Metal-Based Nanoparticles’ Biological Activity and Pharmaceutical Applications, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 March 2026 | Viewed by 624

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Guest Editor
Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Optics and Spectroscopy Department, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 5 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: biophysics; physiology; cell biology; disease; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species (ROS); antioxidants; antioxidant enzymes; pharmaceuticals; nanoparticles
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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Colllins, CO 80523, USA
Interests: metals in medicine; vanadium; drugs and biologically active compounds; cancer; diabetes; tuberculosis; pharmaceutically active compounds; transition metals; platinum, ruthenium, copper, rhenium, lipid and lipid model interfaces; hydrophobic compounds; spectroscopy; reverse micelles; chemistry in confined spaces
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanoparticles have been the subject of numerous studies because of their specific physicochemical characteristics, which make them suitable for introduction and application in living systems. The ability of metal nanoparticles to interact with cells, as well as their structures and cellular metabolites, is of particular importance in their applications as drug carriers, and in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. The properties of nanoparticles depend strongly on their shape, size and material. One of the challenges to their practical applications in living organisms is their toxicity.

Usually, two basic approaches are applied to evaluate the harmful effects of nanoparticles prepared from metals and other materials—the measurement of their cytotoxic and/or antibacterial effects.

Compounds with cytotoxic effects often damage the permeability and structure of the cell membrane and/or cell metabolism. Cytotoxicity can be measured using various methods and cell cultures, depending on the focus of the research. One quite informative approach is the registration of the kinetics of the cytotoxic response, instead of the snapshot used in the colorimetric standard endpoint assays. 

The evaluation of antibacterial activity employs traditional microbiological assays to test the safety of metal nanoparticles against some of the most common Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These tests are very suitable for establishing a sensitivity scale, especially when testing newly synthesized nanomaterials.

Another set of very informative reactions describing the safety of metal nanomaterials is their redox activity, and especially metrics on oxidative stress. Free radical reactions and ROS generation are vital metabolic responses that ensure the body’s homeostasis, functional activity and adaptation. The speed of these reactions is maintained by a complex system of regulation, and their imbalance is a universal mechanism and cause of the development of acute and chronic diseases.

Let us dive into the metal nanoworld! I look forward to your valuable contributions to the biological activities and applications of metal nanoparticles, their combinations with natural or synthetic substances or their applications as drugs and diagnostic tools.

Dr. Elitsa L. Pavlova
Prof. Dr. Debbie C. Crans
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • metal nanoparticles
  • redox reactions
  • biological activity
  • pharmaceuticals
  • cytotoxicity
  • antibacterial effect
  • oxidative stress
  • disease
  • safety
  • in vivo applications

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20 pages, 4219 KB  
Article
Antibacterial, Redox, Cytotoxic, and Ecotoxic Properties of New Sol–Gel Silica-Copper-Based Materials
by Iliana Ivanova, Lilia Yordanova, Lora Simeonova, Miroslav Metodiev, Elena Nenova, Deyan Monov, Yoanna Kostova, Albena Bachvarova-Nedelcheva, Iva Kirova and Elitsa Pavlova
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19010035 - 23 Dec 2025
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Abstract
Objective: The objective of our study was to synthesize and characterize silica–copper nanomaterials and to evaluate their biological properties (antibacterial, redox, cytotoxic, and ecotoxic) for potential applications. Methods and Results: Si/Cu-based materials were prepared by a sol–gel method. They were characterized by XRD, [...] Read more.
Objective: The objective of our study was to synthesize and characterize silica–copper nanomaterials and to evaluate their biological properties (antibacterial, redox, cytotoxic, and ecotoxic) for potential applications. Methods and Results: Si/Cu-based materials were prepared by a sol–gel method. They were characterized by XRD, UV-Vis, and SEM-EDS. The antibacterial activity of the materials was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium), and yeasts (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The nanomaterial that was calcined at 500 °C exhibited greater antibacterial efficacy compared to the gel form. S. typhimurium demonstrated the highest susceptibility, whereas S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the most resistant of the tested bacteria. Both yeasts exhibited comparable sensitivity (MBC = 1.0 mg/mL). The redox activity of both nanomaterials was tested at pH 7.4 (physiological) and 8.5 (optimal) by the activated chemiluminescent method. The nanocomposites significantly inhibited the free-radical and ROS generation. This presents them as redox regulators in living systems. The cytotoxic effects in normal BEAS-2B and tumor A549 human cell lines were assessed microscopically and by the cell viability neutral red uptake assay, CC50 being evaluated. The observed effects suggest moderate, similar cytotoxicity in both cell lines. The ecotoxicity study using Daphnia magna showed an LC50 of ~7–8 mg/L about Si/Cu/500. The LC50 for Si/Cu (gel) was lower than 0.25 mg/L, indicating an increase in toxicity with increased exposure time. Conclusions: Possible applications of the newly synthesized nanomaterials include antimicrobial coatings, drug delivery systems, antioxidant additives in various formulations, and water purification. Full article
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