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Nutrients
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Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations
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Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Sports Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2024) | Viewed by 18721

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Matthew T. Stratton

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Health Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
Interests: nutritional supplements; body composition; dietary interventions; intermittent fasting; athletic performance

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Military personnel, along with firefighters and law enforcement, are often referred to as “Tactical Populations” or “Tactical Athletes”. Due to the nature of their work, tactical populations are often put under unique stressors not experienced in other athletic settings. For instance, military personnel often are required to move under, over, and around objects in combat gear, while engaging enemy targets, or may be out in the field for multiple days, with few rations available. Law enforcement and firefighters are frequently required to respond to an event that requires high levels of physical activity and mental acuity at a moment’s notice. Failure to perform in these intense situations may result in injury, or even death. Due to the unique mental and physical demands of tactical populations, there is significant interest in how best to utilize novel nutritional strategies and supplements to support or improve situational performance and recovery.

For this Special Issue regarding “Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations For Tactical Populations”, I invite authors to submit their original investigations or review articles for consideration.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Matthew T. Stratton
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • tactical athletes
  • nutritional supplements
  • tactical populations
  • military
  • police
  • firefighter
  • law enforcement
  • first responder
  • ergogenic aids
  • tactical nutrition

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 349 KiB  
Article
Dietary Nutrient Adequacy in Aeronautical Military Personnel in Spain: Strengths and Weaknesses
by Alejandra Carretero-Krug, Ana Montero-Bravo and Natalia Úbeda
Nutrients 2025, 17(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17010092 - 29 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1027
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Aeronautical military personnel operate under intense physical and mental stress, requiring high psychophysical aptitude. Adequate nutrition is essential to sustain operational readiness and mitigate the risk of chronic diseases and other health issues. This study aims to evaluate the nutritional status of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Aeronautical military personnel operate under intense physical and mental stress, requiring high psychophysical aptitude. Adequate nutrition is essential to sustain operational readiness and mitigate the risk of chronic diseases and other health issues. This study aims to evaluate the nutritional status of aeronautical military personnel group in Spain through dietary parameters. Methods: A total of 390 male aeronautical military personnel, who attended the Centro de Instrucción de Medicina Aeroespacial (Madrid, Spain), were evaluated. Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated by three non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls (DIAL® program). Results: The median energy intake was 2134 kcal/day, with significant variations across professional groups, highest in parachutists (2347 kcal/day). Protein intake was 18.2% TE, while carbohydrate intake was 37.6% TE, below standards, with 83.8% of participants not meeting the EFSA guidelines. However, a high intake of added sugars was observed (10% TE). Fat intake (38.3% TE) and saturated fats (11.7% TE) exceeded recommendations. Micronutrient deficiencies were notable for vitamin D (98% below recommendations), folate (56.4%), vitamin C (40.2%), calcium (50.3%), iodine (76.6%), and zinc (59%). Elevated cholesterol intake (352 mg/day) and inadequate fiber intake (18.5 g/day) were also observed. Conclusions: This study highlights imbalanced dietary patterns among Spanish aeronautical military personnel, with high protein, fat, cholesterol and added sugar consumption, low carbohydrate, and inadequate intake of critical micronutrients and fiber. These findings emphasize the need for targeted dietary interventions, nutritional monitoring protocols, and specific guidelines to enhance health and performance in this specialized group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations)
12 pages, 454 KiB  
Article
Label Accuracy and Quality of Select Weight-Loss Dietary Supplements Sold on or near US Military Bases
by Cindy Crawford, Andrea T. Lindsey, Bharathi Avula, Kumar Katragunta, Ikhlas A. Khan and Patricia A. Deuster
Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4369; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244369 - 18 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2404
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sixty-eight percent of service members are living with overweight or obesity, some who may not consult a healthcare provider when they decide to lose weight. Instead, they often turn to weight-loss dietary supplements for self-care solutions. The purpose of this case [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Sixty-eight percent of service members are living with overweight or obesity, some who may not consult a healthcare provider when they decide to lose weight. Instead, they often turn to weight-loss dietary supplements for self-care solutions. The purpose of this case series study was to examine the label accuracy and quality of select weight-loss dietary supplements sold on or near US military bases across the country. Methods: Weight-loss dietary supplements (n = 44) were selected and purchased in GNCs, Exchanges, and Shoppettes across 12 military installations from March 2023 to January 2024. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to verify the label accuracy according to the Supplement Facts listed ingredients and whether they contained any ingredients prohibited for use in the military. Product label claims were analyzed using the Operation Supplement Safety (OPSS) Risk Assessment Scorecard. Results: Thirty-six products (82%) had inaccurate labels. Twenty-seven (61%) had ingredients listed on the label not detected through analysis. Sixteen products (36%) contained hidden ingredients. The four products purchased within one mile from the base listed multiple prohibited ingredients on the labels, with all detected. Forty (91%) products scored a “no-go” according to the OPSS Scorecard and none contained a third-party certification seal on the label. Multiple stimulants were included in products such that the product safety was unknown. Conclusions: The majority of weight-loss dietary supplements analyzed in this case series study had inaccurate labels and were considered a “no-go” according to the Scorecard. Service members should only have access to safe, high-quality dietary supplement products. OPSS is collaborating with the Department of Defense stakeholders to determine the most effective ways for service members to have access to third-party certified products on all military establishments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations)
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14 pages, 408 KiB  
Article
Energy Deficit and Factors Associated with Energy Balance during a Combat Deployment in U.S. Army Special Operation Forces Soldiers
by Evan G. Tryon, Nicholas D. Barringer, Harris R. Lieberman and William R. Conkright
Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183072 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1602
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between estimated energy expenditure (EE) and self-reported dietary intake (EI), and factors associated with energy balance in deployed U.S. Army Special Operations Forces (SOF) Soldiers. Methods: Forty-six SOF Soldiers (age: 30.1 ± 3.5 [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between estimated energy expenditure (EE) and self-reported dietary intake (EI), and factors associated with energy balance in deployed U.S. Army Special Operations Forces (SOF) Soldiers. Methods: Forty-six SOF Soldiers (age: 30.1 ± 3.5 yrs, body mass index: 27.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2) completed surveys on demographic data, mission activity characteristics, gastrointestinal issues, ration consumption, resilience, mood state, and dietary intake using a 127-question food frequency questionnaire at the end of a six-month deployment. EE was estimated using a SOF-specific prediction equation with a physical activity factor of 2.1. A paired t-test compared reported energy intake (EI) with estimated energy expenditure (EE). Pearson correlations identified significant variables associated with energy balance, which were then incorporated into a multiple linear regression model. The regression analysis included Profile of Mood States (POMS) anger and POMS depression as predictor variables to determine their influence on energy balance. Results: Reported mean EI was 2512 ± 1059 kcal·d−1, while estimated mean EE was 5272 ± 525 kcal·d−1. The mean energy imbalance was −2854 kcal/d (95% CI: −2655 to −3055, p < 0.001), with all participants in negative energy balance (range: −492 to −3813 kcal/d). POMS depression (r = 0.517, p < 0.01) and POMS anger (r = 0.363, p = 0.020) were associated with energy balance. The regression model was significant (R2 = 0.23, F (2, 38) = 7.02, p < 0.01), with POMS depression significantly predicting energy balance (β = 50.76, p = 0.011). Conclusions: Deployed SOF Soldiers reported high EE and limited EI, which may negatively impact performance. Higher POMS depression scores were associated with lower energy deficits. Future studies should investigate the relationship between mood and energy balance, using direct measures of EI and EE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations)
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Review

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26 pages, 1906 KiB  
Review
Fueling the Firefighter and Tactical Athlete with Creatine: A Narrative Review of a Key Nutrient for Public Safety
by Drew E. Gonzalez, Scott C. Forbes, Annette Zapp, Andrew Jagim, Joel Luedke, Broderick L. Dickerson, Alexandria Root, Adriana Gil, Sarah E. Johnson, Macilynn Coles, Allison Brager, Ryan J. Sowinski, Darren G. Candow and Richard B. Kreider
Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3285; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193285 - 28 Sep 2024
Viewed by 7507
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Firefighters, tactical police officers, and warriors often engage in periodic, intermittent, high-intensity physical work in austere environmental conditions and have a heightened risk of premature mortality. In addition, tough decision-making challenges, routine sleep deprivation, and trauma exacerbate this risk. Therefore, identifying strategies [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Firefighters, tactical police officers, and warriors often engage in periodic, intermittent, high-intensity physical work in austere environmental conditions and have a heightened risk of premature mortality. In addition, tough decision-making challenges, routine sleep deprivation, and trauma exacerbate this risk. Therefore, identifying strategies to bolster these personnel’s health and occupational performance is critical. Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation may offer several benefits to firefighters and tactical athletes (e.g., police, security, and soldiers) due to its efficacy regarding physical performance, muscle, cardiovascular health, mental health, and cognitive performance. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature with a focus on the benefits and application of creatine monohydrate among firefighters. Results: Recent evidence demonstrates that CrM can improve anaerobic exercise capacity and muscular fitness performance outcomes and aid in thermoregulation, decision-making, sleep, recovery from traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), and mental health. Emerging evidence also suggests that CrM may confer an antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect, which may be particularly important for firefighters and those performing tactical occupations exposed to oxidative and physiological stress, which can elicit systemic inflammation and increase the risk of chronic diseases. Conclusions: This narrative review highlights the potential applications of CrM for related tactical occupations, with a particular focus on firefighters, and calls for further research into these populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations)
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Other

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19 pages, 925 KiB  
Systematic Review
Examining the Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Performance, Recovery, and Injury Management for Health Optimization: A Systematic Review Focused on Military Service Members
by Melissa Rittenhouse, Saachi Khurana, Stephen Scholl and Christopher Emerson
Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020307 - 16 Jan 2025
Viewed by 5509
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), recognized for their anti-inflammatory and brain health benefits, are being studied to enhance cognitive function, aid physical recovery, and reduce injury rates among military service members (SMs). Given the unique demands faced by this tactical population, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), recognized for their anti-inflammatory and brain health benefits, are being studied to enhance cognitive function, aid physical recovery, and reduce injury rates among military service members (SMs). Given the unique demands faced by this tactical population, this systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence of n-3 to support physical and mental resilience and overall performance. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and includes articles that assessed n-3 status or implemented n-3 interventions in relation to physical and cognitive performance, recovery, and injury outcomes (2006 to 2024). Of the 1606 articles yielded in screening through Covidence, 755 were irrelevant, leaving 226 studies for full-text eligibility. Of those 226 studies, 165 studies were excluded, and 61 studies were included in this review. Results: The results highlighted evidence-based findings in five key areas where omega-3 fatty acids are being evaluated to benefit military service members. These key areas include cardiopulmonary function, exercise recovery, cognitive function, injury recovery, and strength and power. While existing research suggests promising benefits, the most significant evidence was seen with cardiopulmonary function, exercise recovery, and cognitive function. Conclusions: Current research is promising and shows potential benefits, but the results are inconclusive and inconsistent. Future research is needed to determine optimal n-3 status, dose, and possibly type of n-3 across the various performance outcomes. Understanding these gaps in research will be essential to creating evidence-based n-3 guidelines for optimal performance of SMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations)
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