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High Carbohydrate Diet and Diabetes in Human Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Carbohydrates".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (22 January 2023) | Viewed by 7236

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Dr. Suman Mishra

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The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Interests: food science; carbohydrate; digestion and metabolism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Nutrients is devoted to the way in which patterns (quantities, types, and their distribution) of carbohydrate intake affect the development and management of diabetes and/or glycemia. Determining how the daily or within-meal distribution of carbohydrates and the type of carbohydrates involved have an impact on glycemia and insulin demand and/or their metabolic/health consequences are relevant topics. The metabolic regulatory factors that mediate responses to various patterns of carbohydrate loading would be appropriate, as would the effect of timing and placement of nutrients or foods within a meal or post-prandial glycemic response.

Dr. Suman Mishra
Guest Editor

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Keywords

carbohydrate
glycemia
diabetes
health

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy in Determining the Glycaemic Impact of Meals by Adding Individual Food Values Is Affected by Food Number, Homeostasis and Glucose Reference Dose

by John Monro

Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153296 - 25 Jul 2023

Viewed by 743

Abstract

Summing glycaemic glucose equivalent (GGE) values of foods in a meal would be a practical way to predict the relative glycaemic impact (RGI) of the meal, without measuring the whole meal postprandial effect. However, as glycaemic response is non-linear, and glycaemic responsiveness per gram of glucose decreases with dose, addition accumulates inaccuracy. This research described determined inaccuracies accruing during addition of GGE values of foods and identifies approaches to reduce inaccuracy. By combining five published glucose dose–glycaemic response curves, the relationship between GGE dose and response was shown to be nearly quadratic (R² = 0.98). This curve allowed determination of the divergence between the theoretically true glycaemic glucose equivalence of food intakes and estimates obtained by extrapolating linearly from zero through responses to glucose reference doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 g. For each reference, the disparity between the linearly determined sum of GGE values of foods in 20 realistic meals, and true homeostasis-adjusted glucose equivalence for each whole meal, was calculated. Summation of the GGE values of individual foods could lead to inaccurate (>5 g GGE) estimates of the RGI of meals, depending on the GGE total, the number of foods, and the size of the glucose reference. Inaccuracy that accumulates during linear addition of GGE values of foods limits the range in which they can be used linearly in dietary management, public health and epidemiology. However, the steps discussed herein may be taken to allow for non-linearity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Carbohydrate Diet and Diabetes in Human Health)

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18 pages, 3823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Order and Timing Effects on Glycaemic and Satiety Responses to Partial Fruit-for-Cereal Carbohydrate Exchange: A Randomized Cross-Over Human Intervention Study

by Suman Mishra, Andrew McLaughlin and John Monro

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143269 - 24 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1371

Abstract

Postprandial glycaemic response amplitude plays a critical role in diabetic complications, but is subject to food order and temporal separation within a meal. Effects of partial fruit-for-cereal carbohydrate exchange on glycaemic and appetite responses, as affected by food order and separation, were examined using kiwifruit (KF) and wheaten breakfast cereal biscuit (WB). In a randomized cross-over intervention study, 20 subjects ingested 51.7 g of available carbohydrate as 74 g WB alone, or as 200 g KF and 37 g WB, each delivering 25.85 g of available carbohydrate. The 200 g KF was partially exchanged for 37 g of WB, at 90 min and 30 min before, at the same time as, or 30 min after, ingesting WB. Incremental satiety responses were derived from appetite scores measured using a visual analogue scale, and capillary blood glucose responses were monitored. In all exchanges, KF reduced the glycaemic response (iAUC) by 20–30% with no loss of total satiation. The incremental glycaemic and satiety responses to food ingestion followed each other closely. Glycaemic response amplitudes were reduced almost 50% compared with 74 g WB when KF ingestion preceded WB ingestion by 30 min, and less when the KF was ingested with or 30 min after the cereal. The results suggest that fruit most effectively suppresses the digestion of cereal carbohydrates if ingested long enough before the cereal to prevent overlap of the glycaemic responses, but close enough for fruit components that impede carbohydrate digestion or uptake to interact with the ingested cereal in the gut. Ethics approval was obtained from the Human and Disabilities Ethics Committee (HDEC) of the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Trial ID: ACTRN12615000744550). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Carbohydrate Diet and Diabetes in Human Health)

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13 pages, 2212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of the Long-Term Consumption of a High-Sucrose Diet on microRNA Expression in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Rats

by Isabela Costa Fernandes, Talita Adriana Pereira Santos, Daiane Teixeira Oliveira, Victor Fernandes Oliveira, Graziele Galdino Sousa, Luciene Santos Pereira, Natália Rocha Barboza, Elísio Alberto Evangelista and Renata Guerra-Sá

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3465; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173465 - 24 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1410

Abstract

Noncoding microRNAs are involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways and are powerful regulators of gene expression. The goals of this study were to evaluate the temporal expression profiles of miRNAs in rat adipose tissue and predict mRNA–microRNA interactions. Newly weaned Wistar rats were divided into groups fed a standard diet and high-sucrose diet (HSD). The HSD contains 66.86% carbohydrates (40.45% standard diet, 40.45% condensed milk, and 8.58% crystal sugar), and the HSD was provided for 4, 8 and 15-week periods to investigate the expression levels of miRNAs in visceral adipose tissue using RT–qPCR. Target selection, enriched pathways and networks were analyzed in silico. The factor consumption time significantly was associated to decreases (p < 0.05) in the expression levels of the following miRNAs: 124-5p, 125-5p, 126-5p, 200c-3p, and 212-3p in all experimental groups. The factor diet significantly influenced rno-miR-124-5p, 200c-3p, and 212-3p expression (p < 0.05). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in rno-miR-27a-3p expression was observed. The biological processes involved key pathways regulating fat deposition. Our findings provide important insights into downregulated miRNA expression patterns in visceral adipose tissue, adiposity level, hyperinsulinemia and increased VLDL-c and triglyceride levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Carbohydrate Diet and Diabetes in Human Health)

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11 pages, 775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic and Blood Pressure Effects of Consuming Two Kiwifruit Daily for 7 Weeks: A Randomised Controlled Trial

by John Monro, Alex Lubransky, Suman Mishra, Jillian Haszard and Bernard Venn

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132678 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3271

Abstract

Background: Eating two kiwifruit before breakfast by equi-carbohydrate partial exchange of cereal has been associated with lower postprandial glucose and insulin, but it increases the intake of fruit sugar. We assessed the effects of kiwifruit ingestion at breakfast over 7 weeks on metabolic and physiologic factors. Method: Forty-three healthy Asian participants were randomised to ingest 500 mL of carbonated water (control) or 500 mL of carbonated water plus two kiwifruit (intervention), before breakfast. Three-day weighed diet records were taken before and at week 4 during the intervention. Overnight fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and week 7. Forty-two participants completed the study (n = 22 control, n = 20 intervention). Results: The kiwifruit group consumed more fructose, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carbohydrates as a percentage of energy compared with the control group (p < 0.01). There was no evidence of between-group changes in metabolic outcomes at the end of the intervention, with the following mean (95% confidence interval) differences in fasting blood samples: glucose 0.09 (−0.06, 0.24) mmol/L; insulin −1.6 (−3.5, 0.3) μU/mL; uric acid −13 (−30, 4) μmol/L; triglycerides −0.10 (−0.22, 0.03) mmol/L; and total cholesterol −0.05 (−0.24, 0.14) mmol/L. There was a −2.7 (−5.5, 0.0) mmHg difference in systolic blood pressure for the intervention group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Eating two kiwifruit as part of breakfast increased fruit consumption and intake of antioxidant nutrients without a change in fasting insulin. There was a difference in systolic blood pressure and no adverse fructose-associated increases in uric acid, triglycerides, or total cholesterol. This simple intervention may provide health benefits to other demographic groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Carbohydrate Diet and Diabetes in Human Health)

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