Somatic Embryogenesis and Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis in Flowering Plants

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Development and Morphogenesis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2025) | Viewed by 3589

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: in vitro development; transgenic plants; secondary metabolites; plant hormones; seed germination

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: salt tolerance in cauliflower; plant physiology; somatic embryogenesis in spinach; Brassica oleracea
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Somatic embryogenesis is the most important method for plant propagation in vitro, especially for rare and endangered plant species. Additionally, before any genetic transformation, it is necessary to have a reliable and effective protocol for regeneration. Somatic embryogenesis is certainly the most desirable and superior type of regeneration.That process can be induced from different plant tissues and organs and can be controlled by the in vitro conditions (plant growth hormones, light/night periods). When new (secondary) somatic embryos are developed using primary somatic embryos as explants, we are speaking about secondary somatic embrygenesis. Benefits of secondary somatic embriogenesis are numerous. It has a potential to enhance and prolong embryogenic competence of certain plant lines, multiply the number of embryos that can be obtained (compared to primary somatic embryogenesis), and recycle somatic embryos of abnormal morphology that otherwise cannot regenerate into normal plants. Secondary somatic embryogenesis is characterized by high multiplication index, repeatability, independence from explants source effects, and high level of uniformity. Considering these advantages, secondary somatic embryogenesis provides a way to restore the embryogenic potential of important productive lines and is routinely used with broadleaved tree species as a method of long-term management.

This Special Issue is open to all types of research in the field of secondary somatic embriogensis including new initiation protocols, anatomy and histology of secondary embryos, genes that control these developmental processes, germination of secondary embryos and their development into mature plants, as well as the application of secondary embryogenesis in plant genetic transformation

Dr. Slađana I. Todorović
Dr. Jelena Milojević
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Plants is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biotechnology
  • germplasm conservation
  • secondary embryogenesis
  • somatic embryogenesis
  • genetic transformation
  • gene expression
  • epigenetic
  • genetic stability
  • chimerism
  • clonal propagation
  • large-scale propagation
  • regeneration
  • germination
  • histology

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • Reprint: MDPI Books provides the opportunity to republish successful Special Issues in book format, both online and in print.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Review

28 pages, 2840 KB  
Review
Somatic Embryogenesis of Selected Pinus Species: Developmental Stages of Pinus peuce and Pinus heldreichii
by Dragana Stojičić, Vlado Čokeša, Marija Marković, Olga Radulović and Branka Uzelac
Plants 2026, 15(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15030411 - 29 Jan 2026
Viewed by 764
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) represents the most efficient and scalable technology for the mass clonal propagation and genetic improvement of superior conifer genotypes, which is crucial for meeting global wood demand and supporting forest adaptation to climate change. Despite its immense potential, SE in [...] Read more.
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) represents the most efficient and scalable technology for the mass clonal propagation and genetic improvement of superior conifer genotypes, which is crucial for meeting global wood demand and supporting forest adaptation to climate change. Despite its immense potential, SE in the genus Pinus still faces major limitations, including low initiation frequencies, restricted explant availability, and pronounced genotype dependence. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the factors influencing SE in Pinus species, with a specific focus on two ecologically vital Tertiary relicts endemic to the Balkan Peninsula: Pinus peuce (Macedonian pine) and Pinus heldreichii (Bosnian pine). For these species, traditional vegetative propagation methods are difficult or ineffective, making SE the priority approach for clonal propagation. Detailed studies on these species revealed that SE induction is highly dependent on the explant type and developmental stage. Successful embryogenic tissue formation was achieved only from whole megagametophytes containing immature zygotic embryos, within a narrow developmental window spanning 4–10 weeks post-fertilization. Furthermore, medium composition, particularly reduced ammonium concentration, proved critical for P. heldreichii success. These findings underscore the need for continued, species-specific optimization to overcome current bottlenecks and realize the full potential of SE for the conservation and sustainable clonal forestry of these high-value pines. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 718 KB  
Review
Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis in Plants: From Cellular Mechanisms to Biotechnological Potential
by Milica D. Bogdanović and Katarina B. Ćuković
Plants 2025, 14(22), 3413; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14223413 - 7 Nov 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2222
Abstract
Secondary somatic embryogenesis (SSE) is a powerful tool in plant biotechnology, enabling the continuous production of embryos from primary somatic embryos (PSEs) and offering broad applications across agriculture, forestry, horticulture, and pharmaceutical industries. Depending on culture conditions, SSE may proceed directly from the [...] Read more.
Secondary somatic embryogenesis (SSE) is a powerful tool in plant biotechnology, enabling the continuous production of embryos from primary somatic embryos (PSEs) and offering broad applications across agriculture, forestry, horticulture, and pharmaceutical industries. Depending on culture conditions, SSE may proceed directly from the surface of PSEs or indirectly via callus formation, with the outcome strongly influenced by exogenous plant growth regulators (PGRs). A key advantage of SSE is its cyclic nature, which offers a valuable strategy to maintain embryogenic potential over extended culture periods, generating true-to-type embryos without reliance on the original explant, while significantly increasing the multiplication rate, often making SSE more productive than PSE in many species. This review explores in detail the cellular origin and developmental pathways of secondary embryos, the maintenance of embryogenic competence through cyclic embryogenesis, as well as genetic and epigenetic aspects and the biotechnological applications of this process. Moreover, it addresses challenges regarding strong genotype dependence, variability in embryo quality and morphology, limitations in maturation and conversion potential, and the gradual decline of embryogenic competence with successive cycles, all of which need to be overcome to ensure the stability and reproducibility of SSE and maximize its impact. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

Back to TopTop