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Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA"

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A special issue of Particles (ISSN 2571-712X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2023) | Viewed by 26852

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Prof. Dr. Peter Senger

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Guest Editor

1. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
2. Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University, 115409 Moscow, Russia
Interests: the study of nuclear matter under extreme conditions as created in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. This includes questions like the high-density equation-of-state and new phases of QCD matter
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Arkadiy Taranenko

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Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University, 115409 Moscow, Russia
Interests: high-density nuclear matter with hadrons beams
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Prof. Dr. Ilya Selyuzhenkov

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Guest Editor

GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
Interests: relativistic heavy ion collisions
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are happy to announce that selected papers from the work presented at the international workshop “Physics Performance Studies for FAIR and NICA” (http://indico.oris.mephi.ru/event/221/) will be published in this Special Issue of Particles, an MDPI open-access journal. The papers submitted to this Special Issue are expected to reflect original work or be a balanced review of a field. All submissions will be peer-reviewed by internationally recognized experts. The workshop aims to promote scientific exchange and development of novel ideas on physics performance studies at FAIR and NICA in heavy-ion collisions at future CBM (FAIR), BM@N and MPD (NICA) experiments.

As Guest Editors, we would like to invite you to submit your unpublished and original research relevant to this topic for publication in this Special Issue of Particles. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for submissions from the conference will be free of charge.

Prof. Dr. Peter Senger
Prof. Dr. Arkadiy Taranenko
Prof. Dr. Ilya Selyuzhenkov
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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16 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toward the System Size Dependence of Anisotropic Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 2–5 GeV

by Mikhail Mamaev and Arkadiy Taranenko

Particles 2023, 6(2), 622-637; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020036 - 2 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1539

Abstract

The study of the high-density equation of state (EOS) and the search for a possible phase transition in dense baryonic matter is the main goal of beam energy scan programs with relativistic heavy ions at energies

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 2–5 GeV. The [...] Read more.

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 2–5 GeV. The most stringent constraints currently available on the high-density EOS of symmetric nuclear matter come from the present measurements of directed (

v_{1}

) and elliptic flow (

v_{2}

) signals of protons in Au + Au collisions. In this energy range, the anisotropic flow is strongly affected by the presence of cold spectators due to the sizable passage time. The system size dependence of anisotropic flow may help to study the participant–spectator contribution and improve our knowledge of the EOS of symmetric nuclear matter. In this work, we discuss the layout of the upgraded BM@N experiment and the anticipated performance for differential anisotropic flow measurements of identified hadrons at Nuclotron energies:

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 2.3–3.5 GeV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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12 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Centrality Determination in Heavy-Ion Collisions Based on Monte-Carlo Sampling of Spectator Fragments

by Ilya Segal

Particles 2023, 6(2), 568-579; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020032 - 10 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1952

Abstract

The size and evolution of the matter created in a relativistic heavy-ion collision strongly depend on collision geometry, defined by centrality. Experimentally the centrality of collisions can be characterized by the measured multiplicities of the produced particles at midrapidity or by the energy measured in the forward rapidity region, which is sensitive to the spectator fragments. This serves as a proxy for the true collision centrality, as defined by the impact parameter in the models of collisions. In this work, the procedure for centrality determination based on Monte-Carlo sampling of spectator fragments has been proposed. The validity of the procedure has been checked using the fully reconstructed DCM-QGSM-SMM model events and published data from the NA61/SHINE experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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18 pages, 1725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Centrality Selection Effect on Elliptic Flow Measurements in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at NICA Energies

by Dim Idrisov, Petr Parfenov and Arkadiy Taranenko

Particles 2023, 6(2), 497-514; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020028 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

The elliptic flow (

v_{2}

) of produced particles is one of the important observables sensitive to the transport properties of the strongly interacting matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Detailed differential measurements of

v_{2}

are also foreseen in the future [...] Read more.

The elliptic flow (

v_{2}

v_{2}

are also foreseen in the future Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) experiment at the Nuclotron based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) at collision energies

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 4–11 GeV. Elliptic flow strongly depends on collision geometry, defined by the impact parameter b. Usually b is an input to theoretical calculations and can be deduced from experimental observables in the final state using the centrality procedure. In this work, we investigate the influence of the choice of centrality procedure on the elliptic flow measurements at NICA energies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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12 pages, 3201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Monte Carlo Study of Hyperon Production with the MPD and BM@N Experiments at NICA

by Alexander Zinchenko, Mikhail Kapishin, Viktar Kireyeu, Vadim Kolesnikov, Alexander Mudrokh, Dilyana Suvarieva, Veronika Vasendina and Dmitry Zinchenko

Particles 2023, 6(2), 485-496; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6020027 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

Study of the strangeness production in heavy-ion collisions is one of the most important parts of the physics program of the BM@N and MPD experiments at the NICA accelerator complex. With collision energies

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

of 2.3–3.3 GeV in the fixed target [...] Read more.

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

of 2.3–3.3 GeV in the fixed target mode at BM@N and 4–11 GeV in the collider mode at MPD, the experiments will cover the region of the maximum net baryon density and provide high-statistics complementary data on different physics probes. In this paper, some results of Monte Carlo studies of hyperon production with the BM@N and MPD experiments are presented, demonstrating their performance for investigation of the objects with strangeness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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11 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Core-Corona Model for Λ and Λ Polarization in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

by Alejandro Ayala, Isabel Dominguez, Ivonne Maldonado and Maria Elena Tejeda-Yeomans

Particles 2023, 6(1), 405-415; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010022 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1910

Abstract

Due to its sensitivity to the dynamics of strongly interacting matter subject to extreme conditions, hyperon global polarization has become an important observable to study the system created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Recently, the STAR and HADES collaborations have measured the global polarization [...] Read more.

Λ

and

\bar{Λ}

produced in semi-central collisions in a wide range of collision energies. The polarization excitation functions show an increasing trend as the collision energy decreases, with the increase being more pronounced for the

\bar{Λ}

. In this work, we make a summary of a core-corona model that we have developed to quantify the global polarization contributions from

Λ

and

\bar{Λ}

created in different regions of the fireball. The core-corona model assumes that

Λ

s and

\bar{Λ}

s are produced in both regions, the high-density core and the lower density corona, with different relative abundances which modulate the polarization excitation function. We have shown that the model works well for the description of experimental results. The global polarization excitation functions computed with the model show a peak at different collision energies in the region

\sqrt{s_{N N}} \leq 10

GeV. Finally, we discuss and report on the model global polarization predictions for BES-II, NICA and CBM at FAIR and HADES energies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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6 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Prospects for the (Hyper)Nuclei Study in the Nica Energy Range

by Viktar Kireyeu, Vadim Kolesnikov, Alexander Zinchenko, Veronika Vasendina and Alexander Mudrokh

Particles 2023, 6(1), 399-404; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010021 - 2 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1378

Abstract

The production of nuclei and hypernuclei is of interest for experimental and theoretical studies: it is a big question how such weakly bound objects survive in a hot, dense environment and which new insights on the heavy-ion collisions dynamics they can bring us. We present the results on the hypernuclei feasibility study for the flagship Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA)/Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) experiment at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna using the Parton-Hadron-Quantum-Molecular Dynamics (PHQMD) transport approach and a realistic reconstruction chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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12 pages, 2491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Λ and

\bar{Λ}

Freeze-Out Distributions and Global Polarizations in Au+Au Collisions

by Nikita Tsegelnik, Evgeni Kolomeitsev and Vadym Voronyuk

Particles 2023, 6(1), 373-384; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010019 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1492

Abstract

The gold–gold collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 7.7

The gold–gold collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 7.7

and 11.5 GeV are simulated within the PHSD transport model. In each collision event, the spectator nucleons are separated and the fluidization procedure for the participants is performed. The local velocities are determined in the Landau frame and the kinematic and thermal vorticity fields are evaluated. We analyze the thermodynamic properties of the cells where Λs and

\bar{Λ}

s were born or had their last interaction. Such cells contribute to the formation of the observed global polarization of hyperons induced by the thermal vorticity of the medium. The

\bar{Λ}

polarization signal is found to be mainly determined by hot, dense, and highly vortical cells at the earlier stage of the collision, whereas the Λ polarization signal is accumulated over the longer time and includes cells with lower vorticity. The calculated global polarizations for both Λs and

\bar{Λ}

s agree well with the experimental finding by the STAR collaboration at energy

\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 11.5 G e V .

For collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 7.7 G e V,

we can reproduce the STAR data for Λ hyperons, but significantly underpredict the observed global polarization of

\bar{Λ}

. Furthermore, we consider the centrality dependence of the hyperon polarization in collisions at 7.7 GeV. It increases with an increase of centrality, reaches a maximum at 65–75% and then starts decreasing rapidly for peripheral collisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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9 pages, 3187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility Studies for the Measurement of Open-Charm Mesons at ALICE-3 Using Decay Channels with Neutral Mesons and Photons in the Final State

by Mikhail Malaev and Victor Riabov

Particles 2023, 6(1), 364-372; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010018 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

ALICE-3 is being designed as a next-generation heavy-ion experiment to be operated at the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider. With luminosities higher by a factor of fifty, ALICE-3 will be able to study5 properties of quark–gluon matter with probes and precision which were previously unavailable due to small cross sections, high background levels, and insufficient detector sensitivity. In particular, the properties of hot and dense QCD matter will be studied by measuring production cross sections, flow coefficients, azimuthal angular correlations and nuclear modification factors for open-charm hadrons. In this contribution, we present the results of feasibility studies for the measurement of ground and excited states of open-charm mesons in decay channels D⁰ → K⁻ + π⁺ + π⁰, D*(2007)⁰ → D⁰ + γ and D*(2010)^± → D⁰ + π^± in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energies using the ALICE-3 experimental setup. We formulate the main requirements for the selection of particles and their combinations to ensure reliable signal extraction in a wide transverse momentum range and estimate the minimum size of the required data samples. The results obtained are also compared to previous findings for the open-charm measurements in different decay channels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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15 pages, 1349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Photon Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions: Theory and Experiment

by Dmitry Blau and Dmitri Peresunko

Particles 2023, 6(1), 173-187; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010009 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2509

Abstract

Direct photons provide a possibility to test properties of hot matter created in proton–proton (pp), proton–nucleus (p–A) or nucleus–nucleus (A–A) collisions. As they are created in charged particles’ scatterings and freely escape the hot region, they provide a tool to test all stages of the collision: the scattering of the partons of incoming nucleons, pre-equilibrium evolution and collective expansion of hot quark–gluon matter created in nucleus–nucleus collisions. Comparing direct photon production in pp, p–A and A–A collisions, one can check the scaling with the number of binary collisions expected at a high transverse momentum range and obtain insight into the hot and cold hadronic matter properties with soft photons. The collective elliptic flow of direct photons is a unique possibility to trace the collective flow formation and space–time evolution of the fireball. We review the experimental results on direct photon production in pp, p–A and A–A collisions at the Super Proton Synchroton (SPS), the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies and discuss an agreement of theoretical predictions with measurements. Finally, we present predictions of direct photon spectra and collective flow for lower energy collisions expected at the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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13 pages, 766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elliptic Flow and Its Fluctuations from Transport Models for Au+Au Collisions at

s_{N N}

= 7.7 and 11.5 GeV

by Vinh Ba Luong, Dim Idrisov, Petr Parfenov and Arkadiy Taranenko

Particles 2023, 6(1), 17-29; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010002 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2005

Abstract

The elliptic flow

v_{2}

is one of the key observables sensitive to the transport properties of the strongly interacting matter formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we report on the calculations of

v_{2}

and its fluctuations of charged hadrons [...] Read more.

The elliptic flow

v_{2}

is one of the key observables sensitive to the transport properties of the strongly interacting matter formed in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we report on the calculations of

v_{2}

and its fluctuations of charged hadrons produced in Au+Au collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 7.7 and 11.5 GeV from several transport models and provide a direct comparison with published results from the STAR experiment. This study motivates further experimental investigations of

v_{2}

and its fluctuations with the Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD) at the NICA Collider. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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19 pages, 1401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model Study of the Energy Dependence of Anisotropic Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 2–4.5 GeV

by Petr Parfenov

Particles 2022, 5(4), 561-579; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles5040040 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

The anisotropic flow is one of the important observables sensitive to the equation of state (EOS) and transport properties of the strongly interacting matter created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. In this work, we report a detailed multi-differential study of the directed ( [...] Read more.

v_{1}

), elliptic (

v_{2}

), triangular (

v_{3}

), and quadrangular (

v_{4}

) flow coefficients of protons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 2.2–4.5 GeV using several hadronic transport models. Recent published results for Au + Au collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 2.4 GeV from HADES experiment and at

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 3.0 GeV from the STAR experiment have been used for comparison. The study motivates further experimental investigations of the anisotropic collective flow of protons and neutrons in a high baryon density region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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10 pages, 1754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Approaches to Measuring Direct Photon Yield in A–A Collisions

by Dmitri Peresunko

Particles 2022, 5(2), 188-197; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles5020017 - 9 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1747

Abstract

An overview of experimental methods for measuring direct photon spectra in pp, p–A and A–A collisions is presented. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed and illustrated by the results of various experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

17 pages, 1734 KiB

Open AccessReview

Λ Polarization and Vortex Rings in Heavy-Ion Collisions at NICA Energies

by Yuri B. Ivanov and Alexei A. Soldatov

Particles 2023, 6(1), 245-261; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010014 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1754

Abstract

We review recent studies of vortical motion and the resulting polarization of

Λ

hyperons in heavy-ion collisions at NICA energies, in particular, within the model of three-fluid dynamics (3FD). This includes predictions of the global

Λ

polarization and ring structures that appear in [...] Read more.

We review recent studies of vortical motion and the resulting polarization of

Λ

hyperons in heavy-ion collisions at NICA energies, in particular, within the model of three-fluid dynamics (3FD). This includes predictions of the global

Λ

polarization and ring structures that appear in Au+Au collisions. The global

Λ

polarization in Au+Au collisions is calculated, including its rapidity and centrality dependence. The contributions of the thermal vorticity and meson-field term (proposed by Csernai, Kapusta, and Welle) to the global polarization are considered. The results are compared with data from recent STAR and HADES experiments. It is predicted that the polarization maximum is reached at

\sqrt{s_{N N}} \approx

3 GeV if the measurements are performed with the same acceptance. It is demonstrated that a pair of vortex rings are formed, one at forward rapidities and another at backward rapidities, in ultra-central Au+Au collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}} >

4 GeV. The vortex rings carry information about the early stage of the collision, in particular, the stopping of baryons. It is shown that these rings can be detected by measuring the ring observable

R_{Λ}

, even in the midrapidity region at

\sqrt{s_{N N}} =

5–20 GeV. At forward/backward rapidities, the

R_{Λ}

signal is expected to be stronger. The possibility of observing the vortex-ring signal against the background of non-collective transverse polarization is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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Other

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11 pages, 4636 KiB

Open AccessProject Report

Light-Nuclei Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions at

\sqrt{s_{N N}}

= 6.4 – 19.6 GeV in THESEUS Generator Based on Three-Fluid Dynamics

by Marina Kozhevnikova and Yuri B. Ivanov

Particles 2023, 6(1), 440-450; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles6010024 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1982

Abstract

Light-nuclei production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is simulated within an updated Three-fluid Hydrodynamics-based Event Simulator Extended by UrQMD (Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics) final State interactions (THESEUS). The simulations are performed in the collision energy range of

\sqrt{s_{N N}} =

6.4–19.6 GeV. The [...] Read more.

\sqrt{s_{N N}} =

6.4–19.6 GeV. The light-nuclei are produced within the thermodynamical approach on an equal basis with hadrons. Since the light nuclei do not participate in the UrQMD evolution, the only additional parameter related to the light nuclei, i.e., the energy density of late freeze-out, is used for the imitation of the afterburner stage of the collision. The updated THESEUS provides a reasonable reproduction of data on bulk observables of the light nuclei, especially their functional dependence on the collision energy and light-nucleus mass. Various ratios,

d / p

t / p

t / d

, and

N (t) \times N (p) / N^{2} (d)

, are also considered. Imperfect reproduction of the light-nuclei data leaves room for medium effects in produced light nuclei. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from "Physics Performance Studies at FAIR and NICA")

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