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Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020) | Viewed by 39359

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Prof. Dr. Gregory C. Bogdanis

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Guest Editor

School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Interests: muscle metabolism; muscle fatigue and recovery; muscle damage; oxidative stress; high-intensity interval training; neuromuscular performance; eccentric exercise
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Dear Colleagues,

Physical activity, ranging from low-intensity occupational or leisure-time movement to moderate- or high-intensity exercise, requires energy at different rates. These fluctuations in energy expenditure determine the contribution of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and induce acute and chronic metabolic responses and adaptations which improve health and performance.

Diet includes not only the amount and quality of nutrients consumed daily by an individual, but also their manipulations aiming to promote weight loss, health, and physical performance.

In this Special Issue of Nutrients entitled “Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity”, we aim to bring together papers that examine acute or chronic metabolic adaptations to exercise and diet, as well as their interaction.

We welcome different types of manuscript submissions, including original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Potential topics may include, but are not limited, to the associations between macronutrients and micronutrients intake (or manipulation), dietary patterns, and the entire spectrum of physical activity (from light to high-intensity exercise). The outcome variables may be health-related metabolic adaptations, including metabolic and body composition changes, hormonal responses, as well as molecular mechanisms responsible for metabolic adaptations.

Prof. Gregory C. Bogdanis
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Physical activity
Molecular mechanisms
Hormonal responses
Health
Nutrition
Carbohydrate metabolism
Muscle glycogen
Fat metabolism
Diet
Obesity

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Two Workload-Matched High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols on Regional Body Composition and Fat Oxidation in Obese Men

by Spyridon Tsirigkakis, George Mastorakos, Yiannis Koutedakis, Vassilis Mougios, Alan M. Nevill, Zoe Pafili and Gregory C. Bogdanis

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041096 - 27 Mar 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4402

Abstract

The effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on regional body composition and fat oxidation in men with obesity were compared using a parallel randomized design. Sixteen inactive males (age, 38.9 ± 7.3 years; body fat, 31.8 ± 3.9%; peak oxygen uptake, VO_2peak, 30.9 ± 4.1 mL/kg/min; all mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to either HIIT10 (48 × 10 s bouts at 100% of peak power [W_peak] with 15 s of recovery) or HIIT60 group (8 × 60 s bouts at 100% W_peak with 90 s of recovery), and subsequently completed eight weeks of training, while maintaining the same diet. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed only a main effect of time (p < 0.01) and no group or interaction effects (p > 0.05) in the examined parameters. Total and trunk fat mass decreased by 1.81 kg (90%CI: −2.63 to −0.99 kg; p = 0.002) and 1.45 kg (90%CI: −1.95 to −0.94 kg; p < 0.001), respectively, while leg lean mass increased by 0.86 kg (90%CI: 0.63 to 1.08 kg; p < 0.001), following both HIIT protocols. HIIT increased peak fat oxidation (PFO) (from 0.20 ± 0.05 to 0.33 ± 0.08 g/min, p = 0.001), as well as fat oxidation over a wide range of submaximal exercise intensities, and shifted PFO to higher intensity (from 33.6 ± 4.6 to 37.6 ± 6.7% VO_2peak, p = 0.039). HIIT, irrespective of protocol, improved VO_2peak by 20.0 ± 7.2% (p < 0.001), while blood lactate at various submaximal intensities decreased by 20.6% (p = 0.001). In conclusion, both HIIT protocols were equally effective in improving regional body composition and fat oxidation during exercise in obese men. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity)

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24 pages, 1956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet and Exercise: Effect of a 10-Week Intervention on Body Composition and CVD Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Women—A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Thorhildur Ditta Valsdottir, Bente Øvrebø, Thea Martine Falck, Sigbjørn Litleskare, Egil Ivar Johansen, Christine Henriksen and Jørgen Jensen

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010110 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7154

Abstract

We assessed the effect of weight-loss induced with a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet with and without exercise, on body-composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 57 overweight and obese women (age 40 ± 3.5 years, body mass index 31.1 ± 2.6 kg∙m⁻²) completed a 10-week intervention using a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet, with or without interval exercise. An equal deficit of 700 kcal∙day⁻¹ was prescribed, restricting diet only, or moderately restricting diet and adding exercise, producing four groups; normal diet (NORM); low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF); normal diet and exercise (NORM-EX); and low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet and exercise (LCHF-EX). Linear Mixed Models were used to assess between-group differences. The intervention resulted in an average 6.7 ± 2.5% weight-loss (p < 0.001). Post-intervention % fat was lower in NORM-EX than NORM (40.0 ± 4.2 vs. 43.5 ± 3.5%, p = 0.024). NORM-EX reached lower values in total cholesterol than NORM (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.7 ± 0.7 mmol/L, p = 0.003), and LCHF-EX (3.9 ± 0.6 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mmol/L, p = 0.004). Post intervention triglycerides levels were lower in NORM-EX than NORM (0.87 ± 0.21 vs. 1.11 ± 0.34 mmol/L, p = 0.030). The low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet had no superior effect on body composition,

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O_2peak or cardiovascular risk factors compared to a normal diet, with or without exercise. In conclusion, the intervention decreased fat mass, but exercise improved body composition and caused the most favorable changes in total cholesterol and triglycerides in the NORM-EX. Exercise increased cardiorespiratory fitness, regardless of diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity)

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18 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

β-Hydroxybutyrate Increases Exercise Capacity Associated with Changes in Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle

by Matías Monsalves-Alvarez, Pablo Esteban Morales, Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda, Carlos Sepulveda, Juan Manuel Rodriguez, Mario Chiong, Verónica Eisner, Sergio Lavandero and Rodrigo Troncoso

Nutrients 2020, 12(7), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071930 - 29 Jun 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8058

Abstract

β-hydroxybutyrate is the main ketone body generated by the liver under starvation. Under these conditions, it can sustain ATP levels by its oxidation in mitochondria. As mitochondria can modify its shape and function under different nutritional challenges, we study the chronic effects of β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation on mitochondrial morphology and function, and its relation to exercise capacity. Male C57BL/6 mice were supplemented with β-hydroxybutyrate mineral salt (3.2%) or control (CT, NaCl/KCl) for six weeks and submitted to a weekly exercise performance test. We found an increase in distance, maximal speed, and time to exhaustion at two weeks of supplementation. Fatty acid metabolism and OXPHOS subunit proteins declined at two weeks in soleus but not in tibialis anterior muscles. Oxygen consumption rate on permeabilized fibers indicated a decrease in the presence of pyruvate in the short-term treatment. Both the tibialis anterior and soleus showed decreased levels of Mitofusin 2, while electron microscopy assessment revealed a significant reduction in mitochondrial cristae shape in the tibialis anterior, while a reduction in the mitochondrial number was observed only in soleus. These results suggest that short, but not long-term, β-hydroxybutyrate supplementation increases exercise capacity, associated with modifications in mitochondrial morphology and function in mouse skeletal muscle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity)

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15 pages, 2495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Nutrition on Short-Term Exercise-Induced Sirtuin Regulation: Vegans Differ from Omnivores and Lacto-Ovo Vegetarians

by Arne Björn Potthast, Josefine Nebl, Paulina Wasserfurth, Sven Haufe, Julian Eigendorf, Andreas Hahn and Anibh Das

Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041004 - 05 Apr 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5458

Abstract

Both nutrition and exercise are known to affect metabolic regulation in humans. Sirtuins are essential regulators of cellular energy metabolism; SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT4 have a direct effect on glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation. This cross-sectional study investigates the effect of different diets on exercise-induced regulation of sirtuins. SIRT1 and SIRT3–SIRT5 were measured in blood from omnivorous, lacto-ovo vegetarian, and vegan recreational runners (21–25 subjects, respectively) before and after exercise at the transcript, protein, and enzymatic levels. SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT5 enzyme activities increased during exercise in omnivores and lacto-ovo vegetarians, commensurate with increased energy demand. However, activities decreased in vegans. Malondialdehyde as a surrogate marker of oxidative stress inversely correlated with sirtuin activities and was elevated in vegans after exercise compared to both other groups. A significant negative correlation of all sirtuins with the intake of the antioxidative substances, ascorbate and tocopherol, was found. In vegan participants, increased oxidative stress despite higher amounts of the antioxidative substances in the diet was observed after exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity)

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11 pages, 1739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Exercise Duration on Postprandial Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses in Adolescents

by Karah J. Dring, Simon B. Cooper, Ryan A. Williams, John G. Morris, Caroline Sunderland and Mary E. Nevill

Nutrients 2020, 12(3), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030754 - 12 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2915

Abstract

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) is a potential intervention to manage hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance in adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum duration of HIIE to reduce postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in adolescents and the longevity of the response. Thirty-nine participants (12.4 ± 0.4 year) completed a 30- and 60-min exercise trial (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test) and a rested control trial in a randomised crossover design. Capillary blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately and 1-h post-exercise; and 30, 60 and 120 min following a standardised lunch (day one) and a standardised breakfast 24-h post-exercise. Plasma insulin total area under the curve (tAUC) following lunch was lower following 60-min HIIE (21,754 ± 16,861 pmol·L⁻¹ × 120 min, p = 0.032) and tended to be lower following 30-min HIIE (24,273 ± 16,131 pmol·L⁻¹ × 120 min, p = 0.080), when compared with the resting condition (26,931 ± 21,634 pmol·L⁻¹ × 120 min). Blood glucose concentration was lower 1-h post-exercise following 30-min HIIE (3.6 ± 0.6 mmol·L⁻¹) when compared to resting (4.1 ± 0.9 mmol·L⁻¹, p = 0.001). Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration did not differ across trials on day two. Shorter bouts of HIIE (30-min), as well as a 60-min bout, reduced the postprandial insulinaemic response to lunch, an ecologically valid marker of insulin sensitivity. As the beneficial effects of HIIE were limited to 3 h post-exercise, adolescents are recommended to engage daily HIIE to enhance metabolic health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity)

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14 pages, 465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of an 8 Week Prescribed Exercise and Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Obese Individuals: A Randomised Controlled Trial

by Maria Perissiou, Erika Borkoles, Kent Kobayashi and Remco Polman

Nutrients 2020, 12(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020482 - 14 Feb 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 10439

Abstract

Background: Low-carbohydrate (LC) diets are an effective method for treating obesity and reducing cardiometabolic risk. However, exposure to LC diets is associated with reductions in muscle mass and increased osteoporosis risk in obese individuals. The combination of exercise with a LC diet appears to attenuate muscle mass loss induced by LC diets alone, and to further improve cardiometabolic profile. However, evidence to date in obese individuals is limited. We assessed the effect of LC diet in combination with supervised exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese individuals. Methods: Male and female participants in the experimental (EX-LC; structured supervised exercise program + low-carbohydrate meals; n = 33; 35.3 years) and control (EX-CO; structured supervised exercise program + standard dietary advice; n = 31; 34.2 years) conditions underwent measurements of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO₂peak), body fat, lean muscle mass (LMM), and cardiometabolic biomarkers before and after an 8 week intervention. Results: Participants in the EX-LC condition demonstrated greater improvements in VO₂peak (p = 0.002) and fat mass index (FMI, p = 0.001) compared to the EX-CO condition. Achieving a ketogenic state (β-hydroxybutyrate, βHB ≥0.3 mmol/L) was associated with greater reductions in total body fat (p = 0.011), visceral adipose tissue (p = 0.025), FMI (p = 0.002) and C-reactive protein (CRP, p = 0.041) but also with greater reductions in LMM (p = 0.042). Conclusion: Short-term LC diet combined with prescribed exercise enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness and the cardiometabolic profile of obese individuals but was also associated with greater muscle mass loss compared to similar exercise training and standard dietary advice. The long-term effects of the LC diet should be further explored in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Adaptations to Diet and Physical Activity)

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