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Advances in Rubber Elastomer
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Advances in Rubber Elastomer

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 35422

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Elnaz Esmizadeh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran
Interests: rubber blends; thermoplastic elastomers; hyperelastic modeling; rubber recycling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ali Vahidifar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Airboss Rubber Compounding Co., Airboss of America, Newmarket, ON Canada
Interests: Rubber foams; rubber nanocomposites; superelastic behavior; resilience

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Elastomers, rubber-like solids with elastic recovery after deformation, are a group of polymers that are highly versatile in properties and applications, which include the automotive industry, wheels and tires, electrical and electronic, marine, construction, biomedical applications, and other specialty applications. This Special Issue, Advances in Rubber Elastomers, seeks high-quality works on ongoing scientific and industrial research on all aspects of rubber, including recent technological breakthroughs in the field of advances in chemistry, processing, characterization, properties, and applications of rubber elastomers. The audience of this Special Issue are primarily rubber scientists in academic and industrial sections focusing on modern rubber processing, compounding and engineering based on the manipulation of structure at the molecular scale, establishing robust processing routes, optimization of formulation design, and process control systems to achieve desired properties with reliable fitness for the final product.

In addition to original research reports, review articles are also welcome.

Dr. Elnaz Esmizadeh
Dr. Ali Vahidifar
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Thermoplastic elastomers
  • dynamic vulcanization
  • rubber foams
  • rubber nanocomposite
  • hyperelastic behavior
  • conductive rubber
  • rubber recycling
  • rubber blends
  • rubber toughening
  • biodegradable elastomers
  • liquid crystal elastomers
  • dielectric elastomers
  • self-healing elastomers
  • biomedical elastomers

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 3829 KiB  
Article
Filler Influence on H2 Permeation Properties in Sulfur-CrossLinked Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Polymers Blended with Different Concentrations of Carbon Black and Silica Fillers
by Jae Kap Jung, Chang Hoon Lee, Un Bong Baek, Myung Chan Choi and Jong Woo Bae
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030592 - 1 Feb 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2855
Abstract
Filler effects on H2 permeation properties in sulfur-crosslinked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymers blended with two kinds of carbon black (CB) and silica fillers at different contents of 20 phr–60 phr are investigated by employing volumetric analysis in the pressure exposure [...] Read more.
Filler effects on H2 permeation properties in sulfur-crosslinked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymers blended with two kinds of carbon black (CB) and silica fillers at different contents of 20 phr–60 phr are investigated by employing volumetric analysis in the pressure exposure range of 1.2 MPa~9.0 MPa. A linear relationship is observed between the sorbed amount and pressure for H2 gas, which is indicative of Henry’s law behavior. The hydrogen solubility of EPDM composites increases linearly with increasing filler content. The magnitude of hydrogen solubility for the filled EPDM composites is dependent on the filler type. The hydrogen solubility is divided into two contributions: hydrogen absorption in the EPDM polymer and hydrogen adsorption at the filler surface. Neat EPDM reveals pressure-dependent bulk diffusion behavior. However, with increasing filler content, the diffusivity for the filled EPDM composites is found to be independent of pressure. The magnitude of filler effects on the hydrogen permeation parameter is measured in the order of high abrasion furnace CB~semireinforcing furnace CB ˃ silica, whose effect is related to the specific surface area of CB particles and interfacial structure. The correlation between the permeation parameters and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rubber Elastomer)
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19 pages, 3151 KiB  
Article
Setting Relationships between Structure and Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber and Their Effect on Self-Healing Elastomers
by Luis E. Alonso Pastor, Karina C. Núñez Carrero, Javier Araujo-Morera, Marianella Hernández Santana and José María Pastor
Polymers 2022, 14(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14010011 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4880
Abstract
The use of devulcanized tire powder as an effective reinforcement in self-healing styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds has been investigated for the first time in this work. For this purpose, the evolution of the microstructure of the rubber from end-of-life tires (ELTs) was studied [...] Read more.
The use of devulcanized tire powder as an effective reinforcement in self-healing styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds has been investigated for the first time in this work. For this purpose, the evolution of the microstructure of the rubber from end-of-life tires (ELTs) was studied during granulation, grinding and devulcanization through an exhaustive characterization work in order to relate the final microstructure with the mechanical response of the repaired systems. Different morphologies (particle size distribution and specific surface area) obtained by cryogenic and water jet grinding processes, as well as different devulcanization techniques (thermo-mechanical, microwave, and thermo-chemical), were analyzed. The results demonstrated the key influence of the morphology of the ground tire rubber (GTR) on the obtained devulcanized products (dGTR). The predictions of the Horikx curves regarding the selectivity of the applied devulcanization processes were validated, thereby; a model of the microstructure of these materials was defined. This model made it possible to relate the morphology of GTR and dGTR with their activity as reinforcement in self-healing formulations. In this sense, higher specific surface area and percentage of free surface polymeric chains resulted in better mechanical performance and more effective healing. Such a strategy enabled an overall healing efficiency of more than 80% in terms of a real mechanical recovery (tensile strength and elongation at break), when adding 30 phr of dGTR. These results open a great opportunity to find the desired balance between the mechanical properties before and after self-repair, thus providing a high technological valorization to waste tires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rubber Elastomer)
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16 pages, 4714 KiB  
Article
Physical Hybrid of Nanographene/Carbon Nanotubes as Reinforcing Agents of NR-Based Rubber Foam
by Sahar Shojaie, Ali Vahidifar, Ghasem Naderi, Elham Shokri, Tizazu H. Mekonnen and Elnaz Esmizadeh
Polymers 2021, 13(14), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13142346 - 17 Jul 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3003
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) foams reinforced by a physical hybrid of nanographene/carbon nanotubes were fabricated using a two-roll mill and compression molding process. The effects of nanographene (GNS) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were investigated on the curing behavior, foam morphology, and mechanical and thermal [...] Read more.
Natural rubber (NR) foams reinforced by a physical hybrid of nanographene/carbon nanotubes were fabricated using a two-roll mill and compression molding process. The effects of nanographene (GNS) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were investigated on the curing behavior, foam morphology, and mechanical and thermal properties of the NR nanocomposite foams. Microscope investigations showed that the GNS/CNT hybrid fillers acted as nucleation agents and increased the cell density and decreased the cell size and wall thickness. Simultaneously, the cell size distribution became narrower, containing more uniform multiple closed-cell pores. The rheometric results showed that the GNS/CNT hybrids accelerated the curing process and decreased the scorch time from 6.81 to 5.08 min and the curing time from 14.3 to 11.12 min. Other results showed that the GNS/CNT hybrid improved the foam’s curing behavior. The degradation temperature of the nanocomposites at 5 wt.% and 50 wt.% weight loss increased from 407 °C to 414 °C and from 339 °C to 346 °C, respectively, and the residual ash increased from 5.7 wt.% to 12.23 wt.% with increasing hybrid nanofiller content. As the amount of the GNS/CNT hybrids increased in the rubber matrix, the modulus also increased, and the Tg increased slightly from −45.77 °C to −38.69 °C. The mechanical properties of the NR nanocomposite foams, including the hardness, resilience, and compression, were also improved by incorporating GNS/CNT hybrid fillers. Overall, the incorporation of the nano hybrid fillers elevated the desirable properties of the rubber foam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rubber Elastomer)
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15 pages, 6489 KiB  
Article
Asphalt Incorporation with Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Copolymer and Natural Rubber (NR) Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs): Effects of TPV Gel Content on Physical and Rheological Properties
by Nappaphan Kunanusont, Boonchai Sangpetngam and Anongnat Somwangthanaroj
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1397; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091397 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3841
Abstract
Plastic waste has been incorporated with asphalt to improve the physical properties of asphalt and alleviate the increasing trend of plastic waste being introduced into the environment. However, plastic waste comes in different types such as thermoplastic or thermoset, which results in varied [...] Read more.
Plastic waste has been incorporated with asphalt to improve the physical properties of asphalt and alleviate the increasing trend of plastic waste being introduced into the environment. However, plastic waste comes in different types such as thermoplastic or thermoset, which results in varied properties of polymer modified asphalt (PMA). In this work, four thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) were prepared using different peroxide concentrations to produce four formulations of gel content (with varying extent of crosslinked part) in order to imitate the variation of plastic waste. All four TPVs were then mixed with asphalt at 5 wt% thus producing four formulations of PMA, which went through physical, rheological, and storage stability assessments. PMA with higher gel content possessed lower penetration and higher softening temperature, indicating physically harder appearance of PMA. Superpave parameters remained unchanged among different gel content PMA at temperatures of 64, 70, and 76 °C. PMA with any level of gel content had lower Brookfield viscosity than PMA without gel content at a temperature of 135 °C. Higher gel content resulted in shorter storage stability measured with greater different softening temperatures between top and bottom layers of PMA after 5 days of 163 °C storage. This study shows that asphalt with thermoset plastic waste is harder and easier to pave, thus making the non-recycling thermoset plastic waste more useful and friendly to the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rubber Elastomer)
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Review

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53 pages, 13787 KiB  
Review
Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams
by Ehsan Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil, Ali Vahidifar, Elnaz Esmizadeh and Denis Rodrigue
Polymers 2021, 13(10), 1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13101565 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 18689
Abstract
With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to [...] Read more.
With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rubber Elastomer)
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