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Processes
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Pyrolytic Process for Recycling
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Pyrolytic Process for Recycling

A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2025) | Viewed by 6311

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Aneta Magdziarz

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Guest Editor
Department of Heat Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: thermochemical conversion (pyrolysis and gasification) of biomass and municipal solid waste in accordance with the circular economy concept (e.g., modification and application of biochar); kinetics and thermodynamic calulations; problems related to the transformation of the mineral phase of fuels and waste (high-temperature corrosion, agglomeration, slagging, and ash depostion)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Monika Zajemska

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19 Av., 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: simulations of thermal conversion processes (torrefaction, pyrolysis, gasification) with chemical kinetic models; fuel, biofuels and waste combustion and co-combustion; reduction of pollutants emission; circular economy, sustainable development and production
Dr. Mariusz Wadrzyk

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: development of methods using waste materials from the food industry that use chemical and thermochemical (e.g., pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction) processes in a sustainable way to produce full-value bio-products; analytical product evaluation (FTIR, GPC, GCMS, GC, and EA)
Dr. Gabriela Ionescu

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Guest Editor
Departement of Energy Production and Use, Faculty of Power Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenţei 313, Bucharest, Romania
Interests: integrated waste management; circular economy; waste to energy; renewable energy; energy and environmental sustainability; intermediate bioenergy carriers; environmental impact assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Pyrolytic Process for Recycling Section of Processes is the ideal forum for the publication of research in the area of the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis process is a thermochemical method of the conversion of various types of feedstocks, including biomass (agricultural residues, wood, and organic materials), plastics, and other waste, into valuable products such as biochar, bio-oil, and gas. In particular, the use of biochar as a pyrolytic product in environmental applications (anaerobic digestion, wastewater cleaning, fertilization, etc.) is a newly emerging area.

Research papers submitted to the Pyrolytic Process for Recycling Section of Processes are expected to demonstrate novel fundamental concepts of pyrolysis (thermal decomposition reactions and mechanisms), experimental and calculational (numerical) results of the impacts of process parameters on the yields of processes and the physical as well as chemical properties of products, catalytic pyrolysis, integration with other processes for more sustainable recycling solutions and with circular economy principles for sustainable waste management, economic and environmental aspects (environmental impact assessment and life cycle analysis), applications of pyrolytic recycling in different industries, challenges, limitations, and future perspectives of pyrolytic recycling.

Prof. Dr. Aneta Magdziarz
Prof. Dr. Monika Zajemska
Dr. Mariusz Wadrzyk
Dr. Gabriela Ionescu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pyrolysis
  • waste
  • biochar
  • bio-oil
  • gas
  • catalytic pyrolysis
  • numerical modeling
  • sustainable recycling circular economy
  • life cycle analysis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 5280 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Chemical Composition of Gas Combustion Products from Thermal Waste Conversion
by Magdalena Skrzyniarz, Sławomir Morel and Jakub Rzącki
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2728; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122728 - 2 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1062
Abstract
The current global energy crisis is driving the need to search for alternative raw materials and fuels that will be able to ensure the continuity of strategic industries, such as the steel industry. A chance to reduce the consumption of traditional fuels (e.g., [...] Read more.
The current global energy crisis is driving the need to search for alternative raw materials and fuels that will be able to ensure the continuity of strategic industries, such as the steel industry. A chance to reduce the consumption of traditional fuels (e.g., natural gas) is to utilise the potential of gases from the thermal conversion of waste, and, in particular, pyrolysis gas. Unfortunately, despite its high calorific value, this gas is not always suitable for direct, energy-related use. The limitation is the type of waste subjected to pyrolysis, particularly plastics, rubber and textiles. Due to the above, this article proposes the co-combustion of pyrolysis gas in a ratio of 1:10 with natural gas in a pusher reheating furnace employed to heat the charge before forming. The chemical composition of flue gases generated during the combustion of natural gas alone and co-combustion with pyrolysis gas from various wastes was modelled, namely, two types of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) waste, a mixture of pine chips with polypropylene and a mixture of alder chips with polypropylene. The calculations were performed using Ansys Chemkin-Pro software (ver. 2021 R1). The performed computer simulations showed that the addition of pyrolysis gas for most of the analysed variants did not significantly affect the chemical composition of the flue gases. For the gases from the pyrolysis of biomass waste with the addition of polypropylene (PP), higher concentrations of CO and H2 and unburned hydrocarbons were observed than for the other mixtures. The reason for the observed differences was explained by conducting a formation path analysis and a sensitivity analysis for the selected combustion products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pyrolytic Process for Recycling)
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12 pages, 2366 KiB  
Article
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass into 2nd Generation Biofuel
by Tomáš Giertl, Ivan Vitázek, Ján Gaduš, Rastislav Kollárik and Grzegorz Przydatek
Processes 2024, 12(12), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122658 - 25 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1443
Abstract
Bioenergy is considered the largest contributor to the renewable and sustainable energy sector worldwide, playing a significant role in various energy sectors such as heating, electricity supply, and even in replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector. As part of renewable, low-carbon energy [...] Read more.
Bioenergy is considered the largest contributor to the renewable and sustainable energy sector worldwide, playing a significant role in various energy sectors such as heating, electricity supply, and even in replacing fossil fuels in the transportation sector. As part of renewable, low-carbon energy systems, bioenergy can also ensure atmospheric carbon sequestration, provide numerous environmental and socio-economic benefits, and thus contribute to achieving global climate change goals, as well as broader environmental, social, economic, and sustainable development objectives. The use of bioenergy can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and thus contribute to improving the environment. While bioenergy conversion of biomass produces some amount of carbon dioxide, similar to traditional fossil fuels, its impact can be minimized by replacing forest biomass with fast-growing trees and energy crops. Therefore, fast-growing trees and energy crops are the primary raw materials for bioenergy. The results of the research in this publication confirm the high efficiency of biomass depolymerization through thermochemical conversion. The principle of continuous biomass conversion was used at a process temperature of 520 °C. The experiments were carried out in the Biomass Gasification Laboratory at the AgroBioTech Research Center of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The biomass used for the experiments was from energy-producing fast-growing willows, specifically the varieties Sven, Inger, and Express. The aim was to determine the amount of biochar produced from each of these tree species and subsequently to investigate its potential use for energy purposes. During the experiments, 0.106 kg of biochar was produced from 1 kg of Inger willow biomass, 0.252 kg from 1 kg of Express willow biomass, and 0.256 kg from 1 kg of Sven willow biomass. A subsequent goal was to determine the production of gas, which can also be used for energy purposes. The biofuel samples obtained were subsequently subjected to thermogravimetric analysis to determine moisture content, volatile matter, and ash content. The ash content in dry matter ranged from 6% to 7.28%, while the volatile matter in dry matter was between 92.72% and 94%. The moisture content in the samples ranged from 1.7% to 2.43%. These results may contribute to innovative insights into biomass depolymerization and help define optimized parameters for thermochemical conversion, as well as the required biomass composition, with the goal of generating second-generation biofuels in the most cost-effective way. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pyrolytic Process for Recycling)
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31 pages, 4913 KiB  
Article
Energy Evaluation and Mathematical Modeling of Pellet Production from Metal-Bearing Waste with a Focus on Alternative Applications of Reducing Agents
by Augustin Varga, Jan Kizek, Miroslav Rimar, Marcel Fedak, Gustáv Jablonský, Peter Oravec and Wojciech Bialik
Processes 2024, 12(9), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091938 - 9 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1766
Abstract
The authors of this study focused on the energy and material assessment of processes for processing pellets from metal-bearing waste, specifically Fe concentrate. A mathematical model was created for process evaluation, with which thermotechnical calculations of parameters in the processing of metallized pellets [...] Read more.
The authors of this study focused on the energy and material assessment of processes for processing pellets from metal-bearing waste, specifically Fe concentrate. A mathematical model was created for process evaluation, with which thermotechnical calculations of parameters in the processing of metallized pellets were carried out. Thermodynamic calculations were performed to determine the enthalpy of the charge in individual devices (drying chamber, rotary kiln, cooler). For the reduction of Fe oxides, carbon from coke (with Fe oxide reductions of 50%, 61%, and 92%) and lignite (with Fe oxide reductions of 69% and 92%) were considered as part of the pellets. The degree of reduction of iron oxides was a determining parameter, and the consumption of the reducing agent corresponded to the direct reduction of Fe oxides by carbon with a coefficient of 1.5. Another determining parameter was the input and output temperature in individual devices. For a more precise description of the processes in individual devices, calculations were carried out zonally. The results of the calculations are analyses and recommendations for feasible alternatives for the reducing agent and associated processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pyrolytic Process for Recycling)
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Review

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35 pages, 1528 KiB  
Review
Pathways to Carbon Neutrality: A Review of Life Cycle Assessment-Based Waste Tire Recycling Technologies and Future Trends
by Qingzi Zhao, Yezi Wu, Junqing Xu, Junshi Xu, Haochen Zhu, Wenzhi He and Guangming Li
Processes 2025, 13(3), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030741 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1001
Abstract
Waste tires (WTs) pose significant environmental challenges due to their massive volume, with millions of tons generated globally each year. Improper disposal methods, such as illegal burning, further aggravate these issues by releasing substantial quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and toxic pollutants into [...] Read more.
Waste tires (WTs) pose significant environmental challenges due to their massive volume, with millions of tons generated globally each year. Improper disposal methods, such as illegal burning, further aggravate these issues by releasing substantial quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. To mitigate these impacts, the adoption of environmentally friendly resource recovery technologies and a thorough evaluation of their environmental benefits are crucial. Against this backdrop, this research reviews life cycle assessment (LCA)-based analyses of WT recycling technologies, focusing on their environmental performance and contributions to GHG emission reduction. Key recycling pathways, including pyrolysis, rubber reclaiming, and energy recovery, are evaluated in terms of their carbon emissions, alongside an in-depth analysis of carbon reduction opportunities across various stages of the recycling process. Based on these findings, this paper proposes feasible recommendations and identifies future trends for advancing WT resource recovery. The objectives are to (1) systematically review the existing LCA research findings and technological pathways for WT resource recovery; (2) evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of current technologies from the perspective of carbon emission reduction; and (3) explore future trends, proposing optimization pathways and recommendations for technological development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pyrolytic Process for Recycling)
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