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Electronic Noses III
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Electronic Noses III

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 5392

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jose V. Ros-Lis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
REDOLí Research Group, Inorganic Chemistry Department, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
Interests: nanomaterial; microwaves; sensors; enzyme inhibition; mesoporous
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of electronic tongues and, recently, noses has been a popular trend in recent decades, with several groups worldwide preparing novel sensing systems. In comparison with the traditional analytical instrumental methods of analysis using expensive and complex equipment, electronic noses are relatively cheap and easy to handle. Electronic noses usually integrate an array of non-specific sensors, together with statistical tools for the analysis of data. Ideally, each sensor differs in their response to the volatile compounds generated by the sample, creating a characteristic fingerprint. This kind of system can be applied even to complex samples such as food or biological samples for quantification, classification, sensorial analysis, and quality evaluation purposes.

This Special Issue is intended to be a timely and comprehensive Issue on recent and emerging concepts and technologies in the area of electronic noses including metal-oxide semiconductors and polymers. Topics include but are not limited to systems based on metal-oxide sensors, polymers, color changes, other variations in optical properties, quartz crystal microbalance, and surface acoustic wave sensors. Furthermore, other areas such as data analysis and pattern recognition methodologies can be discussed. Research papers, short communications, and reviews are all welcome. If the author is interested in submitting a review, it would be helpful to discuss this with the Guest Editor before submission.

Dr. Jose V. Ros-Lis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • e-nose
  • electronic nose
  • pattern recognition
  • optoelectronic nose
  • array analysis

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

24 pages, 3198 KiB  
Article
Performance of a Novel Electronic Nose for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds Relating to Starvation or Human Decomposition Post-Mass Disaster
by Emily J. Sunnucks, Bridget Thurn, Amber O. Brown, Wentian Zhang, Taoping Liu, Shari L. Forbes, Steven Su and Maiken Ueland
Sensors 2024, 24(18), 5918; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185918 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 408
Abstract
There has been a recent increase in the frequency of mass disaster events. Following these events, the rapid location of victims is paramount. Currently, the most reliable search method is scent detection dogs, which use their sense of smell to locate victims accurately [...] Read more.
There has been a recent increase in the frequency of mass disaster events. Following these events, the rapid location of victims is paramount. Currently, the most reliable search method is scent detection dogs, which use their sense of smell to locate victims accurately and efficiently. Despite their efficacy, they have limited working times, can give false positive responses, and involve high costs. Therefore, alternative methods for detecting volatile compounds are needed, such as using electronic noses (e-noses). An e-nose named the ‘NOS.E’ was developed and has been used successfully to detect VOCs released from human remains in an open-air environment. However, the system’s full capabilities are currently unknown, and therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the NOS.E to determine the efficacy of detection and expected sensor response. This was achieved using analytical standards representative of known human ante-mortem and decomposition VOCs. Standards were air diluted in Tedlar gas sampling bags and sampled using the NOS.E. This study concluded that the e-nose could detect and differentiate a range of VOCs prevalent in ante-mortem and decomposition VOC profiles, with an average LOD of 7.9 ppm, across a range of different chemical classes. The NOS.E was then utilized in a simulated mass disaster scenario using donated human cadavers, where the system showed a significant difference between the known human donor and control samples from day 3 post-mortem. Overall, the NOS.E was advantageous: the system had low detection limits while offering portability, shorter sampling times, and lower costs than dogs and benchtop analytical instruments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Noses III)
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21 pages, 3632 KiB  
Article
Possibilities of an Electronic Nose on Piezoelectric Sensors with Polycomposite Coatings to Investigate the Microbiological Indicators of Milk
by Anastasiia Shuba, Ruslan Umarkhanov, Ekaterina Bogdanova, Ekaterina Anokhina and Inna Burakova
Sensors 2024, 24(11), 3634; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24113634 - 4 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 722
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are included in the list of the Food Security Doctrine and are of paramount importance in the diet of the human population. At the same time, the presence of many macro- and microcomponents in milk, as available sources of [...] Read more.
Milk and dairy products are included in the list of the Food Security Doctrine and are of paramount importance in the diet of the human population. At the same time, the presence of many macro- and microcomponents in milk, as available sources of carbon and energy, as well as the high activity of water, cause the rapid development of native and pathogen microorganisms in it. The goal of the work was to assess the possibility of using an array of gas chemical sensors based on piezoquartz microbalances with polycomposite coatings to assess the microbiological indicators of milk quality and to compare the microflora of milk samples. Piezosensors with polycomposite coatings with high sensitivity to volatile compounds were obtained. The gas phase of raw milk was analyzed using the sensors; in parallel, the physicochemical and microbiological parameters were determined for these samples, and species identification of the microorganisms was carried out for the isolated microorganisms in milk. The most informative output data of the sensor array for the assessment of microbiological indicators were established. Regression models were constructed to predict the quantity of microorganisms in milk samples based on the informative sensors’ data with an error of no more than 17%. The limit of determination of QMAFAnM in milk was 243 ± 174 CFU/cm3. Ways to improve the accuracy and specificity of the determination of microorganisms in milk samples were proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Noses III)
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11 pages, 2401 KiB  
Article
Evaluating the Non-Invasive Measurement of Apple Aroma Using Electronic Nose Device through Comparison with Direct Mass Spectrometry, Sugar Content, and Ripeness Measurements
by Kouki Fujioka
Sensors 2024, 24(10), 3114; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103114 - 14 May 2024
Viewed by 876
Abstract
To compare apple aroma intensities, apples were analyzed from the calyx side (on the opposite side of the stem) using an electronic nose (e-nose) sensor device and direct mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the sensor value tended to increase in accordance with [...] Read more.
To compare apple aroma intensities, apples were analyzed from the calyx side (on the opposite side of the stem) using an electronic nose (e-nose) sensor device and direct mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the sensor value tended to increase in accordance with the total intensity of apple aroma components measured by direct mass spectrometry. In addition, the e-nose sensor values for apple aroma did not correlate with the sugar content and ripeness measurements using optical sensors. Moreover, the relative standard deviations of repeatability and intermediate precision in the measurement of apple flavor (apple lip balm) were within 1.36–9.96%. Similar to the utilization of sugar content and ripeness values, the aroma measured from the calyx side can be potentially used for apple evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Noses III)
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12 pages, 1812 KiB  
Article
Application of MOX Sensors to Determine the Emission of Volatile Compounds in Corn Groats as a Function of Vertical Pressure in the Silo and Moisture Content of the Bed
by Robert Rusinek, Aleksandra Żytek, Mateusz Stasiak, Joanna Wiącek and Marek Gancarz
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072187 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 757
Abstract
This study was focused on the analysis of the emission of volatile compounds as an indicator of changes in the quality degradation of corn groats with 14% and 17% moisture content (wet basis) using an electronic nose (Agrinose) at changing vertical pressure values. [...] Read more.
This study was focused on the analysis of the emission of volatile compounds as an indicator of changes in the quality degradation of corn groats with 14% and 17% moisture content (wet basis) using an electronic nose (Agrinose) at changing vertical pressure values. The corn groats were used in this study in an unconsolidated state of 0 kPa (the upper free layer of bulk material in the silo) and under a consolidation pressure of 40 kPa (approximately 3 m from the upper layer towards the bottom of the silo) and 80 kPa (approximately 6 m from the upper layer towards the bottom of the silo). The consolidation pressures corresponded to the vertical pressures acting on the layers of the bulk material bed in medium-slender and low silos. Chromatographic determinations of volatile organic compounds were performed as reference tests. The investigations confirmed the correlation of the electronic nose response with the quality degradation of the groats as a function of storage time. An important conclusion supported by the research results is that, based on the determined levels of intensity of volatile compound emission, the electronic nose is able to distinguish the individual layers of the bulk material bed undergoing different degrees of quality degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Noses III)
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14 pages, 1651 KiB  
Article
Electronic Nose Drift Suppression Based on Smooth Conditional Domain Adversarial Networks
by Huichao Zhu, Yu Wu, Ge Yang, Ruijie Song, Jun Yu and Jianwei Zhang
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041319 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 963
Abstract
Anti-drift is a new and serious challenge in the field related to gas sensors. Gas sensor drift causes the probability distribution of the measured data to be inconsistent with the probability distribution of the calibrated data, which leads to the failure of the [...] Read more.
Anti-drift is a new and serious challenge in the field related to gas sensors. Gas sensor drift causes the probability distribution of the measured data to be inconsistent with the probability distribution of the calibrated data, which leads to the failure of the original classification algorithm. In order to make the probability distributions of the drifted data and the regular data consistent, we introduce the Conditional Adversarial Domain Adaptation Network (CDAN)+ Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) optimizer—a state-of-the-art deep transfer learning method.The core approach involves the construction of feature extractors and domain discriminators designed to extract shared features from both drift and clean data. These extracted features are subsequently input into a classifier, thereby amplifying the overall model’s generalization capabilities. The method boasts three key advantages: (1) Implementation of semi-supervised learning, thereby negating the necessity for labels on drift data. (2) Unlike conventional deep transfer learning methods such as the Domain-adversarial Neural Network (DANN) and Wasserstein Domain-adversarial Neural Network (WDANN), it accommodates inter-class correlations. (3) It exhibits enhanced ease of training and convergence compared to traditional deep transfer learning networks. Through rigorous experimentation on two publicly available datasets, we substantiate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed anti-drift methodology when juxtaposed with state-of-the-art techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Noses III)
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20 pages, 1197 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Response Signals of an Electronic Nose Sensor for Differentiation between Fusarium Species
by Piotr Borowik, Valentyna Dyshko, Rafał Tarakowski, Miłosz Tkaczyk, Adam Okorski and Tomasz Oszako
Sensors 2023, 23(18), 7907; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187907 - 15 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1045
Abstract
Fusarium is a genus of fungi found throughout the world. It includes many pathogenic species that produce toxins of agricultural importance. These fungi are also found in buildings and the toxins they spread can be harmful to humans. Distinguishing Fusarium species can be [...] Read more.
Fusarium is a genus of fungi found throughout the world. It includes many pathogenic species that produce toxins of agricultural importance. These fungi are also found in buildings and the toxins they spread can be harmful to humans. Distinguishing Fusarium species can be important for selecting effective preventive measures against their spread. A low-cost electronic nose applying six commercially available TGS-series gas sensors from Figaro Inc. was used in our research. Different modes of operation of the electronic nose were applied and compared, namely, gas adsorption and desorption, as well as modulation of the sensor’s heating voltage. Classification models using the random forest technique were applied to differentiate between measured sample categories of four species: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. greaminarum, and F. oxysporum. In our research, it was found that the mode of operation with modulation of the heating voltage had the advantage of collecting data from which features can be extracted, leading to the training of machine learning classification models with better performance compared to cases where the sensor’s response to the change in composition of the measured gas was exploited. The optimization of the data collection time was investigated and led to the conclusion that the response of the sensor at the beginning of the heating voltage modulation provides the most useful information. For sensor operation in the mode of gas desorption/absorption (i.e., modulation of the gas composition), the optimal time of data collection was found to be longer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Noses III)
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