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Pharmaceuticals
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Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy
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Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmaceutical Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2024) | Viewed by 4312

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Céline Frochot

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CNRS, LRGP, Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, Université de Lorraine, 54600 Nancy, France
Interests: photodynamic therapy; cancer; photosensitizer; nanoparticles; targeting; fluorescence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based photochemistry process. The illumination of a photoactivatable molecule, also called photosensitizer, with visible or near-infrared light produces reactive oxygen toxic species to destroy tumor cells. This treatment modality leads to highly targeted actions because reactive oxygen species are produced only where light is applied. Light is not harmful, nor is the photoactivable molecule. Only the combination of three elements, namely a photosensitizer, oxygen, and light, is required to induce photo-oxidation reactions. PDT has proven to be a promising modality in many medical applications, including cutaneous conditions, infectious diseases, and various cancers at different stages.

The journal Pharmaceuticals invites both reviews and original articles shedding light on the challenges and opportunities of the development of innovative photosensitizers and/or drug delivery systems for PDT. Topics include selective photoactivatable molecules targeting receptors overexpressed into tumor membranes and/or on neovessels; molecules exhibiting red-shifted absorption for the better penetration of light into tissues; photobactericidal agents; theranostics; and photodiagnosis.

Dr. Céline Frochot
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceuticals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • photodynamic therapy
  • photosensitizers
  • nanoparticles
  • photo diagnosis
  • targeting
  • antimicrobial
  • X-rays excitation
  • two-photon and up-conversion
  • Cherenkov
  • hypoxia

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3170 KiB  
Article
Photodynamic Therapy as a Novel Therapeutic Modality Applying Quinizarin-Loaded Nanocapsules and 3D Bioprinting Skin Permeation for Inflammation Treatment
by Stéphanie R. do Amaral, Camila F. Amantino, Aleksandar Atanasov, Stefanie Oliveira Sousa, Richard Moakes, Sonia Maria Oliani, Liam M. Grover and Fernando L. Primo
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(9), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17091169 - 4 Sep 2024
Viewed by 808
Abstract
Skin inflammation associated with chronic diseases involves a direct role of keratinocytes in its immunopathogenesis, triggering a cascade of immune responses. Despite this, highly targeted treatments remain elusive, highlighting the need for more specific therapeutic strategies. In this study, nanocapsules containing quinizarin (QZ/NC) [...] Read more.
Skin inflammation associated with chronic diseases involves a direct role of keratinocytes in its immunopathogenesis, triggering a cascade of immune responses. Despite this, highly targeted treatments remain elusive, highlighting the need for more specific therapeutic strategies. In this study, nanocapsules containing quinizarin (QZ/NC) were developed and evaluated in an in vitro model of keratinocyte-mediated inflammation, incorporating the action of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and analyzing permeation in a 3D skin model. Comprehensive physicochemical, stability, cytotoxicity, and permeation analyses of the nanomaterials were conducted. The nanocapsules demonstrated desirable physicochemical properties, remained stable throughout the analysis period, and exhibited no spectroscopic alterations. Cytotoxicity tests revealed no toxicity at the lowest concentrations of QZ/NC. Permeation and cellular uptake studies confirmed QZ/NC permeation in 3D skin models, along with intracellular incorporation and internalization of the drug, thereby enhancing its efficacy in drug delivery. The developed model for inducing the inflammatory process in vitro yielded promising results, particularly when the synthesized nanomaterial was combined with PDT, showing a reduction in cytokine levels. These findings suggest a potential new therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory skin diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy)
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13 pages, 3434 KiB  
Article
Energy Transfer between AGuIX Nanoparticles and Photofrin under Light or X-ray Excitation for PDT Applications
by Batoul Dhaini, Philippe Arnoux, Joël Daouk, François Lux, Olivier Tillement, Agnès Hagège, Tayssir Hamieh, Gal Shafirstein and Céline Frochot
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(8), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17081033 - 5 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1343
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an accepted therapy cancer treatment. Its advantages encourage researchers to delve deeper. The use of nanoparticles in PDT has several advantages including the passive targeting of cancer cells. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of AGuIX [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy is an accepted therapy cancer treatment. Its advantages encourage researchers to delve deeper. The use of nanoparticles in PDT has several advantages including the passive targeting of cancer cells. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of AGuIX nanoparticles (activation and guiding of irradiation by X-ray) in the presence or absence of a photosensitizer, Photofrin, under illumination of 630 nm or under X-ray irradiation. The goal is to improve local tumor control by combining PDT with low-dose-X-ray-activated NPs in the treatment of locally advanced metastatic lung cancer. The study of the energy transfer, which occurs after excitation of Gd/Tb chelated in AGuIX in the presence of Photofrin, was carried out. We could observe the formation of singlet oxygen after the light or X-ray excitation of Gd and Tb that was not observed for AGuIX or Photofrin alone, proving that it is possible to realize energy transfer between both compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy)
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Review

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18 pages, 1455 KiB  
Review
Comparison of the Differences between Two-Photon Excitation, Upconversion, and Conventional Photodynamic Therapy on Cancers in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
by Chuanshan Xu, Siu Kan Law and Albert Wing Nang Leung
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060663 - 21 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1484
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment for several diseases. It combines light energy with a photosensitizer (PS) to destroy the targeted cells or tissues. A PS itself is a non-toxic substance, but it becomes toxic to the target cells through the [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment for several diseases. It combines light energy with a photosensitizer (PS) to destroy the targeted cells or tissues. A PS itself is a non-toxic substance, but it becomes toxic to the target cells through the activation of light at a specific wavelength. There are some limitations of PDT, although it has been used in clinical studies for a long time. Two-photon excitation (TPE) and upconversion (UC) for PDT have been recently developed. A TPE nanoparticle-based PS combines the advantages of TPE and nanotechnology that has emerged as an attractive therapeutic agent for near-infrared red (NIR) light-excited PDT, whilst UC is also used for the NIR light-triggered drug release, activation of ‘caged’ imaging, or therapeutic molecules during PDT process for the diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of cancers. Methods: Nine electronic databases were searched, including WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without any language constraints. TPE and UCNP were evaluated to determine if they had different effects from PDT on cancers. All eligible studies were analyzed and summarized in this review. Results: TPE-PDT and UCNP-PDT have a high cell or tissue penetration ability through the excitation of NIR light to activate PS molecules. This is much better than the conventional PDT induced by visible or ultraviolet (UV) light. These studies showed a greater PDT efficacy, which was determined by enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced cell viability, as well as inhibited abnormal cell growth for the treatment of cancers. Conclusions: Conventional PDT involves Type I and Type II reactions for the generation of ROS in the treatment of cancer cells, but there are some limitations. Recently, TPE-PDT and UCNP-PDT have been developed to overcome these problems with the help of nanotechnology in in vitro and in vivo studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photosensitizers and Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy)
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