed Personal Fitness Trainers
by Jerónimo García-Fernández, Pablo Gálvez-Ruiz, M. Rocío Bohórquez, Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana and Ignacio Cepeda-Carrión
Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10383; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410383 - 11 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3066
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between technological capabilities, individual impact, market agility and organizational impact in employed and self-employed personal trainers hired by fitness centers. The study was performed with 259 personal trainers. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between technological capabilities, individual impact, market agility and organizational impact in employed and self-employed personal trainers hired by fitness centers. The study was performed with 259 personal trainers. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and a Structural Equation Model were used. The results showed, for the employees, positive relationships between all variables, except for the relationship between individual impact and organizational impact. In contrast, for self-employed personal trainers, only the relationships of technological capabilities with market agility and individual impact, and between the latter and organizational impact, were positive. While the individual variables of the employees show positive relationships with the organizational variables analyzed, this impact could not be determined in the performance of the self-employed. These results are discussed in relation to the previous literature, and possible causes for the differences found between employees and self-employed personal trainers are pointed out. This study’s findings indicate that the promotion and consolidation of personal trainers’ technological capabilities (TCs), whether they are self-employed or employees, will be key for the fitness centers where they work, by directly influencing the individual impact of the trainers on them and in the organizational performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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13 pages, 272 KiB  
Article
An Analysis of the Determinants of Sport Expenditure in Sports Centers in Spain
by Amal Elasri-Ejjaberi, Pilar Aparicio-Chueca and Xavier M. Triadó-Ivern
Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 10206; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310206 - 07 Dec 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2345
Abstract
The sports center sector is undergoing a complete transformation. Knowing users’ behavior regarding sport expenditure is needed to be able to act in terms of the future of the sector. This study analyzes the expenditure of people in Spain who are members of [...] Read more.
The sports center sector is undergoing a complete transformation. Knowing users’ behavior regarding sport expenditure is needed to be able to act in terms of the future of the sector. This study analyzes the expenditure of people in Spain who are members of sports centers. Adult members were asked about their sport expenditure in several defined categories. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multiple logistic regression analysis were carried out. The results show that the variables of time of participation, federation membership, and income have predictive value in terms of sport expenditure. Age and educational level also explain the significant differences in sport expenditure in its different categories. This study suggests the importance of identifying the behavior of sports center users with reference to sport expenditure as an essential component of the future strategy of the sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
18 pages, 613 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing the Tourist’s Future Intentions in Small-Scale Sports Events
by José Miguel Vegara-Ferri, José María López-Gullón, Irena Valantine, Arturo Díaz Suárez and Salvador Angosto
Sustainability 2020, 12(19), 8103; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198103 - 01 Oct 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3771
Abstract
Small-scale sports events are a good strategy for communities seeking to attract visitors and are one of the major attractions of sustainable sports tourism. The aim of this study to determine which factors influence the future intentions of the tourist involved in small-scale [...] Read more.
Small-scale sports events are a good strategy for communities seeking to attract visitors and are one of the major attractions of sustainable sports tourism. The aim of this study to determine which factors influence the future intentions of the tourist involved in small-scale sports events. The sample was composed of 236 subjects who participated in a half-marathon in Spain. The results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) provide support for the applicability of the tourists’ perception questionnaire in the context of sports events. The results of both validity (convergent and discriminant) and reliability (internal consistency) analyses were satisfactory. The results indicated that this scale had 18 items distributed in six factors (communication, staff, electronic wordofmouth, destination image, satisfaction and future intentions). The proposal model revealed that satisfaction is a mediated factor between staff and destination image with future intentions of repeating the event. Electronic word of mouth and satisfaction were influencing factors that predicted the tourists’ future intentions. This finding suggests that this questionnaire can be a useful tool in measuring tourist perception on a small-scale sports events scale, allowing a better understanding of the reasons that lead a tourist to select a certain destination and sports event. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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18 pages, 1709 KiB  
Article
What’s Behind a Marathon? Process Management in Sports Running Events
by Aurora M. García-Vallejo, Alberto Albahari, Vicente Añó-Sanz and Aurora Garrido-Moreno
Sustainability 2020, 12(15), 6000; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156000 - 26 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6146
Abstract
The repercussion of urban running competitions such as marathons is tremendous, and the planning of these races involves a large number of strategic decisions. For this reason, this study analyzes the processes of organizing large marathons in Spain. The aim is to propose [...] Read more.
The repercussion of urban running competitions such as marathons is tremendous, and the planning of these races involves a large number of strategic decisions. For this reason, this study analyzes the processes of organizing large marathons in Spain. The aim is to propose a systematic and sustainable model of excellence for the organization of sports events based on process management. To design the model, we followed a qualitative methodology using information obtained in 18 semi-structured interviews. The interviewees were experts in charge of the five most significant marathons in Spain (Barcelona, Madrid, Malaga, Seville and Valencia). The final contribution of the study is the proposal of a process map developed by identifying the main areas of competence and tasks, the relationships among the areas, and the timeline of these relationships. The process map unifies the processes established based on the preceding information and classifies them as management, core and support processes. The specific tool proposed is therefore based on the process management approach, which enables the improvement of the organization of sports running events. The tool will help the managers of the events to take decisions from a strategic perspective, and will be useful in making these events sustainable in the long term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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15 pages, 1323 KiB  
Article
Segmentation of Participants in a Sports Event Using Cluster Analysis
by Daniel Martínez-Cevallos, Alejandra Proaño-Grijalva, Mario Alguacil, Daniel Duclos-Bastías and David Parra-Camacho
Sustainability 2020, 12(14), 5641; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145641 - 14 Jul 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3035
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the segmentation of participants in a sports event according to their perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and future intentions, in order to better understand how each user profile behaves. The sample was made up of [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to analyze the segmentation of participants in a sports event according to their perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and future intentions, in order to better understand how each user profile behaves. The sample was made up of 195 participants of a marathon aged between 18 and 65 and the instrument for collecting information consisted of a questionnaire structured in four blocks referring to their participation in popular races, their sports habits, and their opinions according to the aforementioned variables. Using SPSS version 25, frequencies and percentages were analyzed to find out respondents’ opinions. Subsequently, a cluster analysis was carried out to obtain information on how the clusters created from the variables under study aforementioned are distributed. The results of the hierarchical cluster analysis allow us to conclude that there are two differentiated groups of participants that have been called Non-Conformists and Conformists, characterized by having low average ratings and high ratings, respectively. These groups show significant differences in their opinion about perceived quality, perceived value, satisfaction, and future intentions, providing useful information to organizers, to better understand their opinions, better manage events, and better handle variables that are key to business success. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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19 pages, 630 KiB  
Article
Perceived Value in Sporting Events (PVSP): A Further Step for the Strategic Management
by Josep Crespo Hervás, Vicente Prado-Gascó and María Huertas González-Serrano
Sustainability 2020, 12(14), 5498; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145498 - 08 Jul 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3235
Abstract
The perception of sporting events spectators is a crucial area of research in the sport management field. These studies analyze different variables, the perceived value of which has gained relevance in recent years. By providing superior value to consumers, organizations can achieve a [...] Read more.
The perception of sporting events spectators is a crucial area of research in the sport management field. These studies analyze different variables, the perceived value of which has gained relevance in recent years. By providing superior value to consumers, organizations can achieve a competitive advantage and guarantee their sustainability. However, a limitation found in the literature is that most of the scales used to measure it are one-dimensional or with single items, and do not provide enough information. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Value (PVSE) for the evaluation of sporting events. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of 497 spectators with an average age of 36.57 years (SD = 12.23) at a basketball sporting event. The results showed the validity of the multidimensional structure of this scale for sporting events (χ2(gl) = 981.22 (284); S-B χ2(gl) = 0.93; NNFI = 0.94; IFC = 0.94; Incremental F Index (IFI) = 0.94; RMSEA (IC) = 0.057 (0.05–0.06)). Specifically, six dimensions were found to be the appropriate psychometric properties of the scale (α = 0.81). This multidimensional scale of perceived value can be a useful tool for the evaluation of sports consumer experiences, considering both the benefits and sacrifices that a spectator makes when attending a sporting event. Hence, sport managers will be able to discover how to create policies to provide more value to sports spectators, which will be reflected in the sustainability of sporting events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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17 pages, 1123 KiB  
Article
Best Practices for Fitness Center Business Sustainability: A Qualitative Vision
by Jairo León-Quismondo, Jorge García-Unanue and Pablo Burillo
Sustainability 2020, 12(12), 5067; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125067 - 22 Jun 2020
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 13493
Abstract
The growing interest in fitness services is demanding optimal service management and operation. This research aims to identify the best practices in fitness center management for increasing customer engagement and for long-term stability and sustainability of the business. A qualitative approach through 23 [...] Read more.
The growing interest in fitness services is demanding optimal service management and operation. This research aims to identify the best practices in fitness center management for increasing customer engagement and for long-term stability and sustainability of the business. A qualitative approach through 23 semi-structured interviews to fitness center managers was performed in Spain, covering private centers with diverse business models (7 low-cost, 13 mid-market, and 3 premium). The managers were asked about their characteristics, the fitness center characteristics, and the managerial decisions and individual opinion. The results showed the best practices divided into five sections: customer service, offered service, marketing, facilities, and general terms and conditions. Kind customer service, the existence of loyalty programs, enough tangible quality, and online marketing strategies are essential for fitness centers’ success. Additionally, a fair fee and a maximum of a 15 min trip to the center should be guaranteed. This information has clear implications for promoting sporting habits and for engaging more people in physical activity, complementing the extensive quantitative data in the existing literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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15 pages, 2143 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Profiles as Management Strategies Based on the Importance and Valuation That Users Give to the Elements of the Golf Courses
by Virginia Serrano-Gómez, Óscar García-García, Vicente Gambau i Pinasa and Antonio Rial-Boubeta
Sustainability 2020, 12(11), 4781; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114781 - 11 Jun 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3140
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to characterize golfers’ profiles based on the importance and valuation that users give to the elements of golf courses, considering the segmentation as key to making strategic decisions. This was done using a priori segmentation of [...] Read more.
The main objective of this study was to characterize golfers’ profiles based on the importance and valuation that users give to the elements of golf courses, considering the segmentation as key to making strategic decisions. This was done using a priori segmentation of the traditional style against a post hoc segmentation based on the importance that users concede to variability of elements of golf courses. Moreover, the relationship between the quality attributed to the service dimensions and the golf course global performance was examined for each of the obtained segments. The results have established certain specific characteristics of the typical golf user and two large segments of golfers were identified from Cluster Analysis (Competitives and Socials), they were made up of the following subgroups: Regular-leisure and business and matures-familiar. The causal analysis of covariance structures for each segment revealed partially different interests. This study provides useful information for managers to design management strategies that address the different characteristics, interests, and priorities of their customers and potential customers in order to win them, keep them, satisfy them, and build their loyalty, ensuring the development and sustainability of the entity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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17 pages, 578 KiB  
Article
Perception of the Fair Social Distribution of Benefits and Costs of a Sports Event: An Analysis of the Mediating Effect between Perceived Impacts and Future Intentions
by David Parra-Camacho, Mario Alguacil and Ferran Calabuig-Moreno
Sustainability 2020, 12(11), 4413; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114413 - 28 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3032
Abstract
Residents’ perception of a sporting event as a socially unfair phenomenon can lead to changes in residents’ behavior towards the event and future sporting events. The aim of this study is to analyze the mediating effect of the perception variable on the fair [...] Read more.
Residents’ perception of a sporting event as a socially unfair phenomenon can lead to changes in residents’ behavior towards the event and future sporting events. The aim of this study is to analyze the mediating effect of the perception variable on the fair social distribution (FSD) of benefits and costs between perceived positive and negative impacts and future intentions with respect to the celebration of the Formula 1 Grand Prix. A total of 371 residents were interviewed by using a questionnaire made up of indicators referring to positive and negative impacts, FSD, and future intentions. The psychometric properties of the scale were analyzed and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses. The results confirm that positive and negative impacts are significantly related to the perception of FSD, which, in turn, significantly influences future intentions. The mediating effect of FSD between perceived impacts and future intentions was also tested. The study suggests that it is important for organizers to pay attention to the social injustices and imbalances that may be associated with the holding of major sporting events in order to improve future behaviors toward sporting events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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17 pages, 680 KiB  
Article
Exploring Environmental and Entrepreneurial Antecedents of Social Performance in Spanish Sports Clubs: A Symmetric and Asymmetric Approach
by Paloma Escamilla-Fajardo, Juan Manuel Núñez-Pomar and Ana María Gómez-Tafalla
Sustainability 2020, 12(10), 4234; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104234 - 21 May 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2642
Abstract
The social function of non-profit sports clubs is undeniable, so analyzing the factors that influence their performance is vital. The aim of this study is to understand the influence of entrepreneurial factors (entrepreneurial orientation) and environmental factors (dynamism, hostility and complexity) on social [...] Read more.
The social function of non-profit sports clubs is undeniable, so analyzing the factors that influence their performance is vital. The aim of this study is to understand the influence of entrepreneurial factors (entrepreneurial orientation) and environmental factors (dynamism, hostility and complexity) on social performance using a symmetrical (Hierarchical regression model) and asymmetrical (qualitative comparative analysis) approach. The social performance of this particular type of organization is of great importance in an environment where sustainability from a social point of view is increasingly on the agenda of governments, organizations and society in general. A total of 209 Spanish non-profit sports clubs were analyzed. The use of two complementary methodologies has made it possible to highlight the direct positive influence of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on performance in terms of social impact performance (SIP) and social causes performance (SCP). Similarly, complexity and dynamism have a direct influence on both types of performance, while high levels of hostility in the environment are related to low levels of social performance in both areas. The analysis of the interaction of environmental factors and sport entrepreneurship on social performance in sports clubs has not been previously addressed. Therefore, this study provides new information to elaborate on practical management implications for directors and managers of non-profit sport clubs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Sports Systems)
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