Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress—3rd Edition

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 663

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plants in their development are exposed to various abiotic stress factors that have negative effects on plant growth and crop productivity. Stress-induced damage in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids leads to an increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage. One process in plants that is strongly affected under stress is photosynthesis. The impact of stress factors on plants depends on their intensity, frequency, and duration, as well as the plant species. Plants evolve different adaptation mechanisms to survive the harmful effects of the environment. Studies in past years have revealed that plants have different sensitivities to stress factors. Despite many studies working to elucidate the mechanisms of plant tolerance to abiotic stress factors, the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, the study of the influence of abiotic stress factors on the growth, physiology, biochemistry, and photosynthesis of different plant species is of great importance in order to clarify the mechanisms of tolerance in plants.

This Special Issue aims to show the molecular mechanisms associated with plant tolerance upon various abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, temperature, ultraviolet radiation, and heavy metals.

Scientists from all over the world are invited to submit original research and review articles on topics related to plant defense mechanisms.

Prof. Dr. Emilia Apostolova
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • abiotic stress
  • antioxidant activity
  • chlorophyll fluorescence
  • environmental pollution
  • photosynthesis
  • photosynthetic machinery
  • plant responses to abiotic stress
  • plant tolerance
  • reactive oxygen species
  • thylakoid membranes
  • photosynthetic machinery
  • signal molecules

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 2263 KB  
Article
Humic Acid Modulates Photosynthetic Responses to PEG-Induced Drought in Ocimum basilicum L.
by Martin A. Stefanov, Georgi D. Rashkov, Preslava B. Borisova, Anelia G. Dobrikova and Emilia L. Apostolova
Plants 2026, 15(10), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15101491 - 13 May 2026
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental constraint that disrupts photosynthetic processes. This study investigated the effects of foliar-applied commercial humic acid (HA) at different concentrations (1, 3 and 5 mg/mL) on the photosynthetic apparatus of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Italiano classico) under [...] Read more.
Drought is a major environmental constraint that disrupts photosynthetic processes. This study investigated the effects of foliar-applied commercial humic acid (HA) at different concentrations (1, 3 and 5 mg/mL) on the photosynthetic apparatus of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. Italiano classico) under PEG-induced stress. The responses of the photosynthetic machinery were evaluated using chlorophyll a fluorescence analyses (JIP-test and PAM), leaf pigment composition, and assessments of membrane integrity. Drought stress caused pronounced alterations on both the donor and acceptor sides of photosystem II (PSII), including impaired QA reoxidation, reduced open PSII reaction centers (qP), diminished electron transport (ETo/RC, REo/RC), and substantial declines in performance indices (PIABS, PItotal). Energy dissipation increased (DI0/RC), with regulated energy losses (FNPQ) rising more strongly than non-regulated losses (FNO). Drought also elevated oxidative stress markers (MDA and H2O2), leading to enhanced membrane injury. Among the tested concentrations, 5 mg/mL HA provided the most effective protection against drought stress. This treatment mitigated PEG-induced damage on both PSII donor and acceptor sides and increased the proportion of open reaction centers (qP). Improved PSII photochemistry corresponded with more efficient QA reoxidation, facilitated its interaction with plastoquinone, and caused the overall stabilization of photosynthetic functions under drought. The protective effects of HA were also evident for both PSI subpopulations. The enhanced tolerance was associated with the activation of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, APX) and the increased levels of anthocyanins and total phenolic content (TPC). In contrast, lower HA concentrations (1 and 3 mg/mL) provided insufficient protection. This study clearly demonstrates that HA enhances drought tolerance in basil in a concentration-dependent manner by protecting the structural and functional integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus, supporting its potential use as a foliar treatment to improve crop resilience under water-limited conditions. Full article
16 pages, 1586 KB  
Article
Mechanisms of Isoprene Decoupling in Poplar: Precursor Dynamics and VOC Fluxes Under Acute Thermal Exposure and Elevated CO2
by Miguel Portillo-Estrada
Plants 2026, 15(8), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15081196 - 14 Apr 2026
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Abstract
Rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 exert complex, interacting effects on plant carbon metabolism and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying acute thermal tolerance in Populus nigra by integrating leaf gas exchange with high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass [...] Read more.
Rising temperatures and atmospheric CO2 exert complex, interacting effects on plant carbon metabolism and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the physiological mechanisms underlying acute thermal tolerance in Populus nigra by integrating leaf gas exchange with high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS). We employed a factorial design (25–40 °C; 400 and 800 ppm CO2) to examine how metabolic regulation and pulse-induced signalling interact across thermal gradients. Our results identify a critical metabolic tipping point around 40 °C, representing a transition toward a survival-orientated state. Isoprene emission decoupled from net photosynthesis at this threshold; while carbon assimilation collapsed, isoprene was maintained at near-maximal rates to prioritize thylakoid thermal protection. Under moderate temperatures (25–35 °C), emission capacity scaled linearly with the chloroplastic DMADP pool, but this relationship broke down at 40 °C. Notably, elevated CO2 sustained the magnitude of stress-related “bursts” at the thermal limit, suggesting that increased carbon availability provides the metabolic stamina required to fuel emergency defence and fermentative pathways. These findings demonstrate that acute thermal exposure triggers a metabolic reconfiguration, shifting resources from growth-oriented processes toward survival-based stabilization mechanisms. Full article
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