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Nutrients
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Western Diet and Chronic Diseases
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Western Diet and Chronic Diseases

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Public Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 23180

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Richard Hoffman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts AL10 9AB, UK
Interests: mediterranean diet; public health nutrition; phytochemicals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aim of this special edition is to highlight less-familiar aspects of the Western diet that deserve more attention in public health campaigns targeting chronic diseases.

There are many components of the Western diet that contribute to its association with poor health. However, most public health campaigns still focus on sugar, salt and fat. The aim of this special edition is to discuss other important components of the Western diet. They might include specific foods or functionalities (such as effects on the gut microbiota, Maillard reaction products or ultraprocessed foods). These components can be considered in relation to specific chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease or cancer, or more generally by considering broader actions that influence many different chronic diseases, such as effects on chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Both epidemiological and mechanistic approaches are useful.

By providing up-to-date assessments of these less-well-known aspects of the Western diet, these reports will help to inform future public health nutrition policies.

Dr. Richard Hoffman
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Western diet
  • Chronic diseases
  • Ultraprocessed foods
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Insulin resistance

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 914 KiB  
Article
An Ultra-Processed Food Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Lower Diet Quality in Portuguese Adults and the Elderly: The UPPER Project
by Milena Miranda de Moraes, Bruno Oliveira, Cláudia Afonso, Cristina Santos, Duarte Torres, Carla Lopes, Renata Costa de Miranda, Fernanda Rauber, Luiza Antoniazzi, Renata Bertazzi Levy and Sara Rodrigues
Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4119; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114119 - 17 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2563
Abstract
This study aimed to identify dietary patterns (DPs) and their associations with sociodemographic factors and diet quality in Portuguese adults and the elderly. Cross-sectional data were obtained from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2015–2016), with two non-consecutive dietary 24 h [...] Read more.
This study aimed to identify dietary patterns (DPs) and their associations with sociodemographic factors and diet quality in Portuguese adults and the elderly. Cross-sectional data were obtained from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2015–2016), with two non-consecutive dietary 24 h recalls. Food items were classified according to the NOVA system and its proportion (in grams) in the total daily diet was considered to identify DPs by latent class analysis, using age and sex as concomitant variables. Multinomial logistic and linear regressions were performed to test associations of DPs with sociodemographic characteristics and diet quality, respectively. Three DPs were identified: “Traditional” (higher vegetables, fish, olive oil, breads, beer and wine intake), “Unhealthy” (higher pasta, sugar-sweetened beverages, confectionery and sausages intake) and “Diet concerns” (lower intake of cereals, red meat, sugar-sweetened and alcoholic beverages). “Unhealthy” was associated with being younger and lower intake of dietary fiber and vitamins and the highest free sugars and ultra-processed foods (UPF). “Diet concerns” was associated with being female and a more favorable nutrient profile, but both DPs presented a higher contribution of UPF than the “Traditional” DP. These findings should be considered for the design of food-based interventions and public policies for these age groups in Portugal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Western Diet and Chronic Diseases)
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13 pages, 1694 KiB  
Article
An Innovative Machine Learning Approach to Predict the Dietary Fiber Content of Packaged Foods
by Tazman Davies, Jimmy Chun Yu Louie, Tailane Scapin, Simone Pettigrew, Jason HY Wu, Matti Marklund and Daisy H. Coyle
Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093195 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5673
Abstract
Underconsumption of dietary fiber is prevalent worldwide and is associated with multiple adverse health conditions. Despite the importance of fiber, the labeling of fiber content on packaged foods and beverages is voluntary in most countries, making it challenging for consumers and policy makers [...] Read more.
Underconsumption of dietary fiber is prevalent worldwide and is associated with multiple adverse health conditions. Despite the importance of fiber, the labeling of fiber content on packaged foods and beverages is voluntary in most countries, making it challenging for consumers and policy makers to monitor fiber consumption. Here, we developed a machine learning approach for automated and systematic prediction of fiber content using nutrient information commonly available on packaged products. An Australian packaged food dataset with known fiber content information was divided into training (n = 8986) and test datasets (n = 2455). Utilization of a k-nearest neighbors machine learning algorithm explained a greater proportion of variance in fiber content than an existing manual fiber prediction approach (R2 = 0.84 vs. R2 = 0.68). Our findings highlight the opportunity to use machine learning to efficiently predict the fiber content of packaged products on a large scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Western Diet and Chronic Diseases)
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Review

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17 pages, 2466 KiB  
Review
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Adult Mortality Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis of 207,291 Participants
by Wanich Suksatan, Sajjad Moradi, Fatemeh Naeini, Reza Bagheri, Hamed Mohammadi, Sepide Talebi, Sanaz Mehrabani, Mohammad ali Hojjati Kermani and Katsuhiko Suzuki
Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010174 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 8829
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies assessing the association between UPF consumption and adult mortality risk. A systematic search was conducted using ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus electronic databases from inception to August 2021. Data were [...] Read more.
We performed a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies assessing the association between UPF consumption and adult mortality risk. A systematic search was conducted using ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus electronic databases from inception to August 2021. Data were extracted from seven cohort studies (totaling 207,291 adults from four countries). Using a random-effects model, hazard ratios (HR) of pooled outcomes were estimated. Our results showed that UPF consumption was related to an enhanced risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.30; I2 = 21.9%; p < 0.001), cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)-cause mortality (HR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.37, 1.63; I2 = 0.0%; p < 0.001), and heart-cause mortality (HR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.50, 1.85; I2 = 0.0%; p = 0.022), but not cancer-cause mortality. Furthermore, our findings revealed that each 10% increase in UPF consumption in daily calorie intake was associated with a 15% higher risk of all-cause mortality (OR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.21; I2 = 0.0%; p < 0.001). The dose–response analysis revealed a positive linear association between UPF consumption and all-cause mortality (Pnonlinearity = 0.879, Pdose–response = p < 0.001), CVDs-cause mortality (Pnonlinearity = 0.868, Pdose–response = p < 0.001), and heart-cause mortality (Pnonlinearity = 0.774, Pdose–response = p < 0.001). It seems that higher consumption of UPF is significantly associated with an enhanced risk of adult mortality. Despite this, further experimental studies are necessary to draw a more definite conclusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Western Diet and Chronic Diseases)
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Other

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16 pages, 756 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review on Processed/Ultra-Processed Foods and Arterial Hypertension in Adults and Older People
by Suamy Sales Barbosa, Layanne Cristini Martin Sousa, David Franciole de Oliveira Silva, Jéssica Bastos Pimentel, Karine Cavalcanti Maurício de Sena Evangelista, Clélia de Oliveira Lyra, Márcia Marília Gomes Dantas Lopes and Severina Carla Vieira Cunha Lima
Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061215 - 13 Mar 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5368
Abstract
The increase in the availability of processed and ultra-processed foods has altered the eating patterns of populations, and these foods constitute an exposure factor for the development of arterial hypertension. This systematic review analyzed evidence of the association between consumption of processed/ultra-processed foods [...] Read more.
The increase in the availability of processed and ultra-processed foods has altered the eating patterns of populations, and these foods constitute an exposure factor for the development of arterial hypertension. This systematic review analyzed evidence of the association between consumption of processed/ultra-processed foods and arterial hypertension in adults and older people. Electronic searches for relevant articles were performed in the PUBMED, EMBASE and LILACS databases. The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. The search of the databases led to the retrieval of 2323 articles, eight of which were included in the review. A positive association was found between the consumption of ultra-processed foods and blood pressure/arterial hypertension, whereas insufficient evidence was found for the association between the consumption of processed foods and arterial hypertension. The results reveal the high consumption of ultra-processed foods in developed and middle-income countries, warning of the health risks of such foods, which have a high energy density and are rich in salt, sugar and fat. The findings underscore the urgent need for the adoption of measures that exert a positive impact on the quality of life of populations, especially those at greater risk, such as adults and older people. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Western Diet and Chronic Diseases)
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