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The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies

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A special issue of Physics (ISSN 2624-8174). This special issue belongs to the section "High Energy Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 20525

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Misak Sargsian

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Guest Editor

Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
Interests: high energy nuclear physics; short range correlations in nuclei; cold dense nuclear matter; QCD and nuclei; quark-hadron transition; hadrons in nuclear medium; confinement

Prof. Dr. Dipangkar Dutta

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Guest Editor

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MI 39762, USA
Interests: precision measurements of fundamental properties of nucleons and precision tests of fundamental symmetries and the standard model

Dr. Holly Szumila-Vance

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Guest Editor

Jefferson Lab Communications, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 15, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
Interests: evaluating the dynamics and impact of short-range correlations in nuclei; precision tests of few body nuclear systems; understanding the role of color in nuclei

Prof. Dr. Mark Strikman

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Guest Editor

Department of Physics, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA
Interests: quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in deep inelastic scattering; leading twist perturbative QCD methods; nonperturbative models of strong interactions and high energy particle diffraction

Dr. Dien Nguyen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Jefferson Lab Communications, 12000 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 15, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
Interests: few-body nuclear dynamics; N-N interaction; short-range correlations and their implication; spin and flavor dependence of the EMC effect; polarized and unpolarized partonic structure

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The objectives of the topic of this Special Issue (SI) are to develop theoretical and experimental approaches to successfully describe partonic nature of matter including the apparent reaction dependence of QCD predictions, differences between three-quark and quark-antiquark states in sense of the subsequent nucleon modifications and interactions including short-range correlations (SRC).

This topic may serve a roadmap for the future developments and a guide to areas for possible collaborations.

The SI aims to explore the options for new theoretical and experimental efforts towards studying the partonic origin of nuclear structure, the insights one would gain from nucleon-nucleon short-range correlations and resolving the puzzling lack of color transparency in protons as reported by a new A(e,e’p) experiment at the recently upgraded Jefferson Lab.

New experimental searches including those at future facilities such as the electron-ion collider (EIC) are considered to be discussed.

Related studies on a connection of color transparency/coherence phenomenon with final state interactions in deep inelastic scattering, hadronization in the nuclear medium, heavy-ion collisions, and quantum entanglement are welcome to contribute.

Other ideas expected are: connections to form factors, virtuality dependence of final-state interactions (FSI) and connections to SRC, halographic light-front QCD, connections to quantum entanglement, connections to hadronization. New experimental ideas to be included are: rescattering in D(e,e’p), diffractive break-up of the deuteron, polarized deuteron and 3He reactions, extreme kinematics, use of spectator tagging and new possibilities at JLab, J-PARC, PANDA and the future EIC.

In this Special Issue, we aim to collect contributions from the participants of a series of recent workshops on the topics mentioned above to build up a comprehensive review volume.

Prof. Dr. Misak Sargsian
Prof. Dr. Dipangkar Dutta
Dr. Holly Szumila-Vance
Prof. Dr. Mark Strikman
Dr. Dien Nguyen
Guest Editors

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Keywords

color coherence
color transparency
hadronization
color screening
final state interactions
short-range correlations
EMC effect
electron-ion collider

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Searching for an Enhanced Signal of the Onset of Color Transparency in Baryons with D(e,e′p)n Scattering

by Shujie Li, Carlos Yero, Jennifer Rittenhouse West, Clare Bennett, Wim Cosyn, Douglas Higinbotham, Misak Sargsian and Holly Szumila-Vance

Physics 2022, 4(4), 1426-1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4040092 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Observation of the onset of color transparency in baryons would provide a new means of studying the nuclear strong force and would be the first clear evidence of baryons transforming into a color-neutral point-like size in the nucleus as predicted by quantum chromodynamics. [...] Read more.

(e, e^{'} p)

results from electron-scattering did not observe the onset of color transparency (CT) in protons up to spacelike four-momentum transfers squared,

Q^{2} = 14.2

GeV

^{2}

. The traditional methods of searching for CT in

(e, e^{'} p)

scattering use heavy targets favoring kinematics with already initially reduced final state interactions (FSIs) such that any CT effect that further reduces FSIs will be small. The reasoning behind this choice is the difficulty in accounting for all FSIs. D

(e, e^{'} p) n

, on the other hand, has well-understood FSI contributions from double scattering with a known dependence on the kinematics and can show an increased sensitivity to hadrons in point-like configurations. Double scattering is the square of the re-scattering amplitude in which the knocked-out nucleon interacts with the spectator nucleon, a process that is suppressed in the presence of point-like configurations and is particularly well-studied for the deuteron. This suppression yields a quadratic sensitivity to CT effects and is strongly dependent on the choice of kinematics. Here, we describe a possible Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) electron-scattering experiment that utilizes these kinematics and explores the potential signal for the onset of CT with enhanced sensitivity as compared to recent experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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13 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perturbative QCD Core of Hadrons and Color Transparency Phenomena

by Leonid Frankfurt and Mark Strikman

Physics 2022, 4(3), 774-786; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4030049 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1622

Abstract

In the current paper, we argue that the ground state of a hadron contains a significant perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) core as the result of color gauge invariance and the values of chiral and gluon vacuum condensates. The evaluation within the method of dispersion sum rules (DSR) of the vacuum matrix elements of the correlator of local currents with the proper quantum numbers leads to the value of the radius of the pQCD core of a nucleon of about 0.4–0.5 fm. The selection of the initial and final states allows to select processes in which the pQCD core of the projectile gives the dominant contribution to the process. It is explained that the transparency of nuclear matter for the propagation of a spatially small and color-neutral wave packet of quarks and gluons—a color transparency (CT) phenomenon—for a group of hard processes off nuclear targets can be derived in the form of the QCD factorization theorem accounting for the color screening phenomenon. Based on the success of the method of DSR, we argue that a pQCD core in a hadron wave function is surrounded by the layer consisting of quarks interacting with quark and gluon condensates. As a result, in the quasi-elastic processes

e + A \to e^{'} + N + {(A - 1)}^{*}

, the quasi-Feynman mechanism could be dominating in a wide range of the momentum transfer squared,

Q^{2}

. In this scenario, a virtual photon is absorbed by a single quark, which carries a large fraction of the momentum of the nucleon and dominates in a wide range of

Q^{2}

. CT should reveal itself in these processes at extremely large

Q^{2}

as the consequence of the presence of the Sudakov form factors, which squeeze a nucleon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

14 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Onset of Color Transparency in Holographic Light-Front QCD

by Stanley J. Brodsky and Guy F. de Téramond

Physics 2022, 4(2), 633-646; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020042 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2130

Abstract

The color transparency (CT) of a hadron, propagating with reduced absorption in a nucleus, is a fundamental property of QCD (quantum chromodynamics) reflecting its internal structure and effective size when it is produced at high transverse momentum, Q. CT has been confirmed [...] Read more.

e A \to e^{'} π X

, for mesons produced at

Q^{2} > 3 {GeV}^{2}

. However, a recent JLab (Jefferson Laboratory) measurement for a proton electroproduced in carbon

e C \to e^{'} p X

, where X stands for the inclusive sum of all produced final states, fails to observe CT at

Q^{2}

up to 14.2 GeV

^{2}

. In this paper, the onset of CT is determined by comparing the

Q^{2}

-dependence of the hadronic cross sections for the initial formation of a small color-singlet configuration using the generalized parton distributions from holographic light-front QCD. A critical dependence on the hadron’s twist,

τ

, the number of hadron constituents, is found for the onset of CT, with no significant effects from the nuclear medium. This effect can explain the absence of proton CT in the present kinematic range of the JLab experiment. The proton is predicted to have a “two-stage” color transparency with the onset of CT differing for the spin-conserving (twist-3,

τ = 3

) Dirac form factor with a higher onset in

Q^{2}

for the spin-flip Pauli (twist-4) form factor. In contrast, the neutron is predicted to have a “one-stage” color transparency with the onset at higher

Q^{2}

because of the dominance of its Pauli form factor. The model also predicts a strong dependence at low energies on the flavor of the quark current coupling to the hadron. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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7 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Color Transparency and Light-Front Holographic QCD

by Gerald A. Miller

Physics 2022, 4(2), 590-596; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020039 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

Color transparency, the reduction of initial-state or final-state interactions in coherent nuclear processes, is a natural prediction of QCD (quantum chromodynamics) provided that small-sized or point-like configurations (PLCs) are formed in high-momentum transfer, high-energy, semi-exclusive processes. I use the Frankfurt-Miller-Strikman criteria for the [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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12 pages, 1630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Status and Future of Color Transparency and Nuclear Filtering

by Pankaj Jain, Bernard Pire and John P. Ralston

Physics 2022, 4(2), 578-589; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020038 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1556

Abstract

Fourty years after its introduction, the phenomenon of color transparency remains a domain of controversial interpretations of experimental data. In this review, present evidence for or against color transparency manifestation in various exclusive hard scattering reactions is presented. The nuclear transparency experiments reveal whether short-distance processes dominate a scattering amplitude at some given kinematical point. We plead for a new round of nuclear transparency measurements in a variety of experimental set-ups, including near-forward exclusive reactions related to generalized parton distribution (GPD) physics and near-backward exclusive reactions related to transition distribution amplitudes (TDA) physics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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13 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

J-PARC Hadron Physics and Future Possibilities on Color Transparency

by Shunzo Kumano

Physics 2022, 4(2), 565-577; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020037 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1674

Abstract

The Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) is a hadron-accelerator facility that aims to provide secondary beams of kaons, pions, neutrinos, muons, and others together with the primary proton beam for investigating a wide range of science projects. High-energy hadron physics can be studied by using high-momentum beams of unseparated hadrons, which are essentially pions, and also primary protons. In this report, possible experiments are explained on color transparency and generalized parton distributions (GPDs). These projects are complementary to lepton-scattering experiments at Jefferson Laboratory (JLab), COMPASS/AMBER, and future electron-ion colliders. Thank to hadron-beam energies up to 30 GeV, J-PARC is a unique facility to investigate the transition region from the hadron degrees of freedom to the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. It is suitable for finding mechanisms of the olor transparency. Such color-transparency studies are also valuable for clarifying the factorization of hadron production processes in extracting the GPDs from actual measurements. These studies will lead to the understanding of basic high-energy hadron interactions in nuclear medium and to clarifications on the origins of hadron spins, masses, and internal pressure mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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11 pages, 10813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

u-Channel Color Transparency Observables

by Garth M. Huber, Wenliang B. Li, Wim Cosyn and Bernard Pire

Physics 2022, 4(2), 451-461; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020030 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1586

Abstract

The paper proposes to study the onset of color transparency in hard exclusive reactions in the backward regime. Guided by the encouraging Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) results on backward

π

and

ω

electroproduction data at moderate virtuality

Q^{2}

, which may be interpreted [...] Read more.

The paper proposes to study the onset of color transparency in hard exclusive reactions in the backward regime. Guided by the encouraging Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) results on backward

π

and

ω

electroproduction data at moderate virtuality

Q^{2}

, which may be interpreted as the signal of an early scaling regime, where the scattering amplitude factorizes in a hard coefficient function convoluted with nucleon to meson transition distribution amplitudes, the study shows that investigations of these channels on nuclear targets opens a new opportunity to test the appearance of nuclear color transparency for a fast-moving nucleon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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11 pages, 433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hadronization and Color Transparency

by Kai Gallmeister and Ulrich Mosel

Physics 2022, 4(2), 440-450; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020029 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1848

Abstract

In this paper, the earlier studies by us on the production of hadrons in a nuclear environment are reviewed. A string-breaking model for the initial production of hadrons and a quantum-kinetic Giessen-Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (GiBUU) transport model are used to describe the final state interactions of the newly formed (pre)hadrons. The latter are determined both by the formation times and by the time-development of the hadron–hadron cross section. First, it is shown that only a linear time dependence is able to describe the available hadronizatin data. Then, the results are compared with detailed data from HERMES and Jefferson Laboratory (JLAB) experiments; a rather good agreement is reached for all reactions, studied without any tuning of parameters. Predictions of spectra for pions and kaons for JLAB experiments at 12 GeV are also repeated. Finally, the absence of color transparency (CT) effects in the recent experiment on proton transparencies in quasi-elastic (QE) scattering events on nuclei is discussed. We propose to look instead for CT effects on protons in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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7 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Color Transparency in

\bar{p}

A Reactions

by Alexei B. Larionov

Physics 2022, 4(1), 294-300; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4010020 - 25 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1921

Abstract

Exclusive channels of antiproton annihilation on the bound nucleon are sensitive to mesonic interactions with the target residue. If the hard scale is present, then such interactions should be reduced due to color transparency (CT). In this paper, the [...] Read more.

d (\bar{p}, π^{-} π^{0}) p

reaction is discussed at a large center-of-mass angle. Predictions for the future PANDA (antiProton ANnihilations at DArmstadt) experiment at FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, Darmstadt, Germany) are given for nuclear transparency ratios calculated within the generalized eikonal approximation and the quantum diffusion model of CT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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Review

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11 pages, 900 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chasing QCD Signatures in Nuclei Using Color Coherence Phenomena

by Lamiaa El Fassi

Physics 2022, 4(3), 970-980; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4030064 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1335

Abstract

Over the last few decades, several experiments have used atomic nuclei as unique laboratories to probe the internal structure of the strongly interacting particles, namely hadrons. Indeed, the nucleus could be used as a revealing medium of the time evolution of elementary configurations of the hadron wave function. One of the ordinary approaches used to probe this picture involves searching for the onset of various phenomena which are naturally predicted by Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. One such phenomenon is the color transparency (CT), which refers to the production and propagation of a small size hadron-like configuration that, under specific conditions, stays intact in a transparent nuclear medium. In this paper, I will briefly review the status of the experimental search for CT effects and highlight the upcoming Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) 12 GeV experiment that will study CT at higher momentum transfer using the CLAS12 spectrometer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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Other

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13 pages, 13465 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

What Can We Learn from Entanglement and Quantum Tomography?

by John P. Ralston

Physics 2022, 4(4), 1371-1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4040088 - 12 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1521

Abstract

Entanglement has become a hot topic in nuclear and particle physics, although many physicists are not sure they know what it means. We maintain that an era of understanding and using quantum mechanics on a dramatically new basis has arrived. We review a viewpoint that treats the subject as being primarily descriptive and completely free of the intellectual straitjackets and mysticism argued over long ago. Quantum probability is an extension of classical probability, but with universal uses. Density matrices describe systems where entanglement or its absence is a classification tool. Most of these have been known for decades, but there is a new way of understanding them that is liberated from the narrow outlook of the early days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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5 pages, 356 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Nuclear C(e, e^′p) Transparencies in a Relativistic Glauber Model

by Wim Cosyn and Jan Ryckebusch

Physics 2022, 4(2), 672-676; https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4020045 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1382

Abstract

In light of the recent Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) data for the nuclear

^{12} C (e, e^{'} p)

transparencies, calculations, obtained in a relativistic multiple scattering Glauber approximation, are discussed. The shell-separated

^{12}

C transparencies are shown and it is [...] Read more.

In light of the recent Jefferson Laboratory (JLab) data for the nuclear

^{12} C (e, e^{'} p)

transparencies, calculations, obtained in a relativistic multiple scattering Glauber approximation, are discussed. The shell-separated

^{12}

C transparencies are shown and it is concluded that the p-shell nucleons are 75% more transparent than the s-shell ones. The presented comparisons between the calculations made here and the current

^{12} C (e, e^{'} p)

data show no clear indication for the onset of color transparency when implemented within the color diffusion model with standard parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Color Transparency, Hadronization and Short-Range Nucleon-Nucleon Correlation Studies)

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